被动微波反演土壤水分的L波段新发展及未来展望

土壤水分是陆—气交互作用的重要边界条件,在全球水循环和能量循环中扮演着关键角色,直接影响降水、径流、下渗与蒸散发等水文循环过程,并能反映洪涝和干旱的程度。随着第一颗采用被动微波干涉成像技术的SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)卫星的发射成功,L波段被动微波遥感技术逐渐成为大尺度土壤水分监测的主要手段,促进了“射频干扰的检测与抑制”、“植被光学厚度反演与植被影响校正”以及“土壤粗糙度参数化方案”等关键问题的研究。本文梳理了“基于微波植被指数的L波段多角度数据反演土壤水分算法研究”项目的最新研究成果,同时评述了围绕以上关键技术问题所取得的国内外研究进展,并对土壤水分微波遥感的未来发展进行了展望。     

藏北高原土壤的温湿特征

通过藏北高原两个站点(D110和安多)土壤温湿特性的分析,表明浅层土壤温度的变化幅度明显的比深层的要大,而且浅层土壤温度受地表随机天气过程的影响较大。浅层(20cm)土壤在未冻结前湿度的变化幅度不但受形成降水的地表随机天气过程的影响,而且受其下层土壤湿度状况的影响。下层土壤湿度越小,浅层(20cm)土壤湿度的变化幅度越大。土壤湿度和土壤温度之间存在着明显的相互关系,土壤的湿度状况能够影响土壤温度变化的幅度和土壤温度变化的趋势。     

一种改进的土壤水分微波遥感反演模型

利用微波遥感数据反演地表土壤水分有着较好的物理基础,可实现大范围土壤水分状况的遥感监测。本文基于被动微波传感器AMSR-E的X波段数据,将土壤水分值分解成基准值和日变化量两个部分,并分别建立反演模型,同时引入降雨修正因子来进一步提高土壤水分的估算精度;利用IDL语言实现了我们所研发的模型,并集成为新疆土壤水分遥感反演系统模块之一;利用Watch Dog2400与传统铝盒采样获取的新疆地面土壤水分数据,提取适合的模型经验参数,并对模型结果进行精度评价。结果表明,经改进的模型反演得到的新疆土壤水分结果比美国冰雪数据中心的土壤水分产品在精度上有显著提高:均方根误差由8.4%降低为4.25%;所研发的软件模块可为相关应用部门提供快速的大范围土壤水分监测产品。     

青藏高原地表土壤水变化、影响因子及未来预估

土壤水分是地表和大气连接的纽带,在水文循环中扮演着重要角色。青藏高原作为“第三极”和“亚洲水塔”,其土壤水分对周边地区的气候如亚洲季风的形成和维持产生重要影响,也深刻影响着亚洲水资源的可利用量。基于分布在青藏高原3个气候区的100个站点的实测土壤水数据,对ECV、ERA、MERRA、Noah数据集进行评价,选择对土壤水分评估效果最好的数据集,分析各种气象要素对土壤水分时空格局的影响,并预估未来100年内青藏高原土壤水变化,探讨可能气候成因。结果表明：① Noah数据集对青藏高原历史时期土壤水分评估效果最好,相对其他地区,各数据集对那曲地区土壤水分评估效果最优;② 在各种气象因子中,降水是影响大部分地区土壤水分时空变化的最主要因子,但在喜马拉雅山脉地带,尤其山脉北坡,温度和太阳辐射有较高的影响;③ 1948-1970年土壤水分有明显的下降趋势,1970-1990年土壤水分呈波动变化,无明显趋势,1990-2005年土壤水分有一定的上升趋势,2005年后至今土壤水分有明显快速下降趋势：④ 不同未来情景,土壤水分有下降趋势,其中在CRP 8.5情景下,土壤水分下降最为明显,在2080年之后有更加显著的下降趋势;⑤ 未来降水和温度均呈上升趋势,其中干旱指数变化在RCP 8.5情景下呈下降趋势,在RCP 2.6和RCP 4.5情景下无明显变化,干旱指数在一定程度上能解释未来土壤水分的变化格局。     

青藏高原土壤水分变化对近地面气温的影响

青藏高原为全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,探讨该地区土壤水分变化对近地面气温的影响将为青藏高原水汽循环研究及该地区对周边气候与环境的影响研究提供重要理论支撑。利用NCEP-CFSR数据集,基于土壤水分对近地面气温的影响机理,揭示了青藏高原不同季节、不同植被分区下土壤水分时空分异规律、土壤水分与蒸发率的响应与耦合状态及土壤水分通过蒸散发过程对近地面气温的影响。结果表明：① 不同季节下青藏高原土壤水分空间分布基本一致,除西北地区和喜马拉雅山脉外,整体呈现由东南向西北递减趋势,青藏高原地区存在干旱区变湿,湿润区变干的空间特征;② 青藏高原大部分区域土壤水分处于干湿过渡状态,其中青藏高原南部和东南部地区全年处于干湿过渡状态,而柴达木盆地几乎全年处于干旱状态;③ 近地面气温对土壤水分的响应在冬季最弱,在夏季最强且空间差异较小,其中在冬、春、夏季为负反馈,另外不同植被覆盖区近地面气温对土壤水分的敏感性差异很大。此项研究对于进一步探讨青藏高原地区陆气耦合状态及变化环境下的区域水汽循环及其效应具有重要理论意义。     

东北黑土区土壤剖面地温和水分变化规律

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的结果使土壤在坡面上发生再分配,土壤腐殖质层厚度的空间变异增大。腐殖质层厚度的变化又引起地温和土壤水分等土壤物理性质的变化,地温和水分是影响和反映冻融侵蚀作用的重要因子,也是影响地表和土壤剖面物质运移的重要因素。本文通过实测不同厚度腐殖质层剖面的地温和土壤水分,分析了地温和水分随时间和土壤剖面深度的变化规律。结果显示腐殖质层厚度对土壤温度和含水量有显著影响,腐殖质层较厚的剖面解冻速度比薄层黑土区要慢,不同深度土层温度到达0℃的日期也不相同,腐殖质层较厚的剖面冻结时间要滞后1周左右。同时,腐殖质层较厚的黑土区土壤含水量明显大于薄层黑土区,土壤水分运移的深度范围也大。     

基于卫星遥感和再分析数据的青藏高原土壤湿度数据评估

土壤水是地表与大气在水热交换方面的关键纽带,是关键水循环要素,更是地表产汇流过程的关键控制因子。青藏高原是地球第三极,也是亚洲水塔,探讨青藏高原土壤水变化对于探讨青藏高原热力学特征变化及其对东亚乃至全球气候变化的影响具有重要意义,而获取高精度长序列大尺度土壤水数据集则是其关键。本文利用青藏高原100个土壤水站点观测数据,从多空间尺度（0.25°×0.25°,0.5°×0.5°,1°×1°）、多时间段（冻结和融化期）等角度,采用多评价指标（R、RMSE、Bias）,对多套遥感反演和同化数据（ECV、ERA-Interim、MERRA、Noah）进行全面评估。结果表明：① 除ERA外,其他数据均能反映青藏高原土壤水变化,且与降水量变化一致。而在那曲地区,遥感反演和同化数据均明显低估实测土壤水含量。从空间分布来看,MERRA和Noah与植被指数最为一致,可很好地反映土壤水空间变化特征;② 青藏高原大部分地区土壤水变化主要受降水影响,其中青藏高原西部边缘与喜马拉雅地区土壤水变化则受冰雪融水和降水的共同影响;③ 除阿里地区外,大部分遥感反演和同化数据在融化期与实测土壤水相关性高于冻结期,其中在那曲地区,遥感反演和同化数据均高估冻结期土壤含水量,却低估融化期土壤含水量。另外,遥感反演和同化数据对中大空间尺度土壤水的估计要好于对小空间尺度土壤水的估计。本研究为青藏高原土壤水研究的数据集选择提供重要理论依据。     

干旱区土壤水分微波遥感反演算法综述

土壤水分是气候、水文、生态和农业系统的关键组成要素,同时也是监控土地退化和干旱的重要指标,土壤水分信息的及时获取对于规划和管理这些系统来说具有极其重要的意义.微波具有全天候、穿透性以及不受云层影响的独特物理机制使其在研究大尺度土壤水分反演时具有明显优势,已成为当前土壤水分遥感研究的主要大气窗口.在干旱区微波遥感土壤水分...     

土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用

文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。     

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用结构对土壤水分时空分布的影响

本项研究选择黄土丘陵沟壑区５种典型土地利用结构和７种主要土地利用类型从１９８年５月到１０月鳘吉测定一次土壤水分,探讨了土地利用结构和类型对土壤水分时空分布的影响。研究结果表明,土壤水分年内季节变化呈现出三峰三谷;林地和间作地对土壤水分有滞后作用;垂直梯度变化可归纳为增长型、降低型和波动型。通过分析５种土地利用结构对坡面土壤水分的影响,指出了调整土地利用结构与布局、发展农果间作和培育深根性植物是黄土     

Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

Influence of short-term experimental warming on heat-water processes of the active layer in a swamp meadow ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Climate change is now evident in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP), with impacts on the alpine ecosystem, particularly on water and heat balance between the active layer and the atmosphere. Thus, we document the basic characteristics of changes in the water and heat dynamics in response to experimental warming in a typical alpine swamp meadow ecosystem. Data sets under open top chambers(OTC) and the control manipulations were collected over a complete year. The results show that annual(2008) air temperatures of OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 6.7 °C and 3.5 °C warmer than the control. Rising temperature promotes plant growth and development. The freeze-thaw and isothermal days of OTCs appeared more frequently than the control, owing to comparably higher water and better vegetation conditions. OTCs soil moisture decreased with the decrease of soil depth; however, there was an obviously middle dry aquifer of the control, which is familiar in QTP. Moreover, experimental warming led to an increase in topsoil water content due to poorly drained swamp meadow ecosystem with higher organic matter content and thicker root horizons. The results of this study will have some contributions to alpine cold ecosystem water-heat process and water cycle under climate change.     

黄土高原半干旱区天然锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤水分的影响

本文选择黄土高原半干旱区定西地区的一种地带性植被,天然甘蒙锦鸡儿灌丛,将其0～99m深的土壤水分含量与人工柠条锦鸡儿灌丛、人工杏树林、天然草地、放牧荒坡和农地的土壤水分含量进行了比较。结果发现,天然锦鸡儿灌丛在1m以下土壤各层的水分含量均高于人工柠条灌丛和人工杏树林,而与放牧荒坡和农地的土壤湿度接近,略低于农地。天然锦鸡儿灌丛4m以上土层的土壤湿度还明显高于天然草地;天然锦鸡儿灌丛形成的难效—无效水层深度在2m土层以上,而人工柠条灌丛形成的难效无效水层则深达56m,人工杏树林42m,天然草地、放牧荒坡分别为36m和33m,农地1m。     

Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961-1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.     

Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961–1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.     

基于土壤水分的农业干旱监测研究进展

土壤水分是评估农业干旱的关键变量。然而长期以来,由于缺乏大范围、高精度、长时间的土壤水分观测数据,基于土壤水分的农业干旱监测在实际应用中受到限制。近年来,随着遥感观测技术的发展,土壤水分数据的时空覆盖度和产品精度显著提升,基于土壤水分的农业干旱监测逐渐吸引更多的关注。论文系统归纳了站点观测与微波遥感观测的土壤水分数据特性,综述了目前基于土壤水分的3种农业干旱监测指标：基于长时间土壤水分序列的干旱指标、基于土壤水分与土壤水力学参数的干旱指标和基于土壤水分等多变量综合的干旱指标。最后,论文从提高土壤水分数据空间分辨率、加强农业干旱机制研究与完善农业干旱监测体系三方面提出基于土壤水分的农业干旱监测所面临的挑战与机遇,以期为未来的相关研究提供参考。     

Probabilistic modeling of soil moisture dynamics in a revegetated desert area

Soil moisture is the key link between land hydrological and ecological processes which plays an important role in the terrestrial water cycle. As extreme weather events have increased in recent years, the stochastic simulation of soil moisture has gradually become the focus of ecohydrology research. Based on continuous monitoring of soil moisture data from 2008 to 2011, and historical precipitation data from 1991 to 2011, combined with the Rodriguez-Iturbe soil moisture dynamic stochastic model, soil moisture dynamics and its probability density function in a revegetated desert area was simulated. Results show that annual soil moisture dynamic changes of the revegetated desert area during the growing season complied with rainfall distribution; soil moisture probability presents a single-peak distribution in the plant rhizosphere layer (0–60 cm). The peak width in the 20 cm topsoil was wider than in other soils, and the distribution presented the strong fluctuations and multiple aggregates. The peak widths of 40 cm and 60 cm soil moisture probability distribution were small, which are in accordance with simulated results of the Rodriguez- Iturbe model. This confirms that the Rodriguez-Iturbe model has good applicability and can well simulate the statistical characteristics of soil moisture in an arid revegetated desert area.     

黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分空间预测的统计模型

在6个土层和10次土壤含水量测定的基础上,利用土地利用与地形等6类20个环境因子变量,建立了黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分空间预测的6种多元线性回归模型,并提出了5类13个指标对模型进行了评价与比较。研究表明,各模型组之间的差异较大,以直接回归模型组为最优,PCA线性转换回归模型组次之,DCA非线性转换回归模型组最差。在每一组内,模型之间的差异相对较小,以变量全部入选模型稍优于变量逐步筛选模型。6种模型中,通用多元线性回归模型的拟合性最好、预测精度最高,但模型结构最为复杂、需要的环境因子最多;多元线性逐步回归模型不仅拟合性和无偏性方面很好,而且结构最为简单、需要的环境变量最少,因而为最优模型     

砾石长期覆盖对土壤呼吸的影响

砾石覆盖是西北黄土高原地区的传统保护性耕作技术,具有明显的蓄水、保墒、增温、压碱和保持地力作用。研究砾石覆盖农田系统中的土壤呼吸,有助于了解地面覆盖条件对CO₂通量的影响和土壤健康状况。利用LI6400土壤呼吸系统对甘肃皋兰长期砾石覆盖农田(12年)不同覆盖厚度下的土壤呼吸进行了原位监测,并对环境因子与土壤呼吸的日变化相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸的日变化与温度的变化一致,呈单峰型,砾石覆盖后土壤呼吸峰值出现在16:00—17:00,明显滞后于裸地出现的峰值时间(14:00—15:00),且峰值随着覆盖厚度的增加而减小;(2)土壤表层(0~10 cm)温度与土壤呼吸呈极显著幂函数关系(P<0.01),砾石覆盖降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀),覆盖后两次监测中Q₁₀为1.78~2.87(2017年)和1.70~1.96(2018年);(3)砾石覆盖后提高了夜间土壤呼吸,导致土壤呼吸的日累积碳排放量显著提高,随着覆盖厚度的增加而降低,覆盖处理中厚度为11 cm最小的碳排放量两次测量分别为2.00 g·m^-2和0.90 g·m^-2,比裸地分别增加了15%和18%;(4)土壤特征因子中,土壤水分、pH与土壤呼吸累积碳排放量呈正相关,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、电导率与土壤呼吸累积碳排放量呈负相关。