Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt,northeast China: characteristics and tectonic setting

Numerous molybdenum (Mo) ore deposits have been discovered in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt (East Central Asian orogenic belt), over the past 10 years, and this region is becoming one of the world's most important Mo production areas. It contains 6.18 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves, which accounts for 30% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The ore district includes 37 deposits and 15 occurrences, with three major Mo ore types, that is porphyries, skarns, and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be subdivided into quartz- and volcanic hydrothermal-vein types. With the exception of the Ordovician Duobaoshan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit (477 Ma), all the East Xingmeng Mo deposits formed during the Mesozoic. Re–Os dating of molybdenite has documented three episodes of Mo mineralization: Early Triassic (248–242 Ma), Jurassic (178–146 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (142–131 Ma). Early Triassic Mo deposits are distributed along the northern margin fault of the North China Craton (NCC) and include porphyry and quartz vein types. They are characterized by the association of Mo + Cu. Jurassic Mo deposits are mainly distributed in the eastern area and include porphyry, quartz vein, and skarn types. They are typified by Mo alone and/or the association of Mo, Pb, and Zn. Cretaceous Mo deposits are distributed in all areas and include porphyry and volcanic hydrothermal vein types. Similar to the Jurassic ores, they are simple Mo or Mo + Pb + Zn deposits. Volcanic hydrothermal vein deposits are characterized by an association of molybdenum and uranium. The Triassic Mo deposits formed in a syn-collision setting between the Siberian and North China plates. The Jurassic Mo deposits formed in a compressional setting, which was probably triggered by the westward subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate. The Early Cretaceous Mo deposits are linked to a tectonic regime of lithosphere thinning, which was caused by delamination of thickened lithosphere. However, the Mo deposits in the Erguna terrane of the northwest Xingmeng orogenic belt may be related to the evolution of the Okhotsk Ocean.     

Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the east Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt: Characteristics and tectonic settings

The East Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt accommodates the largest Mo ore district in the world. It contains 8.43 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves which accounts for 66% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The Mo ore district includes 24 deposits and 12 occurrences, with four major types of Mo mineral systems, i.e., porphyry, porphyry-skarn, skarn and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be further subdivided into quartz vein and carbonatite vein types. Although Mo mineralization in the belt began in the Paleoproterozoic (1680 ± 24 to 2044 ± 14 Ma), all economically significant deposits were formed during the Mesozoic. Re/Os dating of molybdenite has shown that there are three episodes of Mo mineralization, i.e., Late Triassic (233–221 Ma), Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (148–138 Ma) and Early to middle Cretaceous (131–112 Ma).Late Triassic Mo deposits developed as molybdenite–quartz veins and carbonatite vein types. Stable isotope systematics (C, O, S) and high contents of Re and Sr indicate that the carbonatite Mo veins are mantle-derived. Porphyry and porphyry–skarn Mo mineral deposits were formed in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and Early to middle Cretaceous. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granite porphyries that are associated with the Mo deposits usually occupy less than 1.5 km² at the surface and are situated in the East Qinling area, far west of China's continental margin. On the other hand, the Early to middle Cretaceous batholiths and granite porphyries, , with associated Mo deposits are located in the Dabieshan area and eastern part of the East Qinling area. The Late Jurassic to Early Creataceous granitoids and related Mo deposits possibly formed in a back-arc extensional setting of the Eurasian continental margin, which was probably triggered by the oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate. The Early to middle Cretaceous batholiths and granite porphyries are linked to the tectonic regime of lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and partial melting of the crust, induced by a change in Izanagi Plate motion parallel to the continent margin.In the East Qinling–Dabie belt there are vein type Pb–Zn–Ag deposits surrounding porphyry and/or porphyry–skarn Mo (W) deposits, forming well defined ore clusters. The same spatial arrangement (i.e., porphyry Mo stockworks and outlying Pb–Zn–Ag ore veins) is also observed at the deposit scale. Thus, Mo porphyry stockworks and distal polymetallic veins belong to the same ore system and may reflect an outward temperature decrease from the highly fractionated granite plutons. Both, porphyry stockworks and polymetallic veins, can be used as vectors for further prospecting.     

燕山板内造山带中生代构造演化特征

燕山地区自晚三叠世以来进入了板内造山带形成演化阶段，并具有分期演化的幕式特征。在时间演化序列上，可分出造山前期（T3）、造山主期（J1－J3）和造山后期（K1）等3个阶段。构造变形方面，燕山板内造山带的基本构造格局为一大型逆冲推覆系统组成的构造楔形体，呈前展式扩展，造成的地壳缩短量可达44.1%。动力变质作用以高压动力变质为特征，发育高压动力变质岩（榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩），形成于构造应力集中的逆掩断层上盘，由中－上地壳长英质岩石转变而成。岩浆岩属钙碱性岩石系列、中酸性岩石组合，其中岩石类型、稀土元素配分型式及所反映的构造运动强度均具有一定的特征。在造山带形成过程中伴生3期同造山磨拉石：杏石口期磨拉石（T3x)、后城期磨拉石（J3h)和青石砬期磨拉石（K1q)，它们反映了造山带的幕式演化特点和不同造山时期构造运动强度的不均一性。     

东昆仑阿克楚克塞地区辉长岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

东昆仑地区基性-超基性岩石的研究较薄弱,缺乏对东昆仑幔源岩浆活动及岩浆演化的整体认识。对阿克楚克塞辉长岩进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究,结果显示,该岩石形成于晚三叠世早期(219.3±1.1Ma,MSWD=0.80);岩石SiO2含量为49.03%~57.26%,Mg#值为49~57,属于钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素配分曲线为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti;εHf(t)=-1.81~3.25,锆石Hf模式年龄大于锆石结晶年龄。地球化学特征显示,阿克楚克塞辉长岩岩浆源区应为受俯冲板片流体交代的岩石圈地幔。结合区域构造背景分析,阿克楚克塞辉长岩形成于印支期造山后伸展的构造环境,继承了早期板片俯冲改造的地幔源区特征。     

秦岭—大别造山带(湖北段)重力场特征与造山带构造

利用区域重力资料,通过位场分离、转换技术,揭示了造山带深部构造特征。正的线状重磁异常带及各阶小波细节,清晰地反映了桐柏—大别及东秦岭造山带南缘缝合带的位置,特别是重力异常小波四阶逼近,深部构造特征更加醒目。在鄂西北地区岩石圈所呈现出的"立交桥式"双层结构中,自由空间、均衡重力、剩余重力异常及小波各阶细节明显地反映出相对浅部的造山带近东西向延伸的构造特征;各阶逼近结果则反映了相对深部的地壳-岩石圈地幔南北向伸展的构造特征。应用地球物理资料来研究地球岩石圈结构、构造,除深层地震外,区域重力也是最有效方法手段之一。特别是近年来二维小波变换技术日趋成熟,为应用区域重力资料解决诸如造山带深部构造等疑难问题提供了新的手段和工作思路。     

东昆仑拉陵灶火钼多金属矿床地质特征及辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年

提要：拉陵灶火钼多金属矿床是青海祁漫塔格成矿带新发现的矽卡岩-斑岩型矿床。利用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年技术,11件样品和4件重复样品的模式年龄显示2个分段：214.1~223.9 Ma与235.7~240.8 Ma,187Re-187Os等时线年龄分别为（214.5±4.9）Ma和（240.8±4.0）Ma,模式年龄的加权平均值分别为（217.6±3.5）Ma和（238.4±1.2）Ma,等时线年龄与模式年龄加权平均值在误差范围内一致,表明矿床存在2期成矿作用：中三叠世和晚三叠世。辉钼矿样品中铼含量为17.40×10-6~149.52×10-6,绝大多数集中在十几至几十微克,指示其成矿物质来源为壳幔混合源。结合前人及本次研究成果表明,两次成矿作用分别与中三叠世东昆仑地区俯冲结束与碰撞开始时的板片断离作用和晚三叠世岩石圈拆沉作用有关。     

秦岭—大别造山带北缘新生代的构造特征及动力学探讨

秦岭－大别造山带北缘新生代的推覆构造带位于宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一线,由SW→NE依次逆冲叠置。滑脱面主要发育在上古生界软弱岩层或差异岩性的接触面上。在推覆构造的南侧、发育有东西向串珠状分布的变质核杂岩、NE向延伸的垒－堑构造组合、北宽南窄的楔形新 生代盆地和正断层等。地球物理资料表明,宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一为向南倾斜的地球物理异常带。北部的华北地壳与南部的秦岭－大别地壳在视电阻率、地震反射波组、地震波速、流变学分层、地壳类型和岩石圈结构等方面,均有明显的差别。秦岭－大别造山带北缘新生代不同性质、有规律展布的构造,是中生代末期以来,华北板块相对于秦岭－大别造山带作巨型陆内俯冲的结果。     

燕山中段盘山花岗岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定及其构造意义

位于燕山陆内造山带中段南缘的蓟县盘山花岗岩体由狼家峪、官庄、东罗庄和小盘山4个侵入单元组成,并发育侵入期后含斑石英二长岩脉,发育环绕岩体分布的周缘向斜并侵蚀早期东西向蓟县断裂.对前3个侵入单元及岩体西侧围岩中的顺层侵入的含斑石英二长岩脉等4件样品的锆石U-Pb（SHRIMP）定年结果为,年龄值界于203～207Ma,表明盘山花岗岩体侵位于三叠纪末期.这个年龄结果进一步限定了燕山陆内造山带东西向褶皱、逆冲/逆掩断层系统形成时代的上限,显示其形成时代为印支期.     

大别山造山带中生代构造演化特征

大别山陆内造山带形成于早侏罗世晚期至早白恶世（J^31-K1），并具有分期演化特征。在构造演化序列上，可分出造山前期（J^21-J2）和造山主期（J3-K1）2个阶段。构造变形方面，基本构造格局为一大型逆冲推覆系统组成的构造楔形体，呈后展式扩展，造成的地壳短缩量可达46.8%，动力变质作用以高压动力变质为特征，发育高压动力变质岩（榴辉岩、蓝片岩和高压麻粒岩），形成于构造应力集中的主干逆掩断层上盘。岩浆岩属钙碱性岩石系列，中酸性岩石组合，其中岩石类型，稀土元素配分型式等所反映的构造运动强度均具有一定的特点。在陆内造山带形成过程中伴生了3期同造山磨拉石，朱集期磨拉石（J2z），段集期磨拉石（J3d）和下符桥期磨拉石（K2x），它们反映了不同造山时期构造运动强度的差异。     

东秦岭-大别造山带北侧中新生代差异构造变形

受多期非均衡造山作用以及多构造体制的叠加,东秦岭-大别造山带北侧中新生代发生差异构造变形.基于区域构造动力学机制,将中新生代构造变形分为4个期次:印支期(T2-T3)、早燕山期(J1)、中燕山期(J2-K1)和晚燕山-早喜马拉雅期(K2-E).通过野外地质剖面和地震剖面的构造解析,认为印支期-中燕山期主体变形方式为逆冲...     

福建福安赤路钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

本文使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪TIAX-series ICP-MS对赤路钼矿床中的辉钼矿进行同位素年龄测定,获得了赤路钼矿床中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为105～106Ma.这一年龄与研究区内与钼矿床成矿关系密切的似斑状花岗岩、二长花岗岩、钾长文象花岗岩形成时代较为吻合,均属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物.这项研究为在浦城-宁德北西向成矿带燕山晚期岩浆活动、成矿作用以及浦城-宁德与上杭-云霄两条北西向成矿带的对比研究及找矿工作,提供了直接的年代学证据.     

东昆仑造山带白日其利辉长岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

东昆仑中段的白日其利基性岩体由橄榄辉长岩、斜长岩和角闪辉长岩组成.主体岩相角闪辉长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄表明,其侵位于248.9Ma+4.2Ma,为早三叠世阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋关闭过程中的岩浆活动.结合前人的研究,认为东昆仑造山带中生代岩浆混合作用至少始于早三叠世,白日其利岩体为研究俯冲阶段岩浆混合作用提...     

西昆仑阿巴列克铜铅矿床黄铜矿Re-Os定年及地质意义

除了传统的测试Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd、U-Th-Pb、K-Ar或Ar-Ar等方法来讨论碳酸盐岩层控型铅锌矿的成矿年龄外,利用硫化物矿物Re-Os分析成矿过程,在矿床成矿系统上也是十分重要而有效的工具.从新疆西昆仑阿巴列克铜铅矿床的主矿体中,选取7个黄铜矿和1件黄铁矿样品,对其进行了Re-Os定年,结果表明它们分别含有626×10-9～14533×10-9 Re和0.026×10-9 ～0.36×10-9Os,给出海西期的331.3±5.2Ma等时线年龄.样品的高Re/Os比值、低含量普通Os和高放射成因Os的组成特性支持这组黄铜矿样品为表壳构造成因.构造演化历史表明,塔里木地块西南缘在晚古生代属于被动大陆边缘,赋矿地层霍什拉甫组属于台地相碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩建造,地层时代与上述等时年龄几乎相近.本次工作提供了一个新的证据,支持阿巴列克矿床在海西期经历了同生成矿作用,矿床类型主要为沉积层控型,成矿物质主要来源于地层,矿化发生在上泥盆统与下石炭统的结合部位,岩性以砂岩与碳酸盐岩组合为主,具有特定的层位控制特点.从中可以看出,碳酸盐岩层控型铅锌铜矿床成因具有一定的复杂性,具有深入研究的广阔空间.     

辽西地区中生代板内造山带挤压作用与收缩构造

辽西地区中生代地层发育,挤压作用强烈,可划分为中三叠世末、晚三叠世末、早侏罗世末、晚侏罗世末、早白垩世末和白垩纪末六个时期,其中以晚侏罗世末期最为强烈.每时期都形成了褶皱、逆冲断层等收缩构造形迹,由早期至晚期,挤压作用减弱,每次挤压收缩作用,均使先期地层褶皱、冲断,沉积盆地萎缩消亡,上升隆起,或对盆地进行改造.三叠纪时期总体处于近南北向强烈挤压的古构造应力场;而在侏罗纪以后,转为北西-南东向挤压为主的应力场.     

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区早中生代镁铁质岩墙群的成因及地质意义

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区镁铁质岩墙群以闪长玢岩为主,含少量闪斜煌斑岩、辉绿玢岩及辉绿岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学指示该套岩墙群结晶侵位年龄为(249±1)Ma。稀土元素含量整体较高,富集轻稀土元素(∑REE=99.9×10-6~173.9×10-6,(La/Yb)N=3.5~9.3);微量元素表现出富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)的特征;源区分析表明,镁铁质岩浆为俯冲洋壳析出的流体交代富集地幔的结果,且在岩石成因中部分熔融起到主导作用,地壳混染和分离结晶作用对岩浆成分分异起到的作用有限。构造环境分析表明,岩石的形成与俯冲作用有关,结合区域构造演化认为镁铁质岩墙群的成因为:早三叠世,在古特提斯洋向北俯冲的环境下,俯冲板片释放的流体交代富集地幔,诱发地幔部分熔融形成镁铁质岩浆,受弧后伸展的动力学背景影响,岩浆最终上升侵位形成镁铁质岩墙群。     

兴蒙造山带东缘内生钼矿床的成因类型、成矿年代及成矿动力学背景

兴蒙造山带东缘是中国重要内生多金属成矿区,近年来已发现钼矿床20余座。依据矿床地质、地球化学特征和年代学成果,将该区内生钼矿床类型划分为斑岩型、接触交代热液型和中高温浅成热液型。初步确定斑岩型矿床形成与高钾钙碱性花岗质岩浆作用有关,而接触交代热液型矿床形成与钙碱性花岗质岩浆作用以及围岩性质有关,成矿作用主要发生在195～165Ma和115～110Ma两个区间,成矿物质普遍具有壳幔混合源的特点;而其地球动力学背景分别与古太平洋板块俯冲欧亚大陆和伊泽奈崎板块俯冲欧亚大陆相适应。     

东昆仑土鲁音花岗岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

岩浆活动在板块构造机制中可以看作是大洋板块俯冲或者大陆板块碰撞等过程所伴随的深部作用响应,也是探索深部作用过程的"岩石探针"。土鲁音岩体位于东昆仑东部,紧邻昆中断裂南部区域。在详细野外调研基础上,主要对土鲁音花岗岩体进行岩石学、地球化学以及年代学的研究。结果显示,土鲁音岩体主要岩性为花岗闪长岩,其Si O2为68.49%~70.87%,全碱含量为5.94%~7.16%,K2O/Na2O比值为0.34~0.57,Mg#值中等(35.92~41.86),A/CNK值(1~1.07)均小于1.1,属弱过铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩。岩体稀土总量较低(118.91×10-6~143.97×10-6),(La/Yb)N为4.17~9.14,具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦分布的特征,弱负Eu异常,且显著亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示土鲁音花岗岩体侵位时代(245.1±3.3)Ma,和区域内下得波利、埃坑德勒斯特花岗岩体具有一致的成岩年龄,同属印支早期产物。地球化学特征反映壳源部分熔融成因,并有幔源物质及热流参与,结合区域已有的年代学、地球化学以及地质资料,笔者认为土鲁音岩体形成于阿尼玛卿—古特提斯洋北向俯冲的地球动力学背景。     

盆地原型序列研究的思路与方法:以东秦岭—大别及其两侧盆地为例

现今盆地的复杂结构是不同历史阶段原型并列与叠加的组合。恢复盆地的原型演化序列是推测成烃成藏过程和油气藏分布的有效途径。在论述TSM盆地原型序列研究思路与方法的基础上,厘定了造山带古海洋恢复、陆内构造变形分析、盆地原型系列编图、盆地动态模拟4项配套关键技术;并以东秦岭—大别及邻区新元古代—早古生代盆地为例,明确了古中国洋的扩张以及向北的俯冲消亡和碰撞决定华北与扬子早古生代陆缘两侧经历了不同原型演化的过程。华北陆块南侧会聚陆缘的叠加转化造成两侧前泥盆系油气成藏物质的迥异分布,中、新生代以来原型更迭表现为多期构造改造与盆地叠加导致烃源热演化地区分异与多种油气成藏富集类型共存。由此表明,改造型盆地的油气地质评价立足盆地原型序列分析是可行和必要的,可从整体把握原型控制下烃源岩分布和叠加过程的油气成藏响应。     

Tectonic role of ophiolite-bearing terranes in the development of the Southern Apennines orogenic belt

New data on ophiolite-bearing terranes of the Liguride Complex, together with some information on the terranes of the Sicilide Complex, result in a better understanding of the role and tectonic significance of these units in the construction of the Southern Apennines orogenic belt. The Liguride Complex is composed of two main tectonic units overlain by a thick turbiditic sequence of Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene age. The uppermost one (Frido Unit) is a polydeformed and polymetamorphosed sequence, composed of two tectonic subunits of shales and calc-schists, respectively, containing blocks of ophiolite, garnet gneiss, amphibolites and granitoids. This unit is thrust over the un-metamorphosed terranes (Calabro–Lucano Flysch Unit) consisting of a broken formation with blocks of Late Jurassic ophiolite and their sedimentary cover, Cretaceous-Eocene pelagic sediments and Late Oligocene volcaniclastic deposits. The Frido Unit underwent HP/LT metamorphism (P= 8–10 Kb; T= 400–500 °C) resulting in glaucophane and lawsonite assemblages in the ophiolitic rocks and aragonite in the meta-limestones and calc-schists, followed by greenschist fades metamorphism (P= 4 Kb; T= 300–350 °C). From a structural point of view units of the Liguride Complex comprise structures developed at different structural levels, indicating progressive non-coaxial deformation in response to tectonic transport towards the N-NE. The ophiolite-bearing terranes of the Liguride Complex can be considered as a remnant of an accretionary complex in which the Calabro Lucano Flysch Unit represents the toe of the wedge where frontal accretion processes occur and the Frido Unit is a deeper portion. Emplacement of the Frido Unit is explained as being due to formation of a deep duplex structure during the early stage of continental collision processes. The polarity of tectonic transport provides new evidence that the Liguride Complex represents a suture zone between the Apulian and the Calabrian blocks. The age of collision appears to be not older than late Oligocene. The allochtonous terranes of the Liguride and Sicilide Complexes, therefore, represent a complete accretionary wedge which records, first, subduction of the Neotethys ocean beneath the Calabrian (Europe) continental margin and, later, continental collision with the African block.