基于AVIM的中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟

利用AVIM（植被与大气相互作用模式）模拟了现代中国陆地生态系统NPP的分布并计算了全国NPP的碳总量。研究结果表明我国现代陆地生态系统的年NPP变化范围在0~1 389 gC/m2之间,年平均值为355 gC/m2,年吸收3.33 Pg的大气碳。中国陆地植被NPP呈现自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,NPP的最大值出现在云南西双版纳地区,最小值分布于青藏高原以及新疆地区。中国现代陆地植被NPP主要分布于小于100 gC/(m2·a)、300~500 gC/(m2·a)以及500~700 gC/(m2·a)3个区间,其占总计算值的比例都超过了20%以上;大于1 000 gC/(m2·a)的NPP最少,只占总数的2.15%。对中国陆地植被NPP与气候的相关性分析表明,降水是影响我国陆地生态系统NPP的主要原因。     

南海沉积物总量的统计：方法与结果

通过收集包括大洋钻探钻井岩芯在内的大量地质地球物理资料，获得了南海的沉积物厚度分布格局，并统计了自渐新世以来的沉积总量以及E3、N11、N21、N31、N2、Q各时期的沉积量。结果表明，在前渐新世基底之上，南海海盆中共有7.01×106  km3的沉积物，总质量为1.44×1016吨。以渐新世33 Ma的年龄计，南海的平均堆积速率是12.8 g/(cm2·ka)。南海沉积物主要堆积在陆架和陆坡上，中央海盆的沉积总量不及全部的5%。陆架和陆坡上发育的沉积盆地，如果以沉积厚度2 km为边界，则只占南海总面积的34%，却堆积了南海沉积总量的82%，表明沉积盆地是南海接受沉积物的主体。晚渐新世是南海沉积量最大、堆积速率最高的时期，与全球沉积速率演变有明显差异，显示出边缘海盆地的沉积作用，首先受该地构造作用的控制。     

基于卫星气候资料的1989-2015年南北极海冰面积变化分析

利用被动微波卫星海冰密集度气候资料,分析了1989-2015年南北极海冰面积和密集度的长期变化趋势。结果表明：研究期内,北极年平均海冰面积减少,南极海冰面积增加,变化趋势分别为-0.569×10⁶ km²·（10a）^-1和0.327×10⁶ km²·（10a）^-1,均通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,两极海冰面积变化趋势表现出明显的"非对称性"。两极总海冰面积出现了下降,变化趋势为-0.242×10⁶ km²·（10a）^-1。年海冰密集度在北极地区普遍减少,而在南极地区的变化趋势存在显著的空间差异,威德尔海、罗斯海北部海冰密集度增加,趋势超过了10%·（10a）^-1,别林斯高晋海、阿蒙森海的海冰密集度出现下降。北极各月海冰面积的变化趋势存在明显的季节差异,7-10月海冰面积减少明显,其中9月减少最显著,趋势为-0.955×10⁶ km²·（10a）^-1。南北极海冰冻结和融化的时间不完全对应,北极融化与冻结时间基本平衡,南极海冰冻结时间明显长于融化时间。南极年内海冰面积的变化幅度大于北极,呈现显著的季节性特征。北极极小海冰面积的变化趋势最显著,达到了-0.636×10⁶ km²·（10a）^-1。南极极大海冰面积出现的时间后移明显,趋势为0.733候·（10a）^-1;极小海冰面积出现的时间非常稳定,没有明显的变化趋势。     

青藏高原地震前CO的排放与卫星热红外增温异常

地震前卫星热红外图像的亮温异常与地球的排气作用有关。由于以往仅在个别点上对CO2、CH4等气体取样或监测,对这些温室气体震前排放的范围缺乏足够的了解。用美国EOS卫星携带的MOPITT探测仪资料,获得了2000年4月30日CO在青藏高原大面积逸出的情况,图像显示CO含量异常升高的区域具形状不规则的圈层结构,累计长度约3 200 km,总面积约267万km2,其CO体积分数值内高外低,体积分数最大的区域（31×10-8≥φ(CO)>27×10-8）大致呈EW向分布,长约800 km,宽约280 km,面积约22.41万km2。整个CO逸出区[WTBX]φ[WT](CO)为2002年正常值的1.57～4.10倍,与从卫星热红外图像上发现的2000年4月29~30日在青藏高原上的大面积多处孤立升温有较好的一致性,且这种CO逸出的现象至少在2000年4月30日之前的数天内是持续存在的,它们都是2000年6月6日甘肃景泰Ms 5.9地震及2000年6月8日缅甸北部Ms 6.9地震的前兆。这一方面说明,气—热震兆机理是有实际依据的,同时也反映了青藏高原上空臭氧层空洞或低值中心的出现可能与CO气体在高空中的不断氧化有关。     

南海表层沉积物铅的环境质量状况及其来源的铅同位素示踪

表层沉积物中的铅除主要在河流的入海口的浅海陆架区富集外,在深海的中央海盆区由于粒度效应亦有一定的富集,火山物质的加入不是富集的主要原因。南海表层沉积物铅的背景值计算表明,陆坡区铅背景值（2118×10-6±1264×10-6）与陆坡区柱样铅含量实测值接近,深海盆区背景值（2787×10-6±782×10-6)低于深海盆区柱样铅含量实测值。陆架区铅背景值（1957×10-6±1995×10-6）,低于中国海岸带铅背景值,全区铅背景值（2287×10-6±1454×10-6)与全球页岩铅的平均值接近,深海盆区的铅背景值（2 787×10-6±782×10-6)远低于现代深海粘土铅含量。南海沉积物铅的分布特征和背景值计算表明,南海沉积物铅含量变化总体处于自然变动范围内,除河流入海口出现异常外,大部分站位的铅含量均在正常范围内。地质累积指数法和富集因子计算结果表明,南海表层沉积物总体无铅污染,只是在近岸的珠江口区和台湾岛西南部浅海区沉积物受到了轻度的污染。南海表层沉积物的铅同位素在陆架区、陆坡区和深海盆变化趋势基本相同,指示南海不同海区沉积物中铅具有相似的主体来源。南海表层沉积物铅同位素继承了扬子块体的铅同位素组成特征,其铅同位素处于在红河和湄公河河流沉积物钾长石铅同位素值范围之内,指示红河、湄公河和珠江等河流将扬子块体的陆源铅输入到了南海沉积物中。     

北秦岭西段早古生代埃达克岩地球化学特征及岩石成因

唐藏石英闪长岩体出露于北秦岭造山带西段,侵入于丹凤群火山沉积岩系之中,主要矿物组成为斜长石、角闪石、石英、钾长石、黑云母等,形成时代为454Ma。该岩体SiO2= 62.02％～64.26％;Al2O3=16.55%～17.45%,MgO=1.71%～2.09%, Sr = (1069～1296)×10-6（>400 ×10-6）,Y = (11.6～13.81)×10-6 （<18×10-6）,Yb = (0.96～1.14)×10-6（<1.9 ×10-6）,Sr/Y=80.98～108.19（>40）,稀土总量（∑REE=217.88×10-6～355.07×10-6）较高,LREE强烈富集,重稀土亏损,Eu负异常不明显（LREE/HREE=17.72~25.82;LaN/ YbN=44.56～53.85;δEu＝0.82～1.0）,显示出典型埃达克岩的岩石地球化学特点。在以原始地幔标准化的微量元素分布图中,大离子亲石元素（LILE）K、Th、Rb、Ba、Sr等富集,高场强元素(HFSE)Ta、Nb、Y、Yb等较相邻元素相对亏损,微量元素曲线分布形式及稀土元素配分模式与典型地区埃达克岩分布形式一致。研究表明,该岩体Na2O＝4.99%～6.91%, Na2O-2＞K2O,Mg#＝0.59～0.63, A/CNK=0.82～1.01,σ=4.24～2.24,为富钠偏铝质高镁埃达克岩。唐藏埃达克岩体岩浆源于早古生代秦岭商丹洋向北俯冲消减洋壳板片的部分熔融,岩浆在上升过程中与地幔楔发生反应。北秦岭早古生代埃达克岩的确定为探讨秦岭早古生代构造演化提供了新的证据。     

北极海冰与全球气候变化

最近有关北极海冰在全球气候系统中作用的研究发现，北冰洋边缘海域大洋深水的形成与海冰发育有关，海冰冻融过程对盐度层结具有重要影响，海冰变化可引起盐度突变层的灾变和热盐环流的突然停止，热盐环流的变化与北大西洋海冰１０年际变化相联系，北大西洋气候的不稳定性与热盐环流变化密切相关。北极海冰－海洋－大气间耦合作用，使北极海冰构成了北大西洋和全球气候反馈循环中的重要环节。     

世界海相钾盐矿床特征定量化分析及其意义

通过对世界26个主要的海相钾盐矿床进行详细的特征描述和定量化分析,获得了较为完善的海相钾盐矿床的特征参数值。结果表明钾矿区面积占盆地面积4.47%、矿区含矿密度为1.616×106 t/km2、盆地含矿密度值为0.045×106 t/km2、钾盐层最大厚度与总盐层最大厚度的比值为7.2%;按构造类型分类,相对活动区盆地含有最丰富的钾盐资源量,其矿盆比为6.87%、矿区含矿密度值是5.068×106 t/km2、盆地含矿密度值为0.063×106 t/km2、钾/总盐值为12.27%,其中后三项特征参数值在盆地构造类型中均属最大。讨论了世界海相钾盐矿床定量化研究的意义,不同类型钾盐矿床的特征参数有助于对我国海相盆地成钾条件研究,并可以对海相盆地中未发现钾资源储量进行远景预测与评估。     

全球冰-海洋耦合模式的海冰模拟

海冰是全球气候系统的重要分量 ,与大气和海洋的相互作用 ,直接影响大气环流和海洋环流 ,对气候及其变化具有重要影响。文中依据冰、海洋间的热力、动力耦合相互作用 ,改进冰海洋热力耦合方案 ,利用由中国科学院大气物理研究所的 30层海洋模式和基于Flato空化流体流变学的海冰动力模式和Hibler表面热收支平衡的零层海冰热力模式 ,建立全球冰海洋耦合模式。利用大气月平均气候资料 ,利用冰海洋耦合模式对全球海冰的分布及其季节性变化、海冰漂移进行了耦合模拟和分析。模拟的南半球海冰分布及季节变化与实际分析资料非常接近 ,比 2 0层冰海洋耦合模式的结果有显著改进。北半球海冰范围偏小 ,但季节变化的量值与实际相当一致。模拟的海冰速度场反映了南、北半球海冰漂移的主要特征 ,如北极的穿极漂流和南大洋的绕极环流等。对海冰密集度的分析表明 ,模拟结果得以改进原因在于改进的冰海洋热力耦合方案增强了融冰期冰海洋耦合系统海洋热通量增加—密集度减小—能量收支增加的正反馈机制。     

青藏高原地表能量通量的估计

利用1981—2000年逐日气候、植被和土壤基础资料作为输入,以大气—植被相互作用模式（AVIM2）计算了青藏高原0.1°分辨率的年平均地表能量通量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果显示,年平均地表净辐射通量由高原西南部的100 W/m2减少到东部的70 W/m2左右。高原东南部的林区潜热通量强而感热通量弱,从高原东南向西、向北潜热通量逐渐减少,而感热通量逐渐增大。夏季这种趋势更加显著。冬季除东南部外,高原上广大地区地表能量通量都较低。     

南极海冰与温度变化关系的统计分析(英)

Temporal-spatial characteristics of Antarctic surface air temperature and sea ice variations have been statistically analyzed. Results show that, during the last 30 years there was an obvious warming trend in Antarctica, but there exists substantial difference in different sectors and different period. The most significant warming trend occurred in the Antarctic Peninsula, about 2-3 times greater than that in the whole east Antarctica. In recent 20 years the correlation between Antarctic mean temperature and mean sea ice area is low and insignificant, but its linear trends are found to be opposite related in each sector, that is, sea ice extent reductions when temperatures are high. The different climate sectors defined by cluster analysis clearly show a close relationship between two parameters on the inter-seasonal time scale. The most sensitive correlation sectors found are from south Atlantic to southwest Pacific ocean.     

The East Antarctic sea ice zone: Ice characteristics and drift

Results from studies of the surface energy balance and the ocean structure in the presence of fast ice near Mawson on the Antarctic coast are used to illustrate the important ways in which sea ice interacts with the ocean and atmosphere. Away from the coast, ship and drifting buoy observations are used to characterize the E Antarctic sea ice zone in a study area between 60° E and 120° E and S of 61° S. Divergent drift over most of the region plays a dominant role in expanding the ice extent in autumn and in determining the characteristics of the pack. Much of the sea ice in the region is young thin ice which forms in leads and polynyas, and in late spring in the study area, the ice thickness averaged over the total ocean surface within the ice edge less than 0.4 m. Even in winter the majority of ice floes off E Antarctica are probably less than 1 m thick.     

国际南极冰盖与海平面变化研究述评

海平面上升是全球变暖的主要后果之一。尽管有少数冰川学家认为,气候变暖并不能确保雪积累量的显著增加,同时可能出现冰流的突然变化,因此南极冰盖在未来海平面变化中的作用存在很大的不确定性。但近几十年来南极半岛气温的急剧上升,已使大量的冰架崩解。冰架崩解并不对海平面产生真正的影响,但反映出南极洲气候与冰川存在急剧变化的可能。     

南大西洋渐新世初碳酸盐记录(ODP 1263站)

渐新世初期,南极大陆在短时间内出现永久性冰盖,地球由两极无冰进入到单极有冰的特殊时期。越来越多的研究表明,这一重大气候转型事件与大气CO2及大洋碳储库的变化密切相关。南大西洋ODP 1263站碳酸钙软泥的粒度分析揭示了在渐新世初期发生的强烈碳酸盐溶解事件,碳酸盐溶解超前于底栖有孔虫氧同位素重值约100 ka,显示碳酸盐溶解事件先于南极冰盖的形成。由于碳酸钙泵的作用,碳酸盐的溶解会消耗大量的大气CO2,从而可能驱动了气候的快速变冷,导致南极大陆永久性冰盖发育。     

气候系统内极区热汇与热带海洋热源之间的相互作用(英)

The anomalous change of two polar sea ice and tropical ocean SST is a very important index for global climate monitoring and prediction. In this paper, the wave resonance principle is used to calculate month by month running cross couple correlation coefficient time series between sea ice in different sea area of two Polars, as well as between them and five elements of E1 Nino events, to analyze their variation features, and to find out their resonance periods. The resonance period of two waves is just the strongest interaction period.Some results are concluded as follows. 1) The Arctic sea ice to the Pacific-side (NPI1) and Atlantic-side (NP12) show a strong positive-negative feedback impact each other to the Antarctic Ross Sea ice (SPI2) with equal intensity. 2) Both NPI1 and NPI2 give a strong positive and negative feedback to the Antarctic Wedded Sea ice (SPI3) while it is rather weak in convercse status. It means that, the Arctic sea ice plays a leading and controlling role on the Wedded Sea ice. 3) SST of Nino 4 area in thecentral equatorial Pacific has a best resonance period with SPI2 with cycle period of 132 months. It closely relates to quasi-11 years oscillation period of both SST of Nino 4 area and SPI2. SST of Nino 4 has also a resonance period to SPI3 with cycle of 61 months. There also exist strong interaction periods between the Antarctic sea ice and other elements of ENSO event but weaker than SST of Nino 4 area.     

Prediction of sea ice edge in the Antarctic using GVF Snake model

Antarctic sea ice cover plays an important role in shaping the earth’s climate, primarily by insulating the ocean from the atmosphere and increasing the surface albedo. The convective processes accompanied with the sea ice formation result bottom water formation. The cold and dense bottom water moves towards the equator along the ocean basins and takes part in the global thermohaline circulation. Sea ice edge is a potential indicator of climate change. Additionally, fishing and commercial shipping activities as well as military submarine operations in the polar seas need reliable ice edge information. However, as the sea ice edge is unstable in time, the temporal validity of the estimated ice edge is often shorter than the time required to transfer the information to the operational user. Hence, an accurate sea ice edge prediction as well as determination is crucial for fine-scale geophysical modeling and for near-real-time operations. In this study, active contour modelling (known as Snake model) and non-rigid motion estimation techniques have been used for predicting the sea ice edge (SIE) in the Antarctic. For this purpose the SIE has been detected from sea ice concentration derived using special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) observations. The 15% sea ice concentration pixels are being taken as the edge pixel between ice and water. The external force, gradient vector flow (GVF), of SIE for total the Antarctic region is parameterised for daily as well as weekly data set. The SIE is predicted at certain points using a statistical technique. These predicted points have been used to constitute a SIE using artificial intelligence technique, the gradient vector flow (GVF). The predicted edge has been validated with that of SSM/I. It is found that all the major curvatures have been captured by the predicated edge and it is in good agreement with that of the SSM/I observation.     

On the value of long-term satellite passive microwave data sets for sea ice/climate studies

In spite of the importance of sea ice to polar climates, sea ice/climate studies have been limited in the past due to the lack of consistent, long-term, global sea ice records. Satellite passive microwave technology, available since the early 1970s, now provides the potential of generating the desired long-term data sets. With passive microwave data, global sea ice distributions can be mapped on a routine basis every few days, to a spatial resolution on the order of 30 km. The sea ice records generated so far from such satellite data have already been used in many scientific investigations, helping to quantify global sea ice distributions and their seasonal and interannual variations, and to illuminate possible ice/ocean and ice/atmosphere interactions. The results to date augur well for the possibilities once the satellite passive microwave record is long enough to form a true climatic data base.