On the theory of consolidation with double porosity—III A finite element formulation

We employ a finite element method to consider the numerical solution of Aifantis' equations of double porosity.^1–5 The physical and mathematical foundations of the theory of double porosity were considered in two previous papers, ^6,7 where analytical solutions of the relevant equations are also given. For practical purposes and for the completeness of the presentation, we re-derive the basic equations without resorting to the more rigorous scheme of multiporosity theory.^1–6 Instead, we follow the more familiar approach of Biot^8,9 which we now extend from the case of single porosity to the case of double porosity. Then a general finite element formulation of the relevant eqations is thoroughly discussed and explicitly described for the two-dimensional case where four-node rectangular non-conforming isoparametric elements are employed. Three numerical examples are presented in detail to illustrate the method and assess the differences between single and double porosity models in consolidation.     

砂土中单桩静载室内模型试验及颗粒流数值模拟

通过自行设计的可视化模型箱,进行了单桩静载室内模型试验,考虑了不同桩径、不同土体密实度等影响因素,研究了单桩的沉降模式、桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的发挥性状及随沉降的发展模式,并通过拍摄跟踪和图像处理技术,研究了桩端和桩周土体的孔隙率的变化规律;对二维颗粒流程序进行开发,模拟了单桩静载过程中桩端阻力和桩周土体孔隙率的变化情况。结果表明,颗粒流数值模拟能够较好地模拟单桩静载过程,研究成果进一步揭示了单桩静载过程的宏细观机制。     

鄂尔多斯盆地瓦窑堡油田中山川区长2油层组储层特征

在长2储层岩性特征、沉积特征研究的基础上,以压汞实验、薄片鉴定、物性测试、扫描电镜等方法为实验手段,对储层岩石学特征、孔隙结构、物性特征及其影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明,长2储层主要以浅灰色、灰绿色块状细砂岩为主,孔隙类型都以残余粒间孔为主,次为粒间溶孔,其余为粒内溶孔、填隙物内溶孔及晶间微孔,少量的铸模孔、云母溶缝、微裂缝。其储层的孔喉分布类型主要有单峰正偏态细孔喉型、多峰分散型和单峰负偏态微孔喉型3种。影响本区储层孔隙类型的因素为沉积相、成岩作用、裂缝改造,其中沉积相及成岩作用是主要因素。     

不同粒径级砂土渗透特性试验研究

渗透性是砂土的重要工程性质之一,影响砂土渗透性的因素有很多,比如土体密实程度、土颗粒自身特性、流体性质等,其中孔隙率与颗粒粒径是两个重要影响因素。而以往基于混合粒径的天然砂土的研究很难分别对这两个因素进行独立的研究。基于此,首先开展了单一粒径级砂土的常水头渗透试验,分别研究了同一粒径级砂土渗透系数随孔隙率的变化和同一孔隙率下不同粒径级砂土渗透系数随均值粒径的变化规律。试验结果显示,渗透系数随着孔隙率的增加而线性增加、随均值粒径二次方的增加而线性增加,其中均值粒径的影响较大,其变化能导致渗透系数量级上的差异。在此基础上,开展了多粒径混合砂土的渗透试验,讨论了曲率系数、不均匀系数等级配参数对渗透性的影响,从而将单一粒径级的研究成果推广到天然砂土,最终拟合出渗透系数与相关影响因素的经验公式,以便工程实践参考使用。     

Poroelastic coefficients for anisotropic single and double porosity media

Acta Geotechnica - Closed-form expressions for poroelastic coefficients are derived for anisotropic materials exhibiting single and double porosity. A novel feature of the formulation is the use of...     

控制碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能的主要地质因素分析——以哈萨克斯坦北特鲁瓦油田KT-I油层组为例

目前国内外针对控制碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能主要地质因素研究还较少。本文以哈萨克斯坦北特鲁瓦油田KT-I油层组为例,基于岩芯分析、测井解释成果、储层微观表征与生产动态分析等资料,宏观上从沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用以及微观上从储层岩性、储层类型、物性、有效厚度等两方面对单井产能主控因素进行了研究。研究发现单井产能主要受孔隙体积、渗透率与储层有效厚度的直接影响,而孔隙体积及孔隙空间类型受岩性、沉积微相与成岩相控制。在碳酸盐岩中,裂缝的发育可极大程度地改善孔隙连通性,从而增加渗透率,而其发育受断裂作用与构造变形及成岩作用、岩性控制。研究各种地质因素对碳酸盐岩单井产能的控制作用,可为制定初次油气开发方案提供有效的指导,为调整开发方案和老区扩边勘探、滚动开发提供更为可靠的依据。     

成像测井缝洞解释评价研究进展

综合露头刻度井、数值模拟和物理模拟的实验结果对微电阻率扫描成像测井缝洞解释评价的研究进展进行了总结和探讨,分别包括岩芯归位、缝洞刻度率、岩芯和成像裂缝参数的差异性,以及裂缝宽度和地层孔隙度的计算。岩芯归位确定了缝洞体在地层中的深度和方位。电成像测井对过井眼未充填缝和孔洞发育段的刻度率为100%,而单个孔洞在岩芯和电成像测井中通常无法一一对应。单条裂缝的倾角或井周长度在岩芯和成像测井中具有较高的相关性,而裂缝宽度的相关性一般。数模和物模的结果表明电成像测井裂缝宽度的计算受多种因素影响,当裂缝的视宽度大于0.1 mm时,电成像测井计算的裂缝宽度和裂缝视宽度基本一致,当小于0.1 mm时,电成像测井计算的宽度值误差较大。目前电成像测井通过孔隙度谱法和图像分割法计算地层的孔隙度,但都受限于除孔洞的其他低阻地质体的影响,因此需要加强岩芯刻度的功能。     

成像测井缝洞解释评价研究进展

综合露头刻度井、数值模拟和物理模拟的实验结果对微电阻率扫描成像测井缝洞解释评价的研究进展进行了总结和探讨,分别包括岩芯归位、缝洞刻度率、岩芯和成像裂缝参数的差异性,以及裂缝宽度和地层孔隙度的计算。岩芯归位确定了缝洞体在地层中的深度和方位。电成像测井对过井眼未充填缝和孔洞发育段的刻度率为100%,而单个孔洞在岩芯和电成像测井中通常无法一一对应。单条裂缝的倾角或井周长度在岩芯和成像测井中具有较高的相关性,而裂缝宽度的相关性一般。数模和物模的结果表明电成像测井裂缝宽度的计算受多种因素影响,当裂缝的视宽度大于0.1 mm时,电成像测井计算的裂缝宽度和裂缝视宽度基本一致,当小于0.1 mm时,电成像测井计算的宽度值误差较大。目前电成像测井通过孔隙度谱法和图像分割法计算地层的孔隙度,但都受限于除孔洞的其他低阻地质体的影响,因此需要加强岩芯刻度的功能。     

基于颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪切强度的模拟分析

颗粒破碎在岩土工程领域是很常见的现象,土工试验中无法显示颗粒破碎过程及其影响,本文采用离散单元软件PFC2D模拟了考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土的直剪试验,给出了考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土直剪试验的模拟方法,分析粗粒土的剪应力-剪切位移关系、剪胀和剪切强度等宏观力学行为,探讨基本颗粒间黏聚力、单颗粒孔隙率和粗粒土试样的孔隙率对剪切强度的影响。结果表明:颗粒破碎对剪切强度的破碎准则有影响,颗粒不破碎试样的剪切强度符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;颗粒破碎试样的强度包络线是幂函数关系。     

基于分形与损伤理论的岩石声-应力相关性理论模型研究

建立单一微裂纹在单轴压缩荷载作用下的力学模型,采用宏观复合型断裂理论中的最大周向应力理论,求出单一微裂纹达到稳定时的形态尺寸.利用分形损伤理论,求出不同荷载阶段的分形维数;由分形维数的定义导出了不同荷载阶段的裂纹个数的变化情况;结合单一微裂纹的形态尺寸,求出不同荷载阶段中岩石孔隙率与荷载值之间的关系;利用目前被广泛采用的超声波纵波速度与孔隙率的关系式,最终导出单轴压缩荷载作用下岩石超声波纵波速度与应力的理论关系式.进行岩石声-应力的试验测试,根据试验成果作出声-应力曲线,并与理论声-应力曲线进行比对,结果表明,理论模型比较适合于反映岩石受载全过程中的后半部分的声-应力关系.     

华庆地区长63储层内部建筑结构模式分析

储层内部建筑结构是评价油气藏、改善水驱开发效果、提高油气采收率的基础和关键。因此,文章以华庆地区长6₃层水下分流河道为例,利用野外露头照片和连井剖面等资料,应用petrel软件,系统建立了华庆地区长6₃储层构造模型和储层参数(孔隙度、渗透率和泥质含量)模型。研究结果表明,三角洲前缘水下分流河道构型界面可划分为5级:其中5级为同期水下分流河道复合砂体的界面,4级为水下分流河道单一砂体的沉积界面,3级为水下分流河道单一砂体内部增生体的界面,2级为增生体内部简单的层系组界面,1级为增生体内部单个交错层系的界面。研究区砂体内部存在侧积夹层、前积夹层和垂积夹层3种类型的夹层。建立的研究区长6₃构造模型总体趋势为西低东高。从孔隙度、渗透率和砂泥岩分布模型图可以看出研究区属于低孔特低渗储层。结构解析结果客观的反映了长6₃储层内部基本单元的展布形态,真实再现了研究区内部砂体的空间形态分布模型图。     

Modelling approaches for anion-exclusion in compacted Na-bentonite

The accessible porosity for Cl⁻ in bentonite is smaller than the the total porosity due to anion repulsion (exclusion) by the surface of montmorillonite, the main mineral in bentonite. The accessible porosity is a function of the bentonite density and the salt concentration. Anion exclusion data were gathered from the literature, reprocessed in a coherent data set, and modelled using four different models. Very simple models, with or without anion access to the interlayer space, are successful in reproducing trends in anion exclusion in bentonite as a function of ionic strength in the external solution and montmorillonite bulk dry densities in the bentonite. However, a model that considers clay microstructure changes as a function of bentonite compaction and ionic strength is necessary to reproduce observed trends in the data for all experimental conditions within a single model. Our predictive model excludes anions from the interlayer space and relates the interlayer porosity to the ionic strength and the montmorillonite bulk dry density. This presentation offers a good fit for measured anion accessible porosities in bentonites over a wide range of conditions and is also in agreement with microscopic observations.     

Distribution patterns and controlling factors for reservoir characteristic difference of oolitic shoals,Feixian’guan Formation,eastern Longgang area,SW China

In eastern Longgang area of northeastern Sichuan Basin, the Kaijiang-Liangping trough was deposited with and leveled up by Feixian’guan sediments, where oolitic shoals exhibit progradation and upward migration. These oolitic shoals are classified into oolitic dolostone shoals and oolitic limestone shoals. The dolostone shoals occur within a narrow belt along Changxingian platform margin where the thickness of one single layer can be large; however, the cumulative thickness is rather small. On the contrary, the limestone shoals spread widely along shifted platform margin and is characterized by small thickness of one single layer and large cumulative thickness. Diagenesis has been found to play an important role in oolitic reservoir properties. The origin of low porosity and permeability in this extensive oolitic limestone reservoirs was attributed to burial cementation, while diagenetic processes, such as, reflux and hydrothermal dolomitization, have been identified as the primary factors for generating high-grade oolitic dolostones. Feixian’guan reservoir is characterized by low matrix porosity (which usually ranges from 2 to 3%). Existence of fractures may improve overall porosity and permeability of these reservoirs. The direct influence of these fractures may be to connect originally isolated pores to form a better connected pore-fracture system. Additionally, the fractures may have facilitated the migration of the organic acids that are associated with oil and gas, to help further enhance the quality of the reservoir through corrosion.     

Estimation of petrophysical parameters using seismic inversion and neural network modeling in Upper Assam basin,India

Estimation of petrophysical parameters is an important issue of any reservoirs. Porosity, volume of shale and water saturation has been evaluated for reservoirs of Upper Assam basin, located in northeastern India from well log and seismic data. Absolute acoustic impedance (AAI) and relative acoustic impedance (RAI) are generated from model based inversion of 2-D post-stack seismic data. The top of geological formation, sand reservoirs, shale layers and discontinuities at faults are detected in RAI section under the study area. Tipam Sandstone (TS) and Barail Arenaceous Sandstone (BAS) are the main reservoirs, delineated from the logs of available wells and RAI section. Porosity section is obtained using porosity wavelet and porosity reflectivity from post-stack seismic data. Two multilayered feed forward neural network (MLFN) models are created with inputs: AAI, porosity, density and shear impedance and outputs: volume of shale and water saturation with single hidden layer. The estimated average porosity in TS and BAS reservoir varies from 30% to 36% and 18% to 30% respectively. The volume of shale and water saturation ranges from 10% to 30% and 20% to 60% in TS reservoir and 28% to 30% and 23% to 55% in BAS reservoir respectively.     

沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气储层测井评价方法

煤层气是一种自生自储于煤岩地层的非常规天然气资源,其储层测井评价内容及方法不同于常规天然气,在煤层气勘探开发过程中更关注于有关煤岩工业分析组分、基质孔隙度、裂缝渗透率及煤层含气量等一系列关键的储层参数。针对沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气勘探目标层,分析了各种测井响应特征,采用回归分析法计算煤岩工业分析组分;针对煤层气含量影响因素众多且较为复杂的特点,结合相关地区煤岩样品实验分析结果,利用基于等温吸附实验的兰氏煤阶方程估算煤层含气量参数;通过煤岩孔隙结构的分析,采用变骨架密度的密度孔隙度计算公式求取煤岩总孔隙度,利用迭代逼近算法计算裂缝孔隙度;根据煤岩裂缝中面割理发育而端割理不甚发育的特点,以简化的单组系板状裂缝模型计算煤岩裂缝渗透率。通过对TS-A井进行实际计算,结果表明,煤岩工业分析组分和煤层含气量计算结果精度高,总孔隙度一般在5.5%左右,而裂缝孔隙度则大多小于0.5%,裂缝渗透率主要分布在0.001×10-3～10×10-3μm2之间,孔渗参数计算结果与相邻井区现有资料相符。采用测井方法可以快速、系统地对煤层气储层多种参数进行准确评价。     

A water retention model accounting for void ratio changes in double porosity clays

This paper presents a constitutive model that predicts the water retention behaviour of compacted clays with evolving bimodal pore size distributions. In line with previous research, the model differentiates between the water present inside the saturated pores of the clay aggregates (the microstructure) and the water present inside the pores between clay aggregates (the macrostructure). A new formulation is then introduced to account for the effect of the macrostructural porosity changes on the retention behaviour of the soil, which results in a consistent evolution of the air-entry value of suction with volumetric deformations. Data from wetting tests on three different active clays (i.e. MX-80 bentonite, FEBEX bentonite, and Boom clay), subjected to distinct mechanical restraints, were used to formulate, calibrate, and validate the proposed model. Results from free swelling tests were also modelled by using both the proposed double porosity model and a published single porosity model, which confirmed the improvement in the predictions of degree of saturation by the present approach. The proposed retention model might be applied, for example, to the simulation of the hydromechanical behaviour of engineered bentonite barriers in underground nuclear waste repositories, where compacted active clays are subjected to changes of both suction and porosity structure under restrained volume conditions.

     

基于地质统计学反演方法的洛带气田储层预测

研究区域为洛带气田遂宁组,该储层具有厚度薄、低孔隙度、低渗透层等特征,单一的约束稀疏脉冲反演难以达到精确刻画有利相带。地质统计学反演适用于复杂储层的地震预测和描述,与常规波阻抗反演相比,具有较高的垂向分辨率,能更有效地反映厚度薄的储层,反演结果更接近实际地质特征,能够很好地弥补约束稀疏脉冲反演缺陷,实现对储层特征的精细描述。针对研究区地质特点,根据储层发育特征和地质规律,基于地质统计学理论,采用岩性划分及统计学参数分析等技术方法进行储层预测,有效地预测了洛带气田的砂体厚度、平均孔隙度平面以及储层厚度。     

Elucidation of the hierarchy of processes transforming the pore space of water-hosting rocks based on thermodynamic simulation results

A series of thermodynamic simulations was carried out at varied physicochemical parameters within the framework of a single model experiment in a marginal part of an artesian basin. The transformation of the pore space is proved to be more significantly dependent on temperature than on the initial porosity of the rocks. The extent to which the water-rock system is open (or closed) plays a subordinate role in trans-forming the porosity of the rocks via indirectly controlling the leaching conditions of carbonate rocks. The filtration rate only insignificantly affects the saturation of the groundwaters at certain sites within the aquifer at given P-T parameters. In analyzing this criterion, the mineralogical composition of the host rocks plays the leading role.     

Effects of permeability and porosity evolution on simulated earthquakes

Numerical simulations are a fundamental tool to access the typical conditions attained during earthquake instabilities and to simulate the large number of dissipative processes taking places during faulting. In this study we consider a single-degree-of-freedom spring-slider system, a simplified fault model which can describe the whole seismic cycle and the dynamics of a fault with spatially homogeneous properties. We assume a rate- and state-dependent friction in which we incorporate the effects of pore fluid pressure, thermally-pressurized as a consequence of the frictional heat produced during sliding. We explore, in a single framework, the role of the time variations of the porosity, permeability or both, ultimately leading to changes in hydraulic diffusivity, which has been recognized as one of the key parameters in thermally-pressurized faults. Our synthetic ruptures show that the changes in the hydraulic diffusivity only due to porosity variations do not markedly affect the earthquake recurrence (cycle time), the traction evolution and the thermal history of the fault. On the contrary, when the evolutions of both the porosity and the permeability are accounted for, the cycle time is significantly reduced. This result has a clear implication in the context of the hazard assessment.     

塔里木盆地迪那2气田特低渗砂岩储层应力敏感性研究

迪那2气田是西气东输的主力气田之一,地层压力高（106 MPa）、压力系数高（2.25）,是一个带裂缝低孔、特低渗异常高压凝析气藏。为正确评价在开采过程中储层岩石随着地层压力的下降而发生的弹塑性形变,开展了迪那2气田储层应力敏感性实验研究。通过对岩心样品在不同有效应力下的孔隙度、渗透率的测试,分析了储层岩石物性随压力的变化规律,得到了迪那2气田典型储层的全应力应变曲线,定量地描述了地层压力降低后岩石出现的永久塑性变形特征。该成果为确定迪那2气田单井产能、制定气田开发规划奠定了基础,也为类似气田的开发基础研究提供了有效的技术方法和手段。