地方独立坐标系统的建立及其实现

对建立地方独立坐标系统的原因、方法进行了分析,并借助于全球定位系统(GPS)的数据处理系统——TGO来实现,提出了两种GPS网在地方独立坐标系中的平差方法,同时结合实例给予验证。根据文中的方法,很容易实现国家坐标系统与地方独立坐标系统、不同坐标系统间的互换。     

Concepts for reference frames in geodesy and geodynamics: The reference directions

Modern high accuracy measurements of the non-rigid earth are to be referred to four-dimensional, i.e., time- and space-dependent reference frames. Geodynamic phenomena derived from these measurements are to be described in a terrestrial reference frame in which both space- and time-like variations can be monitored. Existing conventional terrestrial reference frames (e.g. CIO, BIH) are no longer suitable for such purposes. The ultimate goal of this study is the establishment of a reference frame, moving with the earth in some average sense, in which the geometric and dynamic behavior of the earth can be monitored, and whose motion with respect to inertial space can also be determined. The study is conducted in several parts. In the first part problems related to reference directions are investigated, while subsequent parts deal with positions, i.e., with reference origins and scale. Only the first part is treated in this paper. The approach is based on the fact that reference directions at an observation point on the earth surface are defined by fundamental vectors (gravity, earth rotation, etc.), both space and time variant. These reference directions are interrelated by angular parameters, also derived from the fundamental vectors. The interrelationships between these space- and time-variant angular parameters are illustrated in a commutative diagram, tower of triads, which makes the derivation of the various relationships convenient. In order to determine the above parameters from observations using least squares techniques, a model tower of triads is also presented to allow the formation of linear observation equations. Although the model tower is also space and time variant, its variations are described by adopted parameters representing our current knowledge of the earth.     

Triply orthogonal coordinate systems

The properties of conformal transformations developed in the previous paper (Hotine 1965) are used to construct triply orthogonal coordinate systems from a scalar N. Classical doctrine on the subject requires that N should satisfy a third-order partial differential equation known as the Darboux equation, whereas no such restriction seems necessary in the conformal approach. If the Darboux equation is not a condition for triple orthogonality, but a property of the space, as this investigation suggests may be the case, then the effect on the geometry of the gravitation field would be considerable. It is accordingly important to resolve the question. The properties of triply orthogonal systems are worked out in some detail and are valid in all cases where a triply orthogonal system exists, whether or not the Darboux equation is a necessary condition. Some formulae in the differential geometry of curves and surfaces are required which are not to be found in the standard literature. For this reason, as well as to provide a clear statement of the conventions adopted, it has been necessary to provide a condensed, but connected, account of this subject in an appendix. References to the Appendix are in the form (10A). Inevitably in a connected account, some well-known relations are recovered, but they are usually arrived at by a new and shorter route and do serve to illustrate the method.     

Consistent realization of Celestial and Terrestrial Reference Frames

The Celestial Reference System (CRS) is currently realized only by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) because it is the space geodetic technique that enables observations in that frame. In contrast, the Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) is realized by means of the combination of four space geodetic techniques: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), VLBI, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite. The Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are the link between the two types of systems, CRS and TRS. The EOP series of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service were combined of specifically selected series from various analysis centers. Other EOP series were generated by a simultaneous estimation together with the TRF while the CRF was fixed. Those computation approaches entail inherent inconsistencies between TRF, EOP, and CRF, also because the input data sets are different. A combined normal equation (NEQ) system, which consists of all the parameters, i.e., TRF, EOP, and CRF, would overcome such an inconsistency. In this paper, we simultaneously estimate TRF, EOP, and CRF from an inter-technique combined NEQ using the latest GNSS, VLBI, and SLR data (2005–2015). The results show that the selection of local ties is most critical to the TRF. The combination of pole coordinates is beneficial for the CRF, whereas the combination of \(\varDelta \hbox {UT1}\) results in clear rotations of the estimated CRF. However, the standard deviations of the EOP and the CRF improve by the inter-technique combination which indicates the benefits of a common estimation of all parameters. It became evident that the common determination of TRF, EOP, and CRF systematically influences future ICRF computations at the level of several \(\upmu \)as. Moreover, the CRF is influenced by up to \(50~\upmu \)as if the station coordinates and EOP are dominated by the satellite techniques.     

一种基于条件平差的房产坐标计算方法及编程实现

针对用全站仪进行房产坐标测量时计算出的房屋面积精度不高的现状,文章认为卷尺或手持式测距仪在房屋边长测量上精度要高于全站仪,以卷尺或手持式测距仪测量出来的距离作为房屋边长真值,以房角点坐标作为观测值,运用条件平差方法,使坐标测量和边长丈量相结合,能够有效提高房产坐标测量的精度。最后运用VC++开发工具,编程实现了房产坐标平差方法。     

基于IERS 2003规范的坐标系转换实现及其方案应用

主要介绍了IERS2003规范中国际地球参考系(ITRS)到地球质心天球参考系(GCRS)的转换过程,以及与IAU2000决议一致的常规转换公式,并详细分析了以IERS计算程序为工具、“基于CEO”[注]和“基于春分点”的ITRS向GCRS转换的两种等价方案和相应的三种应用方法,最后对新坐标系转换模型的应用进行了探讨。     

基于C语言的斜角坐标量化图形实现方法

本文使用C语言为软件开发平台,以二维坐标系中的斜角坐标系中心组合图形为例,设计程序并为开发专题地图量化信息可视化创造一定的前提条件。本文集中介绍了量化图形的数学基础、量化图形可视化变量与算法设计、设计流程以及设计的具体过程,并对结果进行分析,阐述开发专题地图量化信息可视化的必要性和实用性,并为使用面向对象的开发软件VC++提供一定的前提条件。     

The gradiometer-gravimeter equation in various coordinate systems

The gradiometer-gravimeter equation has been derived for a cartesian coordinate system which moves arbitrarily in space. As special cases the gradiometergravimeter equation in a space stabilized (inertially oriented) and in a local-level, north oriented system are considered. The effects of the earth's rotation, which must be taken into account in any inertially-oriented system, are found to be significant in this problem.     

测站坐标阶跃对参考框架稳定性的影响分析

针对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)测站坐标阶跃对参考框架稳定性的影响量级尚不明确的问题,该文选取了 340个全球分布的国际GNSS服务(IGS)测站建立长期GNSS参考框架.其中,测站运动模型包含线性速度、周年信号以及震后形变改正.通过迭代增加阶跃的数量,定量分析了测站坐标阶跃对建立的GNSS参考框架稳定性、测站速度及周年振幅的影响.结果表明,340个IGS测站坐标时间序列中存在的阶跃对建立的GNSS参考框架稳定性、测站水平方向速度以及测站周年振幅的影响量级均小于其精度,但是对测站垂直方向速度的影响较为显著.     

Combined method of datum transformation between different coordinate systems

The similarity transformation model between different coordinate systems is not accurate enough to describe the discrepancy of them. Therefore, the coordinate transformation from the coordinate frame with poor accuracy to that with high accuracy cannot guarantee a high precision of transformation. In this paper, a combined method of similarity transformation and regressive approximating is presented. The local error accumulation and distortion are taken into consideration and the precision of coordinate system is improved by using the recommended method.     

Combined Method of Datum Transformation Between Different Coordinate Systems

The similarity transformation model between different coordinate systems is not accurate enough to describe the discrepancy of them.Therefore,the coordinate transformation from the coordinate frame with poor accuracy to that with high accuracy caanot guarantee a high precision of transformation.In this paper,a combined method of similarity tranformation and regressive approximating is presented.The local error accumulation and distortion are taken into consideration and the precision of coordinate system is improved by using the recommended method.     

Direct georeferencing of oblique and vertical imagery in different coordinate systems

Reconstruction of 3D models through integrating vertical and oblique imagery has been studied extensively. For a 3D reconstruction, object point cloud coordinates could be calculated using direct georeferencing (DG) obtained from the direct orientation data of a GPS/INS system. This paper implemented DG approaches for vertical and oblique imagery in the earth centered earth fixed frame (e-frame), local tangent frame (l-frame), and map projection frame (p-frame), respectively. In the p-frame, the earth curvature correction formulas were derived through naturalizing oblique imagery to vertical imagery to achieve a high positioning precision. Five basic stereo-pair models for vertical and oblique imagery were simulated to verify the positioning accuracy of different frames. Simulation experiments showed that DG in the e-frame and l-frame of these five scenarios were rigorous, and no systematic errors were imported by the DG model as these frames are Cartesian. DG in the p-frame has obvious systematic errors which are aroused by the earth curvature and projection deformation unconformity in the vertical and horizontal directions. These errors, however, can be compensated effectively through correcting image coordinates of the oblique imagery by extending the standard image coordinate correction approach and the exterior orientation (EO) height term. After the correction, the absolute positioning error is lower than 1/20 GSD for simulation test-1. In the p-frame, the process is straightforward, and it is convenient for producing maps. For high accuracy DG, though, it is recommended to adopt e-frame or l-frame options.     

坐标系转换参数初值快速计算的新方法

在已知不共线3点在两坐标系下坐标的条件下,提出一种快速计算两坐标系间转换参数概略值的方法。通过已知的3点构造出一个新的坐标系,根据该坐标系可计算出待求的两坐标系分别与它的旋转参数,从而求得待求两坐标系间的旋转参数。再根据旋转参数计算出平移参数的概略值。通过实验验证方法的正确性。     

Alignment of geodetic and satellite coordinate systems to the average terrestrial system

The parallelism of geodetic and satellite systems to the average terrestrial system is examined, under the assumption that a geodetic system is a fixed framework invariant with respect to geodetic network adjustment. In this case a geodetic system is rotated with respect to the average terrestrial system only about the ellipsoid normal of the initial point. The method is demonstrated using coordinates and covariance matrices for BC-4 and SECOR satellite tracking stations computed by Mueller and his co-workers. It is shown that the NAD geodetic system is scaled significantly larger than the satellite systems; the SECOR satellite systems have significant Z-rotations with respect to the average terrestrial system; and the ETH geodetic system may have a significant rotation with respect to the average terrestrial system.     

导线网间接平差中点的近似坐标算法设计及实现

导线测量随着光电测距技术的发展而成为应用广泛的测量手段。与此同时,对于导线测量中的观测数据进行平差计算还是一项不可或缺的繁重工作。在导线网间接平差时,点的近似坐标计算是很重要的一步,只有在计算了点的近似坐标以后,方可实现平差解算。鉴于此,在略谈导线网间接平差算法的基础上,重点研究导线网近似坐标的计算,并给出了其算法流程图,最后用C 语言编程实现算法,结合算例验证了其正确性。     

铁路工程测量中几种平面坐标系的建立

在工程测量中,根据测图和施工放样的要求选择投影面和投影带,确立工程平面控制网的坐标系。针对铁路工程不同特点,从控制投影变形、计算方便和施工放样等方面优化测量方案,确保测量精度。     

平面直角坐标系间相似变换的外推精度估算

本文介绍了相似变换和一元线性回归分析原理,用一元线性回归模型对不同平面直角坐标系之间相似变换的外推精度进行了估算.用实例验证了估算的精度,在实际应用中具有很好的现实意义.     

城市不同坐标系下的面积差异分析 ——以宁波市为例

针对国土和规划工作的融合问题,本文讨论了城市不同坐标系下的面积差异,从不同椭球、不同高斯投影面及不同中央子午线方面,采用了高斯投影和高程归化的计算公式,分析了面积变化的理论规律.结合宁波市实际情况,考虑城市中部、边缘及高山区域,选择了代表性的5个测区,基于现存的宁波城市不同坐标系及国家坐标系,比较了各种情况下的面积差异...     

IGS reference frames: status and future improvements

The hierarchy of reference frames used in the International GPS Service (IGS) and the procedures and rationale for realizing them are reviewed. The Conventions of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) lag developments in the IGS in a number of important respects. Recommendations are offered for changes in the IERS Conventions to recognize geocenter motion (as already implemented by the IGS) and to enforce greater model consistency in order to achieve higher precision for combined reference frame products. Despite large improvements in the internal consistency of IGS product sets, defects remain which should be addressed in future developments. If the IGS is to remain a leader in this area, then a comprehensive, long-range strategy should be formulated and pursued to maintain and enhance the IGS reference frame, as well as to improve its delivery to users. Actions should include the official designation of a high-performance reference tracking network whose stations are expected to meet the highest standards possible.Also published in the proceedings of the workshop and symposium Celebrating a Decade of the International GPS Service, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland.     

地方坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系转换方法的研究

探讨我国常用坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系的转换方法.以平面四参数、三维七参数数学模型为基础,分析其不同转换模型的内涵和适用性,并以MATLAB为平台实现常用坐标系到CGCS2000国家大地坐标系的转换,转换结果达到厘米级,满足实际工作的精度要求.