Hydrodynamic characteristics of floating toroidal bodies

The paper deals with the linearized exciting wave forces and hydrodynamic coefficients of a toroidal body floating in water of finite depth. For the solution of the diffraction and the radiation problems the flow field around the body is subdivided into ring-shaped fluid regions, in each of which axisymmetric eigenfunction expansions for the velocity potential is made. By implementing Galerkin's method the various potential solutions are matched and numerical results concerning the exciting wave forces and the hydrodynamic coefficients in all modes of motion are obtained.     

Coanda effect in coastal flows

In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wall interaction in shallow waters. Namely, modifications of the hydrodynamic field concerning the interaction of river run-off with a shallow coastal water body, due to the presence of marine structures, were investigated. Stratification effects due to salinity and temperature were neglected, and the interest was focused on barotropic features (Coanda effect). The numerical analysis was carried out by means of shallow water equations, numerically solved by finite difference, and the present method was validated by means of a typical simple-shaped test case. The experiments were carried out in a shallow water tank, flow visualizations were performed, and the velocity field was obtained by PIV. The main features of jet-wall interaction flow were investigated in simple-shaped geometries, and applications were shown for two practical cases: Pescara channel harbour (Adriatic Sea, Italy) and the proposed design of Latina harbour (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy).     

New records of cold‐water coral sites and fish fauna characterization of a potential network existing in the Mediterranean Sea

New cold‐water coral (CWC) sites were recorded along the Apulian margin (Central Mediterranean). The species composition and depth distribution of CWCs were updated. A distribution of the CWC sites coincident with the course of the dense‐water masses that flow between the Southern Adriatic and Northern Ionian was confirmed. The faunal assemblages of five of these CWC sites were investigated and compared using experimental longlines during the spring–summer and autumn–winter seasons, between 2010 and 2014. Differences in ecological variables amongst the sites in each season were evaluated by means of a set of univariate and multivariate methods (analysis of variance, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, non‐metric multidimensional scaling). Although some differences were detected in relation to the different depths examined during spring–summer, the CWC sites showed similar features in terms of species richness and diversity as well as in the abundance of the same fish species (Galeus melastomus, Conger conger, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Merluccius merluccius, Phycis blennoides and Pagellus bogaraveo) most probably because of the distribution of adult specimens in structurally complex and heterogeneous habitats, which act as a potential ‘refuge network’ with respect to commercial fishing. The presence of maturing and mature individuals as well as post‐reproductive females indicates that these CWC sites also act as spawning areas, representing a potential ‘renewal network’ for the fish populations. The term ‘network’ used here refers to several similar subsystems (CWC sites) that play the same ecological role in a wider system (Apulian margin). These CWC communities need coherent conservation measures and management strategies according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries.     

海洋磁力仪拖鱼入水深度控制方法

海洋磁力仪拖鱼入水深度试验证明:当拖缆长度达到一定距离以后,拖鱼入水深度不再发生明显变化。在试验的基础上,分析海洋磁力仪拖鱼水中受力情况,综合考虑海水阻力、拖缆长度、航行速度和配重等因素,提出拖鱼入水深度的计算方法。     

港珠澳大桥青州航道桥桥墩基础冲刷试验研究

桥墩基础冲刷是桥梁毁坏的重要因素,是桥梁基础设计的关键指标之一。目前国内外对于桥墩基础在复杂动力条件下冲刷深度的研究常采用物理模型试验方法,利用正态系列模型方法,在波流水槽中研究了水流、潮流和波流共同作用下青州航道桥索塔基础周围流态变化和局部冲刷特征。研究结果表明,桥墩最大冲刷深度和冲淤范围与水流流速、桥墩轴线与水流夹角和波浪等因素有关;在潮流最大流速和恒定流流速一致情况下,桥墩局部冲刷深度达到平衡后,将会达到与恒定流基本一致的最大冲深;波流共同作用下的最大冲刷深度比恒定流增加10%左右。设计桥墩形状在100年一遇水流和波浪共同作用下桥墩基础局部最大冲刷深度为13.7 m。     

The Lift Forces Acting on a Submarine Composite Pipeline in a Wave-Current Coexisting Field

- A composite pipeline is defined as a main big pipe composed of one or several small pipes. The flow behaviour around a submarine composite pipeline is more complicated than that around a single submarine pipeline. A series model test of composite pipelines in a wave-current coexisting field was conducted by the authors. Both in-line and lift forces were measured, and the resultant forces were also analyzed. The results of lift forces and resultant forces are reported in this paper. It is found that the lift force coefficients for composite pipelines are well related to the KC number. The lift force coefficients for an irregular wave-current coexisting field are smaller than those for a regular wave-current coexisting field. The frequency of lift force is usually twice the wave frequency or higher. The authors test indicates that the resultant forces are about 10 to 20 percent larger than in-line forces (horizontal forces). The effect of water depth is analyzed. Finally, the relationship between lift f     

Combined tidal and wind driven flows and bedload transport over a flat bottom

The combined tidal and wind driven flow and resulting sediment transport in the ocean over a flat bottom at intermediate water depth has been investigated, using a simple one dimensional two-equation turbulence closure model. This model has been verified against field measurements of a tidal flow in the Celtic Sea. The tidal velocity ellipses and the time series of the horizontal velocity components at given elevations above the bottom are well predicted through the water column although there are some deviations between the predicted and measured velocities near the bottom due to the uncertainty of the bottom roughness. For the combined tidal and wind driven flows the velocity profiles, turbulent kinetic energy profiles and surface particle trajectories are predicted for weak and strong winds. Furthermore, the bottom shear stress and the resulting bedload transport have been predicted; the parts of the particle trajectories in the close vicinity of the bottom where the bedload transport exists are displayed. Finally, the direction and magnitude of the surface drift, the depth-averaged mean velocity and the mean bedload transport are given, and the effect of the bottom roughness on the sea surface drift is investigated.     

Simulation of diffraction of ocean waves by a submerged sphere in finite depth

Based on the linear diffraction theory, an investigation is made on the interaction of water waves with a completely submerged sphere in water of finite depth in this paper. The method of multipole expansions is used to obtain the fluid velocity potential in the form of double series of the associated Legendre functions with the unknown coefficients of the infinite set of infinite matrix equations. The truncation property of the matrices and the convergence of the multipole series coefficients are investigated for various wavelengths and depths. The systematic numerical simulation, based on our analytical solution, is carried out and the fields of the hydrodynamic diffraction pressure and fluid velocity around the sphere, the three-dimensional free surface elevation, and total exciting forces acting on the sphere are graphically presented for a wide range of the body submergences, ocean depths and wavelengths.     

Non-hydrostatic pressure in σ-coordinate ocean models

Numerical ocean modelling is computationally very demanding. Traditionally, the hydrostatic approximation has been applied to reduce the computational burden. This approximation is valid in large scale studies with coarse grid resolution. With faster computers and gradually smaller grid sizes, we may expect that more studies will be performed with non-hydrostatic ocean models. In recent papers several methods for including non-hydrostatic pressure in σ-coordinate models have been suggested. In this paper the sensitivity of the non-hydrostatic pressure field, the velocity fields, and the density fields to changes in the method for computing non-hydrostatic pressure in σ-coordinate ocean models is addressed.The first test case used involves the propagation and breaking of an internal wave at an incline in a tank. The other test case concerns tidally driven flow over a sill in a stratified fjord. The results from our numerical exercises suggest that the velocity and density fields are very robust to the model choices investigated here. The differences between the model results are of the same order as the uncertainty due to the internal pressure gradient error, and they are smaller than an estimate of the uncertainty due to subgrid scale closure.     

集成于海上风电钢管桩基础上的升降式网箱结构波浪场特性研究

对安装在海上风电钢管桩基础上的升降式网箱结构的波浪场特性进行研究,掌握升降式网箱结构内部及结构后方水体的运动特征及速度场变化情况。基于OpenFOAM软件包开发了波、流与孔隙介质结构相互作用的数值计算模型,将网箱结构按等效阻力简化为多孔介质结构,开展升降式网箱结构的波浪场特性研究。研究结果表明：网箱结构对流体具有一定的阻流作用,网箱结构内部速度场得到一定程度的减小,网箱结构背浪侧也有一定的速度衰减区域;对比网箱结构顶部不同潜深条件下的网箱结构内部流场特征,网箱结构顶部潜深在1/4D~1/2D（D为水深）范围内网箱结构内部流场速度最小、流场最为稳定、速度分布均匀,网箱结构向浪侧前方和背浪侧后方流场波动较小。所得结论表明在钢管桩基础上安装升降式网箱结构时需要关注的网箱结构对流场特性的影响,充分考虑网箱结构阻力对流速的作用,掌握极端工况下升降式网箱结构保持优良养殖环境需要下潜的高度范围,以保障升降式网箱的安全。     

Effects of Topography and Current on Horizontal Irrotational Waves in Shallow Water

Based on the Boussinesq assumption,derived are couple equations of free surface elevationand horizontal velocities for horizontal irrotational flow,and analytical expressions of the correspondingpressure and vertical velocity.After the free surface elevation and horizontal velocity at a certain depth areobtained by numerical method,the pressure and vertical velocity distributions can be obtained by simplecalculation.The dispersion at different depths is the same at the O(ε)approximation.The waveamplitude will decrease with increasing time due to viscosity,but it will increase due to the matching ofviscosity and the bed slope.thus,flow is unstable.Numerical or analytical results show that the waveamplitude.velocity and length will increase as the current increases along the wave direction.but theamplitude will increase.and the wave velocity and length will decrease as the water depth decreases.     

Active exchange of water and nutrients between seawater and shallow pore water in intertidal sandflats

In order to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrient profiles in the shallow pore water columns (upper 30 cm depth) of intertidal sandflats, we measured the salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water and seawater at various coastal environments along the southern coast of Korea. In the intertidal zone, salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water showed marked vertical changes with depth, owing to the active exchange between the pore water and overlying seawater, while they are temporally more stable and vertically constant in the sublittoral zone. In some cases, the advective flow of fresh groundwater caused strong vertical gradients of salinity and nutrients in the upper 10 cm depth of surface sediments, indicating the active mixing of the fresher groundwater with overlying seawater. Such upper pore water column profiles clearly signified the temporal fluctuation of lower-salinity and higher-Si seawater intrusion into pore water in an intertidal sandflat near the mouth of an estuary. We also observed a semimonthly fluctuation of pore water nutrients due to spring-neap tide associated recirculation of seawater through the upper sediments. Our study shows that the exchange of water and nutrients between shallow pore water and overlying seawater is most active in the upper 20 cm layer of intertidal sandflats, due to physical forces such as tides, wave set-up, and density-thermal gradient.     

Hydrodynamic coefficients for a thick-walled bottomless cylindrical body floating in water of finite depth

The paper deals with the linearized hydrodynamic forces acting on a thick-walled, bottomless cylindrical body having vertical symmetry axis and oscillating in water of finite depth. For the solution of the radiation problem, the flow field around the structure is subdivided into ring-shaped fluid regions, in each of which an axisymmetric eigenfunction expansion for the velocity potential is made. By implementing Galerkin's method the various potential solutions are then matched and numerical results concerning the hydrodynamic coefficients for heave, surge and pitch motions, as well as the coupling terms between the last two modes are obtained.     

Numerical solution of the asymmetric water impact of a wedge in three degrees of freedom

Impact problems associated with water entry have important applications in various aspects of naval architecture and ocean engineering. Estimation of hydrodynamic impact forces especially during the first instances after the impact is very important and is of interest. Since the estimation of hydrodynamic impact load plays an important role in safe design and also in evaluation of structural weight and costs, it is better to use a reliable and accurate prediction method instead of a simple estimation resulted by analyzing methods. In landing of flying boats, some phenomena such as weather conditions and strong winds can cause asymmetric instead of symmetric descent. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the asymmetric impact of a wedge, as the step of a flying boat, considering dynamic equations in two-phase flow is taken into account. The dynamic motion of the wedge in two-phase flow is solved based on finite volume method with volume of fluid (VOF) scheme considering dynamic equations. Then the effects of different angles of impact and water depth on the velocity change and slamming forces in an asymmetric impact are investigated. The comparison between the simulation results and experimental data verifies the accuracy of the method applied in the present study.     

Analysis of wave induced drift forces acting on a submerged sphere in finite water depth

A solution is presented for the wave induced drift forces acting on a submerged sphere in a finite water depth based on linearised velocity potential theory. In order to obtain the velocity potential, use has been made of multipole expansions in terms of an infinite series of Legendre functions with unknown coefficients. The series expression for the second order mean forces (drift forces) is provided by integrating the fluid pressure over the body surface. The horizontal drift force is also expressed by a series solution obtained using the far-field method.     

SPH方法的孤立波与部分淹没结构物相互作用数值计算研究

为研究孤立波作用下结构物周围流场特征,基于无网格SPH方法,建立孤立波与海洋结构物相互作用模型,对不同波幅孤立波作用下部分淹没矩形结构物周围波面、流速、涡量及结构受力特征进行计算分析,探索了相对波高对非淹没结构物周围流场的影响规律。结果表明:流场特征与相对波高密切相关,相对波高较小时,波面、流速、涡量及结构荷载均较为光滑,相对波高在0.2以上时,波峰爬升至结构物顶部并在越过结构物后与水槽内水体碰撞造成流场波动,波面、流速、涡量及结构荷载的波动幅度随着相对波高增大而增大,流场更加复杂,结构物水平和垂向负压也越大,且结构物周围涡分布逐渐向深度方向和下游方向发展。     

Formation of Equilibrium Beach Profile of the Abandoned Yellow River Delta Coast in North Jiangsu

The abandoned Yellow River Delta coast is a typical erodible silty and muddy coast in China. The paper analyses the marine dynamic characteristics and the mechanism of beach erosion of this area. Analysis and calculation show that in this sea area wave and tidal current action should be considered. Based on the above analysis, an equilibrium beach profile calculation model is developed, in which the wave-current interaction is considered while sediment supply and sediment re-deposition are neglected. The model consists of four parts: (1) calculation of wave parameters, (2) calculation of velocity due to wave-current interaction at different water depth, (3) calculation of friction velocity and shear stress at different water depths, and (4) calculation of the amount of sediment erosion, erosion intensity and variation of beach profile. Calculated results are in good agreement with observed data. Finally, the evolution tendency is discussed and the equilibrium beach profile of this coast is calculated. B     

PARTITION OF ENERGY FLUX OF PROGRESSIVE WAVES IN WATER OF ARBITRARY UNIFORM DEPTH

The mean energy flux of progressive gravity waves of finite amplitude in water of arbitrary uniform depth is accurately partitioned by a relative simple method. It is comfirmed by calculation of the mean energy flux that the energy flux is chiefly due to the work done by the pressure forces of fluid. However, sometimes the energy fluxes caused by the kinetic energy and potential energy also possess fair percentage, and in the extreme case they may reach about 30% of the total energy flux. In this paper the error due to the commonly used small-amplitude theory being applied to the calculation of the energy flux is discussed in detail. In addition, the method of the energy flux partition is applicable to the cases of both finite and infinite water depth, and it is far more simple and direct than the method used by Starr and Platzman.     

Hydrodynamic forces on submerged vertical circular cylindrical tanks under ground excitation

This paper investigates hydrodynamic pressures and forces on submerged vertical cylindrical tanks under the action of harmonic ground excitations. Water is assumed to be imcompressible and inviscid, motion irrotational and waves are of small amplitude. Semi-analytical method is used for the solution, that is, the fluid domain is divided into inner and outer regions. The Laplace equations governing velocity potentials for the two regions are solved by separation of variables and expressed in terms of eigenfunctions of the resulting equations which satisfy appropriate boundary conditions. Continuity of pressure and velocity at the interface of the inner and outer regions provides the necessary equations from which the velocity potentials, pressures and forces are obtained. Numerical results are presented in graphical form for forces and pressures for a range of excitation frequencies for selected proportions of tank geometry and water depth.