海南岛海水珍珠贝养殖区嵌线螺的种类、分布及危害

对海南岛３个海水珍珠贝养殖区养殖贝笼内的嵌线螺及其危害的研究表明,养殖区珍珠贝养殖笼内嵌线螺的发生具有明显的季节性和地域性：低温的１２月至翌年２月份没有发生,高温的６－７月份为发生高峰期;水温较低的北部水域出现少,水温较高的南部水域出现多。在各实验区的养殖贝笼内全年共发现嵌线螺１０种,其中毛嵌线螺Ｃｙｍａｔｉｕｍｐｉｌｅａｒｅ和环沟嵌线螺Ｃ．ｃｉｎｇｕｌａｔｕｍ为优势种。嵌线螺的捕食是造成海南岛南部海水养殖珍珠贝死亡的主要因素。     

2种东风螺软体部和生殖腺脂肪酸组成研究

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定了野生台湾东风螺(Babylonia formosae),方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)及养殖方斑东风螺软体部和生殖腺脂肪酸组成及其含量.结果表明,2种贝软体部和生殖腺的15种主要脂肪酸中,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量较饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量高.野生台湾东风螺、方斑东风螺及养殖方斑东风螺软体部的UFA质量分数分别为68.22%、67.23%和76.05%: 其软体部SFA质量分数分别为28.16%,28.23%和21.53%.多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)质量分数高,n-3PUFA和n-6PUFA质量分数占总脂肪酸的39.20%～64.53%,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)质量分数占总脂肪酸的13.82%～34.22%,养殖方斑东风螺的质量分数最高.研究发现,2种东风螺,特别是养殖的小型方斑东风螺,不仅具有较高的营养价值,且是EPA和DHA理想的提取原料.     

几种环境因子对方斑东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

研究了不同的海水温度、盐度、pH值和底质等主要环境因子对方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明,方斑东风螺稚螺生存和生长的最高和最低临界水温分别为35℃和11℃,适宜水温为14～32℃,最适水温为26～29℃,适温范围内,稚螺的日生长率随着水温的升高而增加,在29℃时达到峰值,为262．5μm／d。方斑东风螺稚螺生存和生长的最高和最低临界盐度分别为38和11,适宜盐度为14～35,最适盐度为17～29,适宜盐度范围内,低盐海水有利于提高稚螺的日生长率,盐度对稚螺生长的影响不如温度的影响明显。方斑东风螺稚螺在pH为8．0时,有最高日生长率,为220．4μm／d,pH高于9．0、低于7．0时,日生长率与成活率显著降低。池底铺砂可显著提高稚螺的日生长率,但对稚螺的成活率无显著影响。     

蛾螺科、织纹螺科和细带螺科腹足类齿舌的形态学研究

利用光学显微镜对8种蛾螺科种类、3种织纹螺科种类和1种细带螺科种类的齿舌形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明,3科12个种的齿舌均由2列侧齿和1列中央齿构成,无缘齿,齿式为0·1·1·1·0。蛾螺科种类(方斑东风螺、泥东风螺、台湾东风螺、深沟东风螺、缝合海因螺、香螺、甲虫螺和Antillophos sp.)的侧齿具小齿2—3枚,中央齿具小齿3—7枚。织纹螺科种类(半褶织纹螺、秀长织纹螺和红带织纹螺)的侧齿具小齿2枚,中央齿具小齿9—13枚,其基板的两端常延伸至下一齿排附近。半褶织纹螺具侧齿附板,秀长织纹螺和红带织纹螺无侧齿附板。塔形纺锤螺的侧齿呈长形的梳子状,具小齿9—12枚,中央齿极小,具小齿3枚。与其他学者的研究结果不同,本研究未发现东风螺属种类的齿舌具有种特异性。侧齿附板不存在于所有织纹螺科的种类中,其有无也不能作为同属或同亚属种类的共性。     

海南岛海水珍珠贝养殖区嵌线螺的种类,分布及危害

对海南岛３个海水珍珠贝养殖贝笼内的嵌线螺及其危害的研究表明,养殖区珍珠贝养殖笼内嵌线螺的发生具有明显的季节性和地域性;低温的１２月至翌年２月份没有发生,高温的６￣７月份为发生高峰期;水温较低的北部水域出现少,水温较高的南部水域出现多。     

中国近海蛾螺科的初步研究Ⅰ.唇齿螺属及甲虫螺属

蛾螺科(Buccinidae)是腹足类软体动物中经济价值较大、种类较多的一个科,许多种类在世界上某些地区被视为美味上品,它们不仅个体大,而且产量多,营养价值高,如香螺、东风螺等为我国主要经济贝类。该科种类遍布世界各海区,既有分布于高纬度区域的冷水种,也有局限于低纬度区域的暖水种。种类不同栖息的环境也不同,有岩石、珊瑚礁、沙、泥沙及软泥等底质;从潮间带至水深数千米的深海都有分布。 作者根据中国科学院海洋研究所多年来搜集的标本,记述了我国海域唇齿螺属(Engina)和甲虫螺属(Cantharus)种类共14种,其中5种为我国首次记录。     

人工诱发合浦珠母贝雌核二倍体发生及“Hertwig效应”的初步研究

用中心波长为254nm、光照强度为4μW/cm~2的紫外线,照射合浦珠母贝[Pinctada ma-tensil(D_o)]和长耳珠母贝[Pinctada chemnitzi(P_o)]的精子,然后与合浦珠母贝的正常卵授精,在0-150s的照射范围内,从早期胚胎存活率上可以观察到“Hertwig效应”的存在,由此得到的单倍体和非整倍体胚胎在孵化前死亡。精子经120s紫外线照射后,染色体完全失活,但受精作用仍能正常发生。长耳珠母贝精子经 120s照射,异种授精(♀合×♂长)后21min,用浓度为0.4mg/l的细胞松弛素B处理15min,抑制受精卵的第二极体排放,可以诱发合浦珠母贝产生74.0％雌核二倍体胚胎,其孵化率为2.1％。     

方斑东风螺早期发育过程中几种消化酶的活性

将方斑东风螺Babylonia areolata(Link)的早期发育从早期面盘幼体到变态后15d的稚贝分成6个阶段,分别测定各阶段蛋白酶(P)、脂肪酶(L)、淀粉酶(A)和纤维素酶(C)活性。研究结果表明,随着幼体发育的推进,蛋白酶比活力逐渐减小,脂肪酶比活力逐渐增加,淀粉酶和纤维素酶比活力则在变态前逐渐增加,而变态后逐渐减小。比较A/P和(A C)/(P L)两种指标指示方斑东风螺幼体发育过程中的食性变化,提出(A C)/(P L)用于指示方斑东风螺食性变化更合理、准确。综合比较幼体发育各阶段4种消化酶活性,发现在面盘幼体向稚贝变态期间,幼体消化能力最弱,原因与幼体的变态过程有关。实验结果也验证了贝类具有分泌纤维素酶的能力,该酶在东风螺对纤维素分解中占主导地位。     

合浦珠母贝四倍体诱导过程中非整倍体的产生

合浦珠母贝Pinctadamartensii (Dunker)三倍体的卵与二倍体的精子授精 ,以细胞松弛素B(CB)抑制第一极体释放诱导四倍体 ,得到胚胎期非整倍体占 (88.1 8± 6 .79) % ,1龄贝中非整倍体约占 2 8.70 %。成贝非整倍体染色体数目有 2 9,3 0 ,40 ,41 ,43条 5种类型。非整倍体作为一个群体其壳长和体重与二倍体无明显差异 (p >0 .1 0 ) ,但与三倍体有显著差异 (p<0 .0 1 ) ;二倍性水平的非整倍体的壳长和体重明显小于二倍体 (p <0 .0 1 ) ,而三倍性水平的非整倍体与二倍体无明显差异 (p >0 .1 0 )。研究结果表明 ,合浦珠母贝能耐受约单倍体染色体数目 7%— 1 4%的增加或减少 ,且表明合浦珠母贝非整倍体在一定条件下是可以存活的。     

南海芋螺科一新记录种(软体动物门, 腹足纲, 新腹足目)

在对中国科学院南海海洋生物标本馆馆藏芋螺科 Conidae 标本, 以及近年来在南海补充采集的标本进行整理的过程中, 通过形态分类学方法鉴定发现隶属于芋螺属 Conus 的中国海新记录种1种: 锈色芋螺 Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, 标本采自西沙群岛。文章描述了该种的外部形态, 查明了其生活习性和地理分布特点, 并与相似种犊纹芋螺 Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 进行了比较, 通过壳口内面前沟部位的颜色可将两者区分开: 锈色芋螺呈白色, 而犊纹芋螺呈紫 (褐) 色; 同时对这两个相似种的其他区别特征进行了总结。     

Intertidal gastropod assemblages shaped by key environmental variables across the northern Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Omanss

Variations in environmental factors can alter the species distribution pattern in intertidal rocky shores. The Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) vary substantially with respect to environmental and oceanographic conditions. The abundance and biodiversity of intertidal rocky gastropods in five locations across the northern PG and the GO were compared, and the environmental variables underlying the distribution pattern of these organisms were investigated. A total of 67 gastropod species were identified. The largest average density (294 ind./m²) and diversity (N = 43) for gastropods occurred in the Hotel Lipar station (LIP) located in Chabahar Bay in the GO. Clypeomorus bifasciata (107.43 ind./m²) followed by Cerithium caeruleum (94.67 ind./m²) were the most abundant species. Planaxis sulcatus and Siphonaria spp. occurred in all locations during both sampling occasions. Species richness and abundance of gastropods showed significant differences between LIP and remaining locations. A significant difference was found in assemblage structure across locations. In general, the species richness and density in the locations at GO were significantly larger than those locations in the PG, suggesting that the harsh environmental condition in the PG might be the forcing factor for this diminish. Distinct grouping was observed in both assemblage structure and species composition between locations in the PG and the GO. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of gastropods assemblages were significantly correlated with variation in salinity and substrate rugosity.     

荣成天鹅湖大叶藻(Zostera marina)间2种小型腹足类的分类学研究

小型腹足类生物在我国种类繁多,但其相关研究在国内基本属于空白.本文对荣成天鹅湖大叶藻间的2种小型腹足类生物进行了形态学及分子生物学(16S和28S rRNA基因片段)研究.结果表明,根据形态学所鉴定的短剑螺属未定种Machaeroplax sp.,应为畦螺属未定种Lirularia sp.;分子生物学研究结果支持形态学对刺绣翼螺Alaba picta的鉴定.同时,与A.picta有一定形态学差异的其它4种相近形态的小型腹足类,在基因序列及遗传距离上与刺绣翼螺非常接近,亦应为刺绣翼螺Alaba picta.     

Phenotypic plasticity of Vermetidae suspension feeding: a potential bias in their use as Biological Sea-Level Indicators

Some organisms represent useful Biological Sea‐Level Indicators (Bio SLI) thanks to their constant position relative to sea level and allow the reconstruction of past sea level changes. The sessile gastropods Vermetidae are among the most used indicators, since their shells often resist time averaging and can be easily dated with ¹⁴C. However, all these vermetids have a level of precision (± 0.5–1 m), obtained from data on the Mediterranean Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884). We found a certain degree of plasticity in this species; it can also live subtidally, not in correspondence with the main sea level, where it feeds adopting a mixed feeding strategy. Considering this variability and the almost complete lack of knowledge for other Bio SLI vermetids, it appears clear that a common value of precision cannot be maintained and the precision of other vermetid species remains to be tested.     

方斑东风螺性畸变现象的解剖学和组织学研究

以解剖学和组织学方法研究了方斑东风螺未成熟和成熟的正常雌、雄个体以及性畸变个体的生殖系统结构.性畸变个体除具有正常的雌性器官外,还有输精管或阴茎.在正常雄性输精管的个体发育过程中再现了系统发育的过程,而且在性畸变个体输精管的形成过程和发育过程中组织学结构特征的变化与正常雄性输精管的个体发育过程的相似.性畸变雌体的性腺发育受阻.目前,性畸变现象仅存在于成熟个体,但这并不表明未成熟个体中不会发生性畸变现象.具有较高食用价值的方斑东风螺因有机锡污染可能会对人类健康不利,应引起人们的关注.     

Production of Aneuploid Pinctada martensii Dunker in Tetraploid Induction

Aneuploidy embryos of Pinctada martensii Dunker are produced during tetraploid induction by inhibiting the first polar body in eggs from triploid fertilized with haploid sperms with cytochalasin B treatment. Chromosome analysis reveals that there are 88.18 ±6.79% aneuploidy embryos, and 28.70% aneuploids in pearl oysters of one-year age These aneuploids have five chromosomal conditions, such as 2n + 1(29), 2n + 2 (30), 3n-2 (40), 3n-1(41) and 3n + 1 (43). Results of growth measurement show that there is no significant difference between aneuploids (as a group) and diploids in body size and weight (p ＞ 0.10), but the aneuploide is obviously different from triploid (p ＜ 0.01). The mean body size and weight of aneuploids in diploid condition (2n ± 1 and 2n ± 2) are significantly smaller than those of diploids (p ＜ 0.01),but aneuploids within triploid condition (3n ± 1 and 3n ± 2) are not smaller than diploids in body size and weight (p ＞ 0.1).This study indicates Pinctada martensii Dunker could tolerate aneuploidy by 7 ～ 14% of the haploid genome, and that aneuploids of this species are viable under certain conditions.     

Influence of environmental parameters on the distribution and diversity of molluscan composition in pondicherry mangroves,southeast coast of India

Seasonal variation in the distribution of mollusks in relation to environmental parameters was studied at four mangrove stations on the Pondicherry coast during September 2008–August 2009. A total of 37 species of molluscs were recorded, among them 16 species of bivalves belonging to 7 families and 12 Genera, and 21 species of gastropods belonging to 14 families and 19 Genera, with the Cereithedia cingulata being the dominant group. An increase of species density and diversity in the Post monsoon season was observed, with the highest values for both indexes at stations 1 and 2, and the lowest at stations 3 and 4 fine where the sand assemblage was dominated by a few gastropods. Pollution indicator species Cassidula nucleus, Melampus ceylonicus, Sphaerassiminea minuta were found only in highly polluted regions near stations 3 and 4; they were totally absent in moderately polluted areas near stations 1 and 2. From a stepwise multivariate analysis of the different environmental parameters regarding molluscan density, it was found that in all 10 parameters govern the density variation of benthic mollusks in Pondicherry mangroves and that the organic matter of sediment and sulphide, DO, and salinity were the highly significant ones.     

Epizoan Communities on Marine Turtles

Abstract. Marine turtles harbour a variety of epizoa, some of which are specific to these hosts, but shelled gastropod and bivalve mollusks were previously unrecorded on marine turtles. Thousands of turtles of five species from all major oceans were examined. Loggerheads, Caretta caretta , from Greece and the states of Georgia and Florida, USA, were the most remarkable hosts to mollusks. At least 15 species of bivalves and 5 species of gastropods were found on turtles. Many turtles hosting mollusks carried only one species and few individuals. Edible oysters, the most common molluscan epizoan on Grecian Loggerheads, may grow to more than 10cm in diameter, so in some cases the mollusks may survive for several years on the turtle. Large epizoan bivalves may in turn serve themselves as substrates for epizoa, molluscan or otherwise. There are no known obligate relationships between turtles and mollusks, although there may be a parasitic relationship between the Loggerhead turtle, a spirorchid blood fluke, and a gastropod intermediate host. It is unknown if turtles carrying mollusks are at a disadvantage.