基于机载LiDAR的多面片建筑物3维重建方法研究

提出了顾及多面片建筑物模型拓扑关系的边界提取方法。针对多面片建筑物的特点并基于最小二乘法,设计了一套适合多面片建筑物的边界规则化方法,并生成了3维建筑物模型。实验证明,本文方法对于多面片建筑物模型的3维自动重建都是可行和有效的。     

结合区域增长与RANSAC的机载LiDAR点云屋顶面分割

建筑物屋顶面大小差异较大、形状复杂、数量不确定等特点,以及机载LiDAR点云密度不均、分布不规则、缺乏语义信息等特性,对屋顶面的准确分割造成了很大干扰,因此现有分割方法的精度和适用性仍有待提高.针对上述问题,本文提出一种结合区域增长与RANSAC的机载LiDAR点云屋顶面分割方法.首先,引入稳健的法向量估计算法计算点云法向量,利用提出的迭代区域增长策略和RANSAC提取多个可靠屋顶面片;然后,基于可靠屋顶面片参数和RANSAC计算内点的思想,迭代合并可靠屋顶面片,并精化屋顶面参数;最后,计算未能通过前面步骤分割的点到各屋顶面的垂直距离,将其标记为距离最小且小于阈值的屋顶面,并通过局部范围内投票的方式精化屋顶面分割结果.利用多个具有代表性的建筑物点云和一组区域建筑物点云进行试验,结果表明,所提出的方法可有效地分割不同复杂程度的建筑物屋顶面,并能较好地分割面积较小的屋顶面,以屋顶面和单点为评价单元的平均分割正确率为95.56％ 和97.93％,分割的结果可为建筑物三维模型重建、点云精简等应用提供可靠的信息.     

LiDAR数据与正射影像结合的三维屋顶模型重建方法

为提高三维屋顶模型重建的准确性与定位精度,本文集成机载LiDAR数据与正射影像,以“屋顶面片提取-屋脊线生成-三维屋顶重建”为框架,提出了三角形簇和三角形动态传播相结合的屋顶面片提取策略.基于LiDAR数据和影像的屋脊线精确提取算法,有效挖掘影像高分辨率特性和LiDAR数据高程点云特性的互补优势,实验证明了算法的优越性.     

基于改进RANSAC算法的屋顶激光点云面片分割方法

基于改进的随机抽样一致性算法(RANSAC)对建(构)筑物屋顶面片进行点云分割,通过改进种子点选取方式来提高面片分割的置信度,并将点到平面距离的标准差作为判断准则,以提高分割面片的准确性。同时,采用KD-Tree组织点云,根据空间平面的法向量、连通性分析、点云的R半径密度对分割的面片进行优化处理,试验证明该方法能有效地对建筑物屋顶面片进行点云分割。     

一种利用点云邻域信息的建筑物屋顶面高精度自动提取方法

从LiDAR数据中高精度地提取建筑物屋顶面是构建屋顶面拓扑关系、实现建筑物三维模型重建的关键。本文针对现有算法提取复杂建筑物屋顶面适应性较差、精度较低等问题,提出了一种利用点云邻域信息的建筑物屋顶面高精度自动提取方法。通过主成分分析计算点云特征,构建特征直方图,选取可靠种子点;利用提出的局部点云法向量分布密度聚类算法聚类种子点,快速准确地提取初始屋顶面片;构建基于邻域信息的投票模型,有效地解决屋顶面竞争现象。试验结果表明,本文方法可自动、高精度地提取屋顶面,对不同复杂程度的建筑物具有较好的适应性,能为建筑物三维模型重建提供可靠的屋顶面信息。     

一种三维实景模型单体建筑物提取方法

倾斜航摄仪的发展提高了三维实景模型生产的自动化程度,降低了生产成本。但目前软件自动生成的"一张皮"数据难以挂接GIS属性数据,因此有必要从三维实景模型中提取单体建筑物。针对此目的,本文提出了一种结合几何、纹理及语义信息的提取方法。首先利用几何、颜色以及语义信息将实景模型的三角面片分为地面、植被、建筑物立面和建筑物屋顶4类,然后通过组合验证建筑物立面和屋顶形成单体建筑物。采用"街景工厂"生产的2组三维实景模型数据进行实验,提取结果完整度大于90%,正确率高于93%。实验表明:本文方法能自动从三维实景模型数据中提取单体建筑物,可为后续的属性数据挂接提供基础。     

顾及地形的城市三维可视化方法研究

介绍了三维房屋重建与城市可视化方法研究和应用模块开发的初步成果。在一般二维不规则三角网的基础上,发展了有确定边界条件下的二维不规则三角网,通过对顾及地形的铅直墙面和不规则屋顶的分别构网和合成,形成建筑物的表面不规则三角网,消去共面条件下的公共边后,实现了顾及地形的的城市房屋重建。     

倾斜摄影结合激光扫描建筑测量应用研究

三维激光扫描技术能够对城市既有老旧建筑的内外面信息进行高效采集,但在建筑顶部以及围墙遮挡区域普遍会存在点云缺漏现象。为提高建筑点云数据完整度,本文以某厂房建筑改造建设项目为实验对象,采用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术进行老旧建筑外立面信息采集,与三维激光扫描点云进行叠加,利用控制标靶进行点云融合转换处理,从而获取城市既有老旧建筑的内外面完整数据信息,利用省连续运行参考站（CORS）系统进行检核,三维激光点云成果最大点位误差为0.029 m,倾斜摄影模型最大点位误差为0.043 m,融合后数据精度及完整性均有较大提升,以较为完整的厂房内外立面高精度模型数据,为后续设计改造提供基础支撑,同时为数字城市建设提供基础三维数据。     

结合超体素与区域增长的LiDAR点云屋顶面分割

针对传统区域增长算法易受噪声影响且局部分割性能不稳定的问题,提出了一种结合超体素与区域增长的屋顶面片点云分割算法。利用八叉树组织初始点云数据,基于点云的欧氏距离和法向量信息两个约束分割点云获得超体素。结合超体素结构特征,改进种子点选取准则,在超体素的光滑性和表面几何特征约束下进行点云区域增长,提取屋顶面片点云。选取不同复杂程度的建筑物LiDAR点云进行实验,结果表明,结合超体素与区域增长算法能有效提取复杂建筑物屋顶面片点云,提取率高且具有较好的适应性,可以为基于机载LiDAR的建筑物三维模型重建提供可靠的屋顶面信息。     

网络三维数字城市海量模型优化算法研究

大规模海量三维模型数据网络传输和终端可视化是面向Web的三维GIS应用关键技术。本文提出将三维模型自适应面删除简化算法和地形模型单面片自动生成算法相结合,实现大批量构建面简化LOD （层次细节模型）模型库自动建库,有效解决了海量高精度、大范围三维模型面向Web的三维GIS应用问题。研究成果在天津市网络三维数字城市规划管理系统项目中成功进行试验,效果显著。     

动态空间正图像透视投影正反解

卫星图像都是在动态情形下获取的。瞬间曝光获取的图像投影性质符合透视投影。本文针对卫星动态获取的正图像,建立其平面透视投影,利用矢量解法研究其正反解变换和星下点坐标计算方法,最后给出了算例。     

机载LiDAR点云的多层建筑物三维轮廓模型自动重建

以机载LiDAR点云数据为研究对象,提出一种新的基于点云数据的多层建筑物三维轮廓模型高精度自动重建方法。在已完成建筑物结构提取及轮廓规则化处理的基础上,利用多层屋顶轮廓在水平投影面内的相邻关系,将各层屋顶中同等级屋顶的相邻关系概括为平行边、不平行且不相交、相交3种相邻形式,结合多层屋顶的层级结构信息对相邻轮廓边界进行一致性处理。实验证明本文方法可以进一步消除多层建筑物各屋顶轮廓的规则化处理误差,使相邻轮廓边界在水平投影面内严格重合,同时重建后建筑物三维轮廓模型的正确性与完整性较高,拐点的定位精度优于激光点平均间距。     

Accuracy test of point-based and object-based urban building feature classification and extraction applying airborne LiDAR data

Point-based and object-based building extractions were conducted in airborne LiDAR data in a sample area of Buffalo, New York. First, the earth surface points were filtered from the entire laser scan data set using a new filtering algorithm, which combines the TIN slope modelling and statistical analysis. The off-ground points were extracted for buildings in the study area using both point cluster analysis and object-oriented classifications. The accuracies of both approaches were tested using the digitised ground truth. The outcomes of accuracy testing of the point-based method are correctness: 88.74%, completeness: 92.67% and quality: 83.50%. The results of the accuracy of object-based building extraction are correctness: 87.21%, completeness: 60.14%, and quality: 55.26%. Reconstructions of 3D building models based on the extracted building points were performed. This study contributes scientific and technological knowledge for researchers in developing more effective methods in converting the LiDAR survey to a 3D GIS database.     

关键点检测的复杂建筑物模型自动重建

利用机载LiDAR点云数据进行建筑物重建是当今摄影测量与遥感领域的一个热点问题,特别是复杂形状建筑物模型的精确自动构建一直是一个难题。本文提出一种基于关键点检测的复杂建筑物模型自动重建方法,采用RANSAC法与距离法相结合的分割方法自动提取建筑物屋顶各个平面的点云,并利用Alpha Shape算法提取出各个平面的精确轮廓,根据屋顶平面之间的空间拓扑关系分析建筑物的公共交线特征,在此特征约束下对提取的初始关键点进行修正,最终重建出精确的建筑物3维模型。选取不同类型复杂建筑物与包含复杂建筑物的城市区域点云进行实验,结果表明该算法具有较强实用价值。     

基于机载LiDAR数据的建筑物轮廓提取

建筑物轮廓作为建筑物三维重建的重要元素,在建立智慧城市和数字城市中至关重要。本文针对从机载激光雷达点云中提取建筑物轮廓数据处理的点云滤波、建筑物屋顶面提取、建筑物轮廓提取,以及提取精度评定各环节存在的一些问题,提出了一种综合区域生长改进算法、三维Hough变换算法和α-shape算法的建筑物轮廓提取方法。该方法在对机载LiDAR点云数据去噪的基础上,首先利用改进的区域生长算法滤波地面点,并基于地物点到地面的归一化高程特征通过高度阈值去除高度较为低矮的地物点;再基于三维Hough变换算法从剩余建筑物和高大树木点云中提取建筑物平面;最后使用α-shape算法提取建筑物的轮廓信息。对使用RIEGLVQ-1560i机载激光雷达测量系统扫描的某城区点云数据进行计算,通过匹配度、形状相似度和位置精度等评价指标对提取的建筑物轮廓进行精度评定。结果表明,综合区域生长改进算法、三维Hough变换算法和α-shape算法的建筑物轮廓提取方法可以准确提取建筑物的轮廓信息,对于大范围的建筑物轮廓提取具有稳定性和普遍适用性。     

LiDAR数据与航空影像结合的建筑物重建

探讨了结合航空影像的LiDAR数据简单建筑物重建算法,以建筑物边界、屋顶面片的自动提取及面片邻域关系的建立,重建了简单直角建筑物模型,并利用航空影像进行了精确定位。     

Segmentation of Airborne Point Cloud Data for Automatic Building Roof Extraction

Roof plane segmentation is a complex task since point cloud data carry no connection information and do not provide any semantic characteristics of the underlying scanned surfaces. Point cloud density, complex roof profiles, and occlusion add another layer of complexity which often encounter in practice. In this article, we present a new technique that provides a better interpolation of roof regions where multiple surfaces intersect creating non-manifold points. As a result, these geometric features are preserved to achieve automated identification and segmentation of the roof planes from unstructured laser data. The proposed technique has been tested using the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing benchmark and three Australian datasets, which differ in terrain, point density, building sizes, and vegetation. The qualitative and quantitative results show the robustness of the methodology and indicate that the proposed technique can eliminate vegetation and extract buildings as well as their non-occluding parts from the complex scenes at a high success rate for building detection (between 83.9% and 100% per-object completeness) and roof plane extraction (between 73.9% and 96% per-object completeness). The proposed method works more robustly than some existing methods in the presence of occlusion and low point sampling as indicated by the correctness of above 95% for all the datasets.     

Automatic filtering and 2D modeling of airborne laser scanning building point cloud

This article suggests a new approach to automatic building footprint modeling using exclusively airborne LiDAR data. The first part of the suggested approach is the filtering of the building point cloud using the bias of the Z‐coordinate histogram. This operation aims to detect the points of roof class from the building point cloud. Hence, eight rules for histogram interpretation are suggested. The second part of the suggested approach is the roof modeling algorithm. It starts by detecting the roof planes and calculating their adjacency matrix. Hence, the roof plane boundaries are classified into four categories: (1) outer boundary; (2) inner plane boundaries; (3) roof detail boundaries; and (4) boundaries related to the missing planes. Finally, the junction relationships of roof plane boundaries are analyzed for detecting the roof vertices. With regard to the resulting accuracy quantification, the average values of the correctness and the completeness indices are employed in both approaches. In the filtering algorithm, their values are respectively equal to 97.5 and 98.6%, whereas they are equal to 94.0 and 94.0% in the modeling approach. These results reflect the high efficacy of the suggested approach.     

A Simplified Semi-Automatic Technique for Highway Extraction from High-Resolution Airborne LiDAR Data and Orthophotos

Information on highways is an essential input for various geospatial applications, including car navigation, forensic analysis on highway geometries, and intelligent transportation systems. Semi-automatic and automatic extractions of highways are critical for the regular updating of municipal databases and for highway maintenance. This study presents a semi-automatic data processing approach for extracting highways from high-resolution airborne LiDAR height information and aerial orthophotos. The method was developed based on two data sets. Experimental results for the first testing site showed that the accuracy of the proposed method for highway extraction was 74.50 % for completeness and 73.13 % for correctness. Meanwhile, the completeness and correctness for the second testing site were 71.20 and 70.72 %, respectively. The proposed method was compared with an object-based approach on a different data set. The accuracy for highway extraction of the object-based approach was 64.29 % for completeness and 63.11 % for correctness, whereas that of the proposed method was 67.14 % for completeness and 65.08 % for correctness. This research aims to promote semi-automatic highway extraction from LiDAR data and orthophotos by proposing a new approach and a multistep post-processing technique. The proposed method provides an accurate final output that is valuable for a wide range of geospatial applications.