自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型

数字地图制图环境下的自动综合是一个国际性的难题,其中地图要素的关系处理又是自动综合中的重点和难点之一,位移操作是关系处理的一个重要方法.本文以道路网的目标变形位移运用弹性力学思想进行理论和方法上的探讨,实现空间目标冲突的探测,进行目标的受力分析,运用平面杆件弹性体的受力变形模型,得到目标的位移量.该方法顾及目标间的空间关系,运用优化方法解决和控制位移的传播.     

高速公路采空区变形监测浅析

对焦（作）－晋（城）高速公路采空区监测的技术方法进行介绍，并对监测数据、产生变形及突变原因作深入分析，从而说明在高速公路建设中变形监测的意义。     

论地下铁道的变形监测

结合广州地铁一号线变形监测的实际 ,全面论述了地下铁道地面与地下变形测量的内容和方法 ,变形观测周期和频率 ,基准点和变形点的布设方案 ;论证并提出了垂直位移和水平位移变形测量的等级和精度。可供制订地下铁道测量规范和进行地铁变形监测时的参考。     

DOM的制作方法及变形处理

DOM已经越来越广泛的应用在我们的工作和生活中,它可以十分直观的给人们提供影像信息,主要介绍DOM的制作方法,并针对DOM制作过程中容易出现的一些影像变形等质量问题,探索出一种行之有效的处理方法 。     

程潮铁矿的变形监测分析

以程潮铁矿为例,从监测点的布设、仪器选择等方面阐述了变形监测的实施方案;并从垂直、水平和深部监测3个方面,详细分析了监测数据,得出一些对矿区后续施工与安保工作有指导性的建议。     

基于Midas GTS的隧道3维变形建模与可视化研究

针对现代大型工程变形监测手段丰富、监测点数目较多、变形可视化困难等特点,提出了以Midas GTS为平台,利用地形数据和监测点、特征点空间数据进行3维建模,通过对模型的拓扑变换和任意剖切,实现了对各类变形监测点变形量的可视化表达。以某隧道为实例证明该方法操作简便、表现直观,具有较强的实用性和有效性。     

杭州市电子交通旅游图速成制作方法

使用电子交通旅游图（简称电子地图）结合GPS技术跟踪定位，则能实时地显示道路上车辆的准确方位和运动轨迹的变化，使指挥部门能及时了解情况，并作出决策，同时，电子地图还可满足对有关地理信息，如角度、距离、名称、种类、街道有别等进行查询。     

在变形点上监测建筑物水平位移

本文介绍了在变形点上监测建筑物水平位移时，当固定点上不能设站观测的情况下，进行变形观测的一种方法。     

三维变形算法的古建筑构件现状模型快速重建

针对古建筑现状模型制作困难、费时费力、模型精度低等问题,该文以古建筑标准构件模型为数据源,提出了一种基于古建筑构件现状多视图引导的三维模型变形算法。首先,选取标准三维模型和现状构件视图同一视角方向的轮廓及其特征线;然后,应用相似三角形方法进行同名点对的提取;最后,应用改进的保刚性变形方法完成轮廓线驱动三维构件模型变形,生成完整的古建筑构件现状三维模型。以古建筑中常见的3种基本构件作为实验数据,应用改进的拉普拉斯变形算法,生成了古建筑构建现状模型,并通过与现有变形算法的对比,验证该文方法的可行性和有效性,为古建筑现状模型快速构建提供了新思路。     

Follow the road: historical GIS for evaluating the development of routes in the Negev region during the twentieth century

ABSTRACT

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a British mapping team led by Captain S. F. Newcombe surveyed and mapped the Negev region, Sinai, and western Jordan. The map was mainly produced for military use. Consequently, it included a network of branched routes, water supplies and facilities, and topographic contours. This study used this map to examine the development of routes in the Negev region between the beginning of and until the end of the twentieth century. First, the individual sheets comprising the study area were pieced together and the accuracy of the map was evaluated. The accuracy found on the Newcombe map was 0.76 mm on the map scale, equivalent to 100.3 m. Route development during the twentieth century was then evaluated by comparing the routes digitized from the Newcombe map to digitized routes on a late twentieth-century map. The results do not reveal tremendous changes in path, shape, or number of routes. Instead, they merely indicate the natural development in their quality. This Historical GIS-based approach provided a useful technique for analyzing and comparing the line segments extracted from historical and modern maps. The implemented approach may also serve other geographical or historical studies aiming to examine the development of branched networks throughout history.     

全景景观地图的计算机辅助制作

针对全景景观地图制作过程复杂、效果差等问题,该文研究了全景景观地图计算机辅助制作的关键技术,包括渐进式投影的地形几何弯曲算法、地形高程垂直夸张、地物模型配置的滚落线生成算法等;完善了全景景观地图的机助制图过程和方法,提高了全景景观地图制图的效率,最后实现了全景景观地图制图原型系统。     

A method of downscaling temperature maps based on analytical hillshading for use in species distribution modelling

Climate maps have been widely used for the construction of species distribution models. These maps derive from interpolation of data collected by meteorological stations. The sparse distribution of stations generates maps with coarse spatial resolution that are unable to detect microclimates or areas that can serve as plant or animal refuges. This work proposes a method for downscaling temperature maps using the solar radiation falling upon hillsides as predictor for the influence of relief on local variability. Solar irradiance is estimated from a digital elevation model of the study area using a routine based on analytical hillshading. Some examples of downscaling from 1 km to 25 m spatial resolution are shown. The results are compared with the surface temperature maps from Landsat 8 satellite imagery.     

An empirical evaluation of three elevation change symbolization methods along routes in bicycle maps

ABSTRACT

Elevation change is critical for choosing a route when bicycling. We detail an empirical study in which we comparatively evaluated three linear symbolization types (color hue, color-coded arrows, and elevation profiles) to depict elevation change in bicycle maps for two common bicycle route planning tasks: relative height detection and slope identification. Participants performed most accurately with the color-coded arrows for relative height detection tasks, whereas symbolization did not significantly influence map-use performance for slope identification. Participants preferred the elevation profile, in spite of their lowest performance with this method overall. Our rare empirical findings offer much needed new insights into the function and appropriateness of common elevation symbolization methods, specifically to identify elevation change in bicycle route planning tasks in urban areas where map display real estate is already very limited.     

An optimum vehicular path algorithm for traffic network based on hierarchical spatial reasoning

Human beings' intellection is the characteristic of a distinct hierarchy and can be taken to construct a heuristic in the shortest path algorithms.It is detailed in this paper how to utilize the hierarchical reasoning on the basis of greedy and directional strategy to establish a spatial heuristic,so as to improve running efficiency and suitability of shortest path algorithm for traffic network.The authors divide urban traffic network into three hierarchies and set forward a new node hierarchy division rule to avoid the unreliable solution of shortest path.It is argued that the shortest path,no matter distance shortest or time shortest,is usually not the favorite of drivers in practice.Some factors difficult to expect or quantify influence the drivers' choice greatly.It makes the drivers prefer choosing a less shortest,but more reliable or flexible path to travel on.The presented optimum path algorithm,in addition to the improvement of the running efficiency of shortest path algorithms up to several times,reduces the emergence of those factors,conforms to the intellection characteristic of human beings,and is more easily accepted by drivers.Moreover,it does not require the completeness of networks in the lowest hierarchy and the applicability and fault tolerance of the algorithm have improved.The experiment result shows the advantages of the presented algorithm.The authors argued that the algorithm has great potential application for navigation systems of large-scale traffic networks.     

An optimum vehicular path algorithm for traffic network based on hierarchical spatial reasoning

Human beings’ intellection is the characteristic of a distinct hierarchy and can be taken to construct a heuristic in the shortest path algorithms. It is detailed in this paper how to utilize the hierarchical reasoning on the basis of greedy and directional strategy to establish a spatial heuristic, so as to improve running efficiency and suitability of shortest path algorithm for traffic network. The authors divide urban traffic network into three hierarchies and set forward a new node hierarchy division rule to avoid the unreliable solution of shortest path. It is argued that the shortest path, no matter distance shortest or time shortest, is usually not the favorite of drivers in practice. Some factors difficult to expect or quantify influence the drivers’ choice greatly. It makes the drivers prefer choosing a less shortest, but more reliable or flexible path to travel on. The presented optimum path algorithm, in addition to the improvement of the running efficiency of shortest path algorithms up to several times, reduces the emergence of those factors, conforms to the intellection characteristic of human beings, and is more easily accepted by drivers. Moreover, it does not require the completeness of networks in the lowest hierachy and the applicability and fault tolerance of the algorithm have improved. The experiment result shows the advantages of the presented algorithm. The authors argued that the algorithm has great potential application for navigation systems of large-scale traffic networks.     

城市道路复杂度的浮动车自适应采样算法

基于浮动车的城市交通信息采集技术是智能交通系统获取实时交通信息的重要手段之一。针对浮动车的城市交通信息等间距采样的不足,本文设计了一种基于城市道路复杂度的自适应采样算法:①根据道路属性定义道路结点对城市道路网络复杂度的影响因子;②利用四叉树对城市道路网络复杂度进行描述;③根据浮动车的瞬时速度和道路复杂度自适应计算浮动车的采样周期。通过仿真和试验表明,新算法能够在不同复杂程度的道路情况下自适应提供有效、可靠的采样周期。     

关于微分圆投影变成变形椭圆的分析与研究

针对各种地图学教材中关于变形椭圆的证明提出了三个问题,通过对地图投影中的微分圆垂直投影或 斜投影分析,不仅证明了微分圆投影变成了变形椭圆,而且利用几何分析解决了各种地图学教材中关于变形椭圆 证明出现的三个问题,对进一步了解地图投影的变形分布规律有着重要的意义。     

Inset town plans on large-scale maps of Great Britain

Abstract

Although widely known, the inset town plans which appeared on large-scale maps of Great Britain have never been systematically listed and analysed. Inset town plans are discussed in terms of their design and content, and the rare process of revision is illuminated. Particular attention is focussed on the sources of plans and patterns of occurrence and authorship are identified. From this detailed analysis, a picture of their strengths and weaknesses for the urban historian is developed.     

DEM精度检查中等高线回放的量化方法

目前数字高程模型(DEM)精度检查中广泛采用等高线回放方法,以目视检查方式进行,定性为主。基于集合论引进了一种量化方法,即层次等高线差异栅格分析法,用于描述等高线回放的平面位置变形量。实验证明此方法不仅可视化效果好,其量化指标有助于定位DEM误差,包括粗差;也适合对不同DEM内插方法精度评定的对比分析。