海相页岩二次生烃潜力热模拟实验研究

利用热压模拟实验的方法,选取自然演化不同起始成熟度的海相页岩,系统研究了海相页岩二次生烃规律。研究表明,海相页岩二次生烃过程不是一次生烃的直接延续,生烃特征与一次连续生烃也有差异。随着二次生烃起始成熟度的增加,二次生油产率存在比一次连续生烃滞后的生油高峰,并且随起始成熟度增加位置更加向后推移,已经处于高演化阶段的海相页岩不再有二次生油高峰。起始成熟度控制二次生烃潜力,起始成熟度处于生油窗之前的海相页岩具有较高的二次生油和生气潜力,起始成熟度处于生油窗的海相页岩具有较高的二次生气潜力和一定的二次生油潜力;起始成熟度高于传统生油窗的海相页岩,二次生油能力已经很低,但是演化到一定程度还具有相当的生气潜力;已经达到过成熟的海相页岩基本上不具备二次生烃潜力。此研究完善了二次生烃的理论研究,对中国叠合盆地海相烃源岩的评价有很好的指导作用。     

Imag(in)ing Everyday Geographies: A case study of Andrew Buckles’ Why Wait? Project

This article introduces an interdisciplinary collaboration that brings together sympathetic trends in qualitative geographic visualization (from the perspective of one author who is a geographer) and contemporary generative artistic practices (from the perspective of the other author, who is an artist and theorist)—attempting to represent a diverse array of creative and multi-modal data through generative and participatory digital methods. We present how this convergence expands categories of meaning, allowing us to explore experiential/embodied as well as creative/imaginative engagements with everyday geographies distinct to a digital age. The article mediates on the idea of mapping the imagination and the ways we imagine quotidian spaces, as well as possibilities for new methods for the analysis and representation of spatial and emotional complexity. We particularly explore strategies of integrating multiple technologies and multiple-modes of representation for mapping and re-mapping complexities of social and creative living in order to help provide alternate ways to imagine, represent and engage different forms of embodied and imaginative geographies. This article presents a case study with the artist Andrew Buckles, in Seattle, Washington, correlating representational and participatory digital data including geospatial, temporal, audio, video as well as electroencephalography readings from brainwave sensors.     

Accumulation Mechanisms and Evolution History of the Giant Puguang Gas Field,Sichuan Basin,China

Solid bitumens were found throughout the carbonate reservoirs in the Puguang gas field, the largest gas field so far found in marine carbonates in China, confirming that the Puguang gas field evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir. The fluid conduit system at the time of intensive oil accumulation in the field was reconstructed, and petroleum migration pathways were modeled using a 3-D model and traced by geochemical parameters. The forward modeling and inversion tracing coincided with each other and both indicated that oils accumulated in the Puguang-Dongyuezhai structure originated from a generative kitchen to the northwest of the Puguang gas field. The deposition of organic-rich Upper Permian source rocks dominated by sapropelic organic matter in the Northeast Sichuan Basin, the development of fluid conduit system that was vertically near-source rock and laterally near-generative kitchen, and the focusing of oils originated from a large area of the generative kitchen, were the three requirements for the formation of the giant paleo-oil reservoir from which the giant Puguang gas field evolved. The Puguang gas field had experienced a three-stage evolution. The post-accumulation processes, especially the organic-inorganic interaction in the hydrocarbon-water-rock system, had not only profoundly altered the composition and characteristics of the petroleum fluids, but also obviously changed the physicochemical conditions in the reservoir and resulted in complicated precipitation and solution of carbonate minerals.     

Prognostication of hydrocarbon generative potential in the onshore and offshore Niger Delta,Nigeria using TOC content and rock-eval pyrolysis techniques

This article prognosticates the hydrocarbon generation potential of core samples from fields A, B, C and D in Niger delta, Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to characterize the quality of these core samples by organic geochemical analyses. A total of ten core samples collected from fields A, B, C and D in Niger delta were analyzed using total organic carbon （TOC） content analysis, rock-eval pyrolysis technique. The analytical results of the stud- ied core samples reveal that they have generally high total organic carbon contents （TOC）, suggesting that conditions in the Niger delta favour organic matter production and preservation. There is a variation in the kerogen types and this may be attributed to the relative stratigraphic positions of the core samples within the Niger delta. The rock-eval results indicate that the samples from fields C and D contain predominantly Type II kerogen with a capacity to gen- erate oil and gas and hence have good generative potential. The samples from fields A and B contain mainly Type III kerogen and are gas-prone with moderate generative potential.     

Source Rock Characterization and Petroleum Systems in North Ghadames Basin,Southern Tunisia

This paper presents geochemical analysis of drilled cutting samples from the OMZ‐2 oil well located in southern Tunisia. A total of 35 drill‐cutting samples were analyzed for Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), bitumens extraction and liquid chromatography. Most of the Ordovician, Silurian and Triassic samples contained high TOC contents, ranging from 1.00 to 4.75% with an average value of 2.07%. The amount of hydrocarbon yield (pyrolysable hydrocarbon: S2b) expelled during pyrolysis indicates a good generative potential of the source rocks. The plot of TOC versus S2b, indicates a good to very good generative potential for organic matter in the Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Triassic. However, the Upper Triassic and the Lower Jurassic samples indicate fair to good generative potential. From the Vankrevelen diagram, the organic matter in the Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Triassic samples is mainly of type II kerogen and the organic matter from the Upper Triassic and the Lower Jurassic is dominantly type III kerogen with minor contributions from Type I. The thermal maturity of the organic matter in the analyzed samples is also evaluated based on the T_max of the S2b peak. The Ordovician and Lower Silurian formations are thermally matured. The Upper Silurian and Triassic deposits are early matured to matured. However, Jurassic formations are low in thermal maturity. The total bitumen extracts increase with depth from the interval 1800–3000 m. This enrichment indicates that the trapping in situ in the source rocks and relatively short distance vertical migration can be envisaged in the overlying reservoirs. During the vertical migration from source rocks to the reservoirs, these hydrocarbons are probably affected by natural choromatography and in lower proportion by biodegradation.     

基于MAPGIS二次开发的钻孔柱状图软件介绍及其应用

基于MAPGIS二次开发的地质专业钻孔柱状图软件FJZZT是近年来参考我省矿产勘查规范具体要求,在“固体矿产钻孔数据采编系统CHINAZK 1.0”数据采集格式的基础上,开发研制的地质专业柱状图生成软件系统。该系统能直接生成MAPGIS矢量格式图形文件,借助于MAPGIS软件强大的输出功能,实现图形文件格式多样化。     

Accumulation Mechanisms and Evolution History of the Giant Puguang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

Solid bitumens were found throughout the carbonate reservoirs in the Puguang gas field,the largest gas field SO far found in marine carbonates in China,confirming that the Puguang gas field evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir.The fluid conduit system at the time of intensive oil accumulation in the field Was reconstructed,and petroleum migration pathways were modeled using a 3-D model and traced by geochemical parameters.The forward modeling and inversion tracing coincided with each other and both indicated that oils accumulated in the Puguang-Dongyuezhai structure originated from a generative kitchen to the northwest of the Puguang gas field.The deposition of organic-rich Upper Permian source rocks dominated by sapropelic organic matter in the Northeast Sichuan Basin, the development of fluid conduit system that was vertically near-source rock and laterally near-generative kitchen,and the focusing of oils originated from a large area of the generative kitchen,were the three requirements for the formation of the giant paleo-oil reservoir from which the giant Puguang gas field evolved.The Puguang gas field had experienced a three-stage evolution.The post-accumulation processes,especially the organic-inorganic interaction in the hydrocarbon-water-rock system,had not only profoundly altered the composition and characteristics of the petroleum fluids,but also obviously changed the physicochemical conditions in the reservoir and resulted in complicated precipitation and solution of carbonate minerals.     

岩土边坡稳定性预报的人工神经网络方法

阐述了经典边坡稳定分析方法的局限性,综合考虑了影响边坡稳定性的因素,建立基于人工神经网络的边坡稳定性预报方法。采用遗传算法优化神经网络的结构,以提高其非线性映射能力和泛化能力,从而,提高预报准确度。基于已有的工程实例训练所建立的神经网络,并对新的边坡稳定性问题进行了预报,预报结果表明,所建立的边坡稳定性预报方法具有较高的预报准确度。     

Depositional environments and the hydrocarbon generative potential of Triassic rocks of the Barents Sea basin

With the recent large hydrocarbon discoveries in the Barents Sea, interest is turning to Triassic shales as the most likely source rocks. The results reveal the relationship between the quality of Triassic source rocks, the amount and type of organic matter, and the environments of deposition. The best source rocks are confined to the Lower and Middle Triassic successions deposited in a deep-water shelf environment in the western part of the basin. Shallow-marine and deltaic argillaceous rocks exhibit fair to poor gas-generative potential. Triassic fluvial-lacustrine deposits have little to no hydrocarbon generative potential.     

北塘凹陷古近系烃源岩特征及热演化史模拟

根据大量的烃源岩地球化学数据, 分析了北塘凹陷古近系烃源岩的地球化学特征, 从有机碳含量(TOC)、氯仿沥青"A"、总烃含量、S₁+S₂、有机质类型和成熟度(R_o)等方面对古近系烃源岩进行了系统分析, 结果表明北塘凹陷东三段、沙一段和沙三段是本区的烃源岩层段, 其中沙三段烃源岩生烃指标最好, 是本区的主力烃源岩层段.烃源岩的模拟结果表明: (1)北塘凹陷的烃源岩门限深度为2 390 m, 门限温度为94.2℃, 进入生烃门限的时间约为25~28 Ma; (2)北塘凹陷沙三段的现今地层温度为140~160℃, R_o达0.9%~1.4%, 正处于生油高峰期; 沙一、二段的现今地层温度为100~140℃, R_o达到了0.75%~1.0%左右, 已进入中等成熟阶段; 东营组的现今地层温度为80~100℃, R_o为0.45%~0.75%, 处于低-中等成熟阶段.      

The unanimous society remarks on the generative behaviour of the Japanese society in an extraordinary year

The moon calendar which had been in use in Japan for centuries was officially abolished and replaced by the Gregorian calendar on 1st January, 1872. Many convictions, however, related to the old moon calendar are still very much alive, and even being revived, and their impact on social life is much greater than is generally known and understood outside Japan. One such conviction is the superstitious belif that all girls born in a 43rd year of the moon calendar, in the year of the fire-horse, will later turn out to be bad wives. The superstitious belief resulted in dramatic decrease of the birth rate in 1966, the last year of the fire-horse.This study analyses the generative behaviour observed. It aims at a better understanding of the discrepancies which foreigners feel so difficult to understand, that is the discrepancies between thinking and doing in Japanese society. It is this problem rather than the particular facts discussed that this study is driving at. The conclusion arrived at is that the generative behaviour of Japanese society in 1966 is not so much an expression of the traditional unanimity which makes people act rather in accordance with generally accepted views than with their own individual views.The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for supporting his field work in Japan. Although the problems dealt with inthis paper have never been the object of a direct grant, they nevertheless have arisen from studies on the background of regional developments in Japan which have been supported by the institution mentioned.     

Source potential and palynofacies of Late Jurassic “Lemeš facies”, Croatia

Laminated limestone and calcareous shale outcrop samples from the Late Jurassic “Leme?” facies (Croatia) were investigated to characterize their organic facies and palynofacies and their hydrocarbon generative potential. The results indicate that the organic rich sediments of “Leme?” facies were deposited within a relatively shallow marine environment at low redox potential, characterized as an oxygen depleted depositional setting with stratified bottom waters of the carbonate platform (Adriatic Carbonate Platform). The organic rich samples contain a high portion of lipid rich amorphous kerogen of algal/phytoplankton origin, enriched by bacterial biomass. Most of the analyzed samples have total organic carbon contents (TOC) greater than 3%, Rock-Eval S2 >20 mg HC/g rock, yielding Hydrogen Index (HI) values ranging from 509–602 mg HC/g TOC. According to these results, the analyzed samples have very good to excellent oil generative potential. Relatively high sulfur content suggests that the kerogen is best described as Type II-S. Biomarker maturity parameters, as well as the fluorescence of the isolated kerogen, show that the organic matter is at early to peak oil thermal maturity. The observed level of thermal maturity indicates that these samples were once buried to depths of ～5.5–5.8 km before being uplifted in the late Tertiary. The surface outcrops of the “Leme?” facies suggest that these strata have significant source potential and are the likely source of oil in the Croatian External Dinarides.     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇原地区中生界延长组、延安组烃源岩地球化学特征对比分析

依据各种钻井样品的实验测试资料,通过Rock-Eval岩石评价、显微镜下观察、有机元素分析、镜质体反射率、生物标志化合物等分析方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地镇原地区中生界三叠系延长组和侏罗系延安组烃源岩地球化学特征进行了综合评价。综合分析表明,研究区延长组和延安组烃源岩有机质丰度较好;液态烃生成能力较强;干酪根类型以腐殖型为主;有机质正处于油气生成成熟阶段。延长组有机质在湖相还原条件下堆积和保存,延安组有机质在浅湖相及沼泽相的弱还原条件下沉积,所以前者烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型以及成熟度都要好于后者。     

渤中环形构造带特征和成因分析及其石油地质意义探讨

渤中凹陷为我国东部少有的富生烃凹陷,具有极大地油气勘探潜力。本文通过对渤中凹陷和其周缘各构造单元的展布关系、断裂系统的发育情况进行了系统梳理分析,认识到以渤中凹陷和渤东凹陷为中心的构造带具有环形构造的特征,以此为基础提出了"渤中环形构造带"的概念; 进一步对环形构造带的成因加以分析,认为可能是中生代末至始新世的深部热力构造作用(地幔热柱上涌)造成的; 最后依照环形构造带这一新思路,将渤中—渤东凹陷看作环形构造带内统一的烃源灶,对环形构造带的石油地质特征进行了分析,以期能进一步对油气勘探工作有所启发。     

东营凹陷北部斜坡带沙三-四段砂砾岩体与油气聚集

东营凹陷是渤海湾含油气区中最重要的含油气凹陷之一,其北部紧邻青坨子凸起、陈家庄凸起和滨县凸起为一狭长的陡坡带--北部斜坡带。它北靠盆地边缘凸起,南临盆地内生油洼陷。该斜坡带是在早第三纪早期,陈家庄凸起构造抬升过程中形成的,沙三-四时期,在坡角处沉积了很厚的碎屑沉积物,成为后来油气聚集的重要场所。研究结果表明,该地区沙三-四段沉积的层序地层格架包括三个层序,八个准层序组和十八个准层序;其中分布冲积扇,近岸水下扇和扇三角洲三种成因的砂砾岩体,后两者是主要的储油扇体;其油藏类型主要有背斜型、上倾尖灭、断块型、岩性透镜体及地层型五种。     

Brunei Darussalam: Characteristics of selected petroleums and source rocks

The development of three Tertiary deltaic complexes has resulted in the deposition of up to 10 km of sandstones and shales comprising the sources and reservoirs for crude oils that occur onshore, near-offshore and, with future exploration efforts, those likely to be encountered in deepwater reservoirs north of the Brunei coastline. We examined a series of offshore oils and onshore rock samples in Brunei Darussalam (a) to delineate oil family groups and their source rock characteristics, and (b) to assess the source potential of the sedimentary sequence with respect to lithology and depositional setting. Twelve offshore oils and 53 shales, coaly shales and coals were examined. The oils contain indicators of allochthonous (e.g. bicadinanes, oleananes) and autochthonous (e.g. cholestanes and methylcholestanes) components in the source organic matter. Predictable geographic variations of this mixed input are clearly evident in the sample set (e.g. allochthonous input appears to increase in offshore Brunei to the northeast). Although this molecular source signature is relatively clear, migration of these oils from deep (and unidentified) source rocks has resulted in extensive migration-contamination with respect to the tetracyclic and pentacyclic hydrocarbons. This contamination has resulted in strong correlations between certain molecular maturity indicators and the present-day temperature of the reservoirs. Liquid hydrocarbon source rock potential is present in the tidal and coastal embayment facies, and is greatest in the Miocene coals. Neither the shales nor coaly shales contain significant oil generative potential. The thermal immaturity of the sample set precludes valid oil–source rock correlations without conducting artificial maturation experiments on the coals.     

基于交替迭代算法神经网络评价岩石边坡稳定性

目前边坡工程中常用的稳定性分析方法主要分为极限平衡法和数值分析法2大类，文章对它们各自的主要愿理、特点及其优缺点等进行了阐述。首先，根据经典边坡稳定分析方法存在的局限性，提出有必要建立基于人工神经网络的边坡稳定性预报方法。其次，针对经典算法BP网络存在的某些缺陷，提出了一种交替迭代算法神经网络，以提高其非线性映射能力和泛化能力。交替迭代神经网络算法通过解2个阶数比较低的线性代数方程组，逐步求得连接权值的。以此提高收敛速度，且有利于寻求最优解。作者用FORTRAN语言编制了程序。分析了建立边坡岩体稳定性预测网络模型的建立中应该注意的几个方面。最后，基于已有的40个岩石边坡工程实例进行所建立的神经网络的训练和边坡稳定的预报，结果表明文中所建立的边坡稳定性预报方法具有较高的预报准确度。