三种最新全球海潮模型在中国沿海的精度评估

海潮负荷形变是我国沿海GNSS实时观测的重要误差源之一,分析和确定最优海潮模型进行负荷改正,有助于提高GNSS解算精度和可靠性。利用沿海33个验潮站连续3 a的实测潮位资料,以8个主要分潮(M₂、S₂、N₂、K₂、K₁、O₁、P₁和Q₁)的潮高和方根(Root Sum Squares,RSS)为评价指标,对最新全球海潮模型FES2014、EOT20和TPXO9在中国沿海的模型精度进行评估。结果表明：3种最新海潮模型相比其前期版本(FES2004、EOT11a和TPXO7.2),在中国沿海的模型精度整体改进幅度分别为72.39%、67.73%和31.37%;3种最新海潮模型中,FES2014在中国沿海的RSS均值和标准差分别为7.91和7.75 cm,模型精度相对最高,EOT20的模型精度略低于FES2014,二者精度均显著优于模型NAO.99jb和NAO.99b(后两处模型在先前研究中被认为在中国沿海精度较优),...     

全球垂向位移负荷潮模式在渤海、黄海、东海及周边区域的准确度评估

本研究利用渤海、黄海、东海及周边区域21个GPS站的调和常数资料,对5个全球垂向位移负荷潮模式(FES2014、EOT11a、GOT4.10c、GOT4.8和NAO.99b)在渤海、黄海、东海及周边区域的准确度进行了评估。结果表明,在渤海、黄海、东海及周边区域,对于M₂分潮,FES2014和EOT11a模式结果准确度相对较高;对于S₂分潮,NAO.99b和EOT11a模式结果准确度相对较高;对于K₁分潮,EOT11a和FES2014模式结果准确度相对较高;对于O₁分潮,EOT11a和GOT4.8模式结果准确度相对较高;对于N₂分潮,EOT11a和FES2014模式结果准确度相对较高;对于K₂分潮,NAO.99b和FES2014模式结果准确度相对较高;对于P₁分潮,EOT11a和GOT4.8模式结果准确度相对较高;对于Q₁分潮,FES2014和EOT11a模式结果准确度相对较高。除此之外,本文还简单分析了渤海、黄海...     

东印度洋海域最优深度基准面模型构建

利用东印度洋海域周边长期验潮站实测数据、TOPEX/Poseidon等系列卫星测高反演结果,评估了DTU10,EOT11a,FES2014,GOT4.8,OSU12和TPXO8六种全球潮汐模型精度,根据卫星测高结果给出了浅水分潮改正量和长周期分潮改正量的经验模型,又在此基础上分析并构建了研究区域精度最优的深度基准面模型。考虑到全球潮汐模型在近岸的影响因素及验潮站位置,将13个验潮站分成开阔海域与近海海域两类,与潮汐模型的对比,结果表明,DTU10和FES2014模型分别在开阔海域和近海海域精度最优。根据潮汐模型在不同分潮处的精度,如EOT11a模型在O1和K1分潮处精度较高,DTU10在N2,M2,S2和K2分潮处精度较高等,分别构建了开阔海域与近海海域的组合深度基准面模型,计算得知误差分别为11.33和20.95 cm,其精度显著提高。     

七个海洋潮汐模式在浙江海域的准确度评估

利用浙江近岸33个潮位站的8个主要分潮(M_2,S_2,N_2,K_2,K_1,O_1,P_1和Q_1)的调和常数和潮高,对7个全球/区域潮汐模式(CSR4.0,FES2012,HAMTIDE11a,TPXO7.2,TPXO8-atlas,TPXO-CSI2016和NAO99Jb)的准确度进行了评估。以M2分潮的潮高均方根误差大小为标准,评估结果显示FES2012模式在浙江近海的准确度相对较高,33个潮位站平均的M2分潮潮高均方根误差为22.12cm。各模式在杭州湾和瓯江4个测站的准确度普遍较低,多模式平均的M2分潮潮高均方根误差都超过70cm。若不考虑上述4个测站,TPXO8-atlas模式的准确度最高,29个潮位站平均的M2分潮潮高均方根误差为16.38cm。综合来看,FES2012和TPXO8-atlas在浙江近海的准确度较高,可根据实际研究区域和分潮加以选择。     

集合调整卡尔曼滤波方法在M2分潮数值模拟中的水深估计研究

数据同化利用观测信息对模型状态场调整的同时也可以对数值模型中的不确定参数进行估计,从而改进数值模型,提高数值模拟的精度。本文基于集合调整卡尔曼滤波方法,采用广义坐标系统的美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式的外模式开展了渤海和部分黄海海域M₂分潮模拟中的水深估计研究。理想数据同化试验结果表明,集合调整卡尔曼滤波方法能很好地降低模式模拟的水位误差并反演出“真实”的水深参数。而在NAO.99Jb和验潮站数据的实际数据同化试验中,与验潮站数据相比较,水深参数估计后,模式模拟的M₂分潮振幅与迟角误差分别降低了40.27%和49.19%。     

调和常数及深度基准面的变化与历元订正

分析和验证了黄海沿岸部分长期验潮站M2分潮振幅的线性变化趋势及深度基准面L值增大趋势,发现了长周期分潮调和常数不稳定性对深度基准面确定的影响。研究表明,在剥离了深度基准面变化趋势后,由年观测数据分析结果确定的深度基准面可达到厘米级的精度水平,而由月分析结果确定的深度基准面存在周期性变化,其深度基准面不宜直接计算确定。论证了对潮汐调和常数附加历元信息的必要性和基本方案。通过研究得出对统一深度基准建立的指导性结论。     

深度基准传递方法的比较与验潮站网基准的综合确定

分析了深度基准确定的不同方法及由此产生的理论最低潮面含义不一致性。重点比较研究了在长期站基准值的控制下,传递确定短期和临时验潮站深度基准的多种技术方法。以某水深测量工程实例对测区验潮站网深度基准值的统一、协调确定进行了示范论证。得出的基本结论是:在当今深度基准基础框架不完备的现实条件下,水深测量工程区域的深度基准应由所布设的短期和临时验潮站与测区及附近长期验潮站组网确定。确定方法应尽量利用实际观测信息,依据潮差比或略最低潮面比等不同方法传递,并依据规定的限差指标检核。示范实例的计算表明,由不同基准站、不同方法传递确定同一短期验潮站深度基准值的差异可控制在10cm以内。     

利用半参数模型估计确定验潮组网的深度基准面

深度基准面的确定是进行海洋测量的基础,准确确定深度基准面是进行海洋测量的有效前提。提出了一种将CORS技术与验潮组网技术进行结合的新传递深度基准面的方法,实现长、短期验潮站同步验潮实现深度基准面的增强传递;提出了采用半参数模型理论来求取潮差比的计算方法;具体阐述了验潮组网通过间接平差求取短期验潮站的深度基准面的计算方法,减少了验潮测量的人力投入,计算潮差比时考虑了系统误差的影响,计算短期验潮站时考虑了观测误差对深度基准面传递的影响。     

海图深度基准面的算法研究

剖析了理论深度基准面的算法，特别是对现行《海道测量规范》和有关教科书中关于理论深度基准面的浅水改正和长周期潮改正这两个附加改正项的计算合理性进行了分析讨论，改进了理论深度基准的计算模型。     

中国北方四省市邻近海域深度基准面模型的构建

通过两步构建了覆盖中国北方四省市邻近海域、分辨率为1′×1′的深度基准面模型。首先以精密潮汐模型为基础,由理论最低潮面的定义算法构建了初步模型;其次设计了以略最低低潮面传递法为基础的订正算法,由历年测绘海图所用的179个验潮站L值,对初步模型实施订正,构建了成果模型。43个长期验潮站评估表明,初步模型的中误差为5.4cm。空间分布密集的验潮站点将深度基准面模型归化至海图的深度基准系统,达到了工程实用的要求。     

Ocean Tide Models Developed by Assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Data into Hydrodynamical Model: A Global Model and a Regional Model around Japan

A global ocean tide model (NAO.99b model) representing major 16 constituents with a spatial resolution of 0.5° has been estimated by assimilating about 5 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into barotropic hydrodynamical model. The new solution is characterized by reduced errors in shallow waters compared to the other two models recently developed; CSR4.0 model (improved version of Eanes and Bettadpur, 1994) and GOT99.2b model (Ray, 1999), which are demonstrated in comparison with tide gauge data and collinear residual reduction test. This property mainly benefits from fine-scale along-track tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON data. A high-resolution (1/12°) regional ocean tide model around Japan (NAO.99Jb model) by assimilating both TOPEX/POSEIDON data and 219 coastal tide gauge data is also developed. A comparison with 80 independent coastal tide gauge data shows the better performance of NAO.99Jb model in the coastal region compared with the other global models. Tidal dissipation around Japan has been investigated for M₂ and K₁ constituents by using NAO.99Jb model. The result suggests that the tidal energy is mainly dissipated by bottom friction in localized area in shallow seas; the M₂ ocean tidal energy is mainly dissipated in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea at the mean rate of 155 GW, while the K₁ energy is mainly dissipated in the Sea of Okhotsk at the mean rate of 89 GW. TOPEX/POSEIDON data, however, detects broadly distributed surface manifestation of M₂ internal tide, which observationally suggests that the tidal energy is also dissipated by the energy conversion into baroclinic tide.     

Accuracy assessment of global ocean tide models in the South China Sea using satellite altimeter and tide gauge data

In this study, to meet the need for accurate tidal prediction, the accuracy of global ocean tide models was assessed in the South China Sea (0°–26°N, 99°–121°E). Seven tide models, namely, DTU10, EOT11a, FES2014, GOT4.8, HAMTIDE12, OSU12 and TPXO8, were considered. The accuracy of eight major tidal constituents (i.e., Q₁, O₁, P₁, K₁, N₂, M₂, S₂ and K₂) were assessed for the shallow water and coastal areas based on the tidal constants derived from multi-mission satellite altimetry (TOPEX and Jason series) and tide gauge observations. The root mean square values of each constituent between satellite-derived tidal constants and tide models were found in the range of 0.72–1.90 cm in the deep ocean (depth>200 m) and 1.18–5.63 cm in shallow water area (depth<200 m). Large inter-model discrepancies were noted in the Strait of Malacca and the Taiwan Strait, which could be attributable to the complicated hydrodynamic systems and the paucity of high-quality satellite altimetry data. In coastal regions, an accuracy performance was investigated using tidal results from 37 tide gauge stations. The root sum square values were in the range of 9.35–19.11 cm, with the FES2014 model exhibiting slightly superior performance.     

Assessment of SARAL-ALTIKA Tidal Corrections in the Coastal Oceans Around India

The present tidal correction of sea level records of Satellite with ARgoes and ALtimeter (SARAL) is based on the finite element solution (FES) of global tide model FES2012 tidal solution. In this study, we examined the validity of the tidal corrections in the coastal oceans around India using tide gauge measurements and a regional tidal model. Our regional model is based on the barotropic version of the Princeton Ocean Model that is forced by the time-varying tidal levels at the open ocean end based on the global FES99 tidal solution. Tide charts prepared from the simulated tidal levels are very similar to the FES tidal solutions. Comparison with the tide gauge measurement shows close agreement with the regional tidal solutions. On the other hand, the agreement with the FES tide models differ significantly in the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on the northwest, and in the Hooghly estuary on the northeast continental shelf. However, the agreement is exceptional in other parts of the study domain. These tidal solutions are used in the SARAL-ALTIKA X-track data to assess the FES tidal correction and to draw some inferences associated with the coastal processes. It is revealed that these corrections are reasonably accurate for the coastal oceans around India except the aforementioned converging channels.     

全球大洋潮汐模式在北印度洋潮汐预报准确性的评估

为评估DTU10、TPXO8、GOT00.2和NAO.99b 4个全球大洋潮汐模式对北印度洋潮汐的预报能力,采用英国海洋资料中心提供的海区中部和沿岸站潮汐调和常数资料,检验了这些模式4个主要分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)的准确度。它们的各分潮调和常数资料准确度都比较高,振幅绝均差的最大值仅5.61 cm,迟角绝均差的最大值仅9.13°。这些模式的调和常数给出潮波传播特征差别不大。基于这些模式提供的调和常数,分别建立了北印度洋4、8和16分潮潮汐预报模型,将预报结果与中国海事服务网提供的沿岸24个站潮汐表资料进行对比。各模式的8分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1)潮汐预报模型均优于4分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)潮汐预报模型,NAO.99b模式可以提供16分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1、MU_2、NU_2、T_2、L_2、2N_2、J_1、M1、OO_1)潮汐预报模型,但是对预报结果改善不明显;在各模式中,GOT00.2模式的8分潮潮汐预报模型对北印度洋沿岸的预报效果最好,平均绝均差为14.97 cm。     

利用验潮站数据进行三种潮汐模型的精度分析

采用全球分布的565个验潮站水位资料对NAO.99b,CSR4.0和TPXO7.2三种潮汐模型进行精度评估。结果表明:在全球海洋范围内,NAO.99b模型精度最高;在黄海海域,TPXO7.2模型的精度最高;在东海和南海海域,则是NAO.99b模型最优;在深海海域,三种模型精度差异不大;在浅海海域,采用同化方法的潮汐模型比采用经验方法的潮汐模型更有优势。     

Preliminary results of the global ocean tide derived from HY-2A radar altimeter data

The HY-2A satellite, which is equipped with a radar altimeter and was launched on August 16, 2011, is the first Chinese marine dynamic environmental monitoring satellite. Extracting ocean tides is one of the important applications of the radar altimeter data. The radar altimeter data of the HY-2A satellite from November 1, 2011 to August 16, 2014 are used herein to extract global ocean tides. The constants representing the tidal constituents are extracted by HY-2A RA data with harmonic analysis ...     

Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacement by GPS PPP with Priori Information Constraint of NAO99b Global Ocean Tide Model

The published global ocean tide models show good agreement in deep oceans and exhibit differences in complex coastal areas, along with subsequent Ocean Tide Loading Displacement (OTLD) modeling differences. Meanwhile, OTLD parameters (amplitudes and phase lags) derived by Global Positioning System (GPS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach need long time to converge to a stable state and show poor precision of S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Based on the fact that no constraint is imposed in the current kinematic solution, a new method is put forward, in which global ocean tide model predictions are taken as the priori information constraints to speed up the convergence rate and improve the accuracy of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters. First, the data of tide gauge from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 are used to generate the harmonic parameters to evaluate the accuracy of six global ocean tide models and a regional ocean tide model (osu.chinesea.2010). Osu.chinesea.2010 model shows good agreement with the tide gauge results, while NAO99b model presents relatively large difference. The predictions from osu.chinesea.2010 and NAO99b model are employed as reference and the prior information, respectively. Second, continuous observations of 12 GPS sites during 2006–2013 in Hong Kong are collected to generate three dimensional OTLD amplitudes and phase lags of eight constituents using PPP with prior information constraints approach and harmonic analysis. Third, comparing the convergence time of eight constituents from PPP without and with priori information constraints approaches, the results show that the new method can significantly improve the convergence rate of OTLD amplitude estimates which obtain a certain level of stability seven years earlier than that derived by the PPP without priori information constraints. Precision of OTLD parameters derived by the new method is about 1 mm. By comparing with the precision of single PPP approach, the accuracy of eight constituents has been improved, especially for S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Finally, through comparing the different correction effects of OTLD estimates on the coordinates and their time series of the ground GPS stations, the results show that OTLD estimates derived by the new approach have similar influence as the osu.chinasea.2010 ocean tide model. The new method provides an effective means to improve the convergence and precision of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters, and achieve a similar correction as the high precision ocean tide model.