中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征

基于国家资源环境数据库动态土地利用数据, 借助GIS软件支持, 分别计算了1990年和2000年中国31个特大城市平面轮廓形状的分维、紧凑度和形状指数以及城市的用地扩展类型。结果表明, 从1990年到2000年, 中国31个特大城市空间形态的总体变化趋势是, 城市用地空间扩展类型以填充类型为主, 外延类型相对较少且主要发生在发展限制较小的平原地区。总体上, 分维呈减少趋势且南方城市大于北方城市, 形状指数有减少, 城市空间形状有紧凑化趋势。综观1990年和2000年中国31个城市的分维、紧凑度和形状指数的数据, 可以看出广州、南昌、济南、成都、北京和上海等城市形状变化比较大, 而兰州、太原和唐山等城市形状变化很小。若用地扩展为填充类型, 则分维减少, 紧凑性增加, 形状指数减少;相反, 若用地扩展为外延类型, 分维增加, 紧凑性降低, 形状指数增加。     

特大城市空间形态差异对交通网络效率的影响

以交通网络出行迂回作为交通网络效率分析的切入点,选取形状指数、紧凑度作为空间形态分析指标,对特大城市空间形态布局进行类型划分,并挖掘各城市交通网络效率空间分布差异特征,基于多元回归模型剖析中国各特大城市空间形态布局与交通网络效率之间的影响关系。研究表明：① 5种类型城市交通效率高低分布差异明显,紧凑圆形城市边缘区交通网络效率较低,而非紧凑带形交通效率低的区域多分布于城市核心区,紧凑方形城市交通网络效率高地区分布较为集中,而非紧凑方形交通效率低的地区分布较为分散,紧凑带形城市面积越小则交通效率越高。② 就城市空间布局与交通网络效率影响关系而言,随着城市形状指数的增大,城市交通迂回值未进一步增大,说明城市形态布局接近圆形均匀分布时,其城市交通网络效率较高;随着城市紧凑度值的增加,城市交通迂回程度值亦不断增加,说明城市形态布局程度越紧密,反而其交通网络效率越低,当城市形态布局紧密程度适中时,交通网络效率水平较高。     

基于DEA的中国特大城市资源效率及其变化

利用DEA、Malmquist指数模型方法,对1990-2006年中国特大城市要素资源效率及其变化进行了深入的研究.城市效率研究显示,特大城市平均效率一般,只有少数城市达到了效率最优.进一步的分类研究发现:①东、中部地区特大城市综合效率一般要高于西部地区,呈现出与我国区域经济格局相似的特征;②纯技术效率与城市规模成弱负相关关系,即城市规模越大,城市纯技术效率越低;③城市规模与规模效率成一定的正相关关系,即城市规模越大,规模效率越高.城市效率变化研究显示,1990-2006年特大城市效率呈现弱改善趋势,但技术退步和生产率下降明显.其中1990-2000年全都呈上升趋势,而2000-2006年全都呈下降趋势.进一步的分类研究显示:①城市综合效率和生产率变化趋势是,东部沿海地区有一定提高,中西部地区下降,其中,西部地区下降最明显.②不同规模城市的综合效率变化表现为,特大城市提高,超大城市和巨型城市下降;③不同规模城市的生产率都呈现下降趋势;④不同规模城市的规模效率都呈上升趋势,存在随特大城市规模的增大,城市规模效率提高的趋势呈现递减的现象.     

城市形态结构对空间紧凑发展的影响机制分析——以上海为例

基于空间紧凑发展内涵,构建综合指数模型,分析2005—2020年上海空间紧凑度的演变特征并与国内外城市进行比较,进一步利用时空地理加权回归模型分析城市形态结构对空间紧凑度的影响效应。研究发现：(1)空间紧凑度呈现中心高外围低的圈层式分布特征,中心城区普遍趋于稳定,外围城区增长较快,且与其他同类城市比较处于高紧凑发展水平;但受政策及规划影响,紧凑度分指标在空间格局上存在显著差异。(2)城市密度与空间紧凑度呈倒“U”型关系,功能混合度和用地形态与空间紧凑度呈近线性关系,且城市密度与之关联性最强。(3)整体上城市密度和功能混合度均对空间紧凑发展产生促进效应,而用地形态表现出抑制效应;分区尺度上形态、功能和密度要素对空间紧凑度的影响效应存在显著差异。(4)通过中心城区与外围城区的差异性空间结构调整,控制国土空间规划形态结构指标来提升城市紧凑发展水平。     

中国特大城市空间增长特征及其原因分析

1990 年以来是中国社会经济改革全面展开的阶段,城市空间增长发生了较大的变化,本文以全国52 个特大城市为样本,利用各城市1990-2008 年影像图、土地利用现状图等数据,运用空间计量、拓扑结构图示等方法对城市空间增长特征进行了分析。研究表明:1990 年以来中国特大城市空间在规模增长上表现出增长速度快且按人口规模等级顺序依次变缓,在要素增长上表现出新型化、多样化变化,在结构增长上出现带状化、多中心化转变,在形态增长上呈分散化、破碎化变化,城市空间增长方式以轴向式和跳跃式为主导,特别是2000 年以来这种变化更加明显。工业化进入中高级阶段之后的快速经济增长、快速城市化以及政府GDP导向的政绩观是导致城市空间增长上述变化的主要原因。最后文章针对中国特大城市空间增长规模过度超前、结构松散、形态破碎的问题,提出构建以规模控制、结构优化及空间紧凑性为核心的节约型城市空间增长目标。     

中国地级以上城市紧凑度时空演变特征研究

紧凑城市以提高城市效率为目的,体现在空间结构、社会经济和生态环境3方面。以土地利用紧凑、经济紧凑、人口紧凑、基础设施紧凑、公共服务紧凑和生态环境协同6个维度构建紧凑度综合指标体系,测算2001、2005和2009年中国280个地级以上城市的紧凑度,探讨中国城市紧凑度的时空演变特征。研究发现:①在全国尺度上,中国城市紧凑度整体高降低升,中低紧凑度城市逐渐增多,城市之间的差距不断减小,表现出日益明显的纺锤状特征。②在区域尺度上,紧凑度空间异质性显著,呈东高西低的特征,其中东部地区高紧凑度城市呈团块状分布于京津冀、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲地区;东北和中西部地区低值连绵分布,高值呈斑块状。但从变化趋势来看,东部地区紧凑度逐渐下降,中西部地区则慢慢提升。③城市紧凑度存在明显的规模等级递增效应,超大城市高于大中城市,小城市紧凑度最低。     

基于MCE-CA模型的嘉峪关市城市开发边界划定研究

以中国西北绿洲工业城市嘉峪关为研究对象,基于遥感影像数据,应用地理优化模拟系统(Geo SOS)的MCE-CA模型,整合"正规划"和"反规划"理念,研究了嘉峪关城市2020年和2030年的城市开发边界划定,以期为嘉峪关市土地利用和城市管理提供依据。结果表明:(1)在研究的19 a间,嘉峪关市扩张迅速,2014年的城市用地面积是1995年的2.1倍,城市外围轮廓形态的紧凑度呈减小的趋势,由1995年的0.25减小到2014年的0.14,城市蔓延性增长特征明显。斑块密度逐渐增大,由1995年的0.02增加到2014年的0.12,城市发展趋于松散,城市用地破碎度增加,城市用地连通度下降。(2)嘉峪关市2020年和2030年的弹性城市开发边界规模分别为106.78 km2和149.35 km2,刚性城市开发边界为246.92 km2。(3)划定的城市开发边界提升了嘉峪关市紧凑度和连通度,城市用地紧凑度指数增加了0.014和0.015,斑块密度指数下降了0.003和0.002,优化了城市空间布局,遏制了城市蔓延式的发展趋势,更符合生态型城市建设的要求。应用MCE-CA模型实现了影响城市发展因素的量化和空间表达,将"反规划"理念和GIS空间技术应用到城市用地布局规划实践中,具有较高的模拟精度和准确的结果,且易于操作。     

盆地型城市建设用地扩展与空间形态演变——以福州市中心城区为例

盆地型城市建设用地扩展与空间形态演变受地形地貌制约明显,具有特殊的发展特征。基于2000年、2009年和2015年RS解译数据和GIS平台,对盆地型城市福州市2000—2015年中心城区建设用地扩展的规模和方向进行分析,并对其紧凑度和分形维数进行测算。结果表明:(1) 2000—2015年,福州中心城区建设用地扩展面积较大,主要扩展方向为城市的西北部和东南部,与城市总体规划相符;(2)研究前期建设用地紧凑度较低但总体呈上升趋势,分形维数相应下降,城市空间形态复杂,主要原因是建设用地受盆地地形与闽江穿越而过的限制;(3)研究后期建设用地增长速度减缓,紧凑度和分形维数同时下降,形态更加复杂,原因是西南方向大量破碎农村建设用地增加;(4)自然因素、社会经济发展、政策与规划的导向作用以及交通的发展是影响建设用地扩展的主要驱动因素。     

基于夜间灯光影像数据的黄河流域中心城市建成区空间扩展及动力因子分析

研究黄河流域建成区扩展特征有助于透视用地开发效果和践行中心城市高质量发展规划。基于1992、1997、2002、2007、2012、2018年6期夜间灯光影像与统计数据,提取建成区范围,采用扩展强度指数、紧凑度指数、协调发展系数与灰色关联分析,探究1992—2018年黄河流域8个中心城市扩展的时空格局、质量及动力因子。结果表明：（1）黄河流域中心城市建成区面积分化明显,中下游城市扩展规模和强度大,扩展形态呈紧凑度普遍下降趋势。（2）夜间灯光影像数据刻画的西安建成区综合水平高、西宁水平低,银川综合发展快、兰州慢;除西宁、呼和浩特与太原外,其他中心城市平均夜间灯光指数在1997—2018年呈下降趋势,反映城市扩展水平降低。（3）中心城市人口-土地协调发展系数均呈波动下降趋势,除呼和浩特、太原和济南外,人口-土地由基本协调型向土地过快扩展型转变;中心城市经济-土地协调发展系数呈波动下降趋势,经济年均增长率降低,建成区面积年均扩展率增加,基本由经济过快增长型向经济-土地协调发展型转变。（4）中心城市空间扩展主要受经济发展（地区生产总值）影响;从中心城市整体看,全时段（1996—2018年）行政力（固定资产投资）和内源力（人口规模）影响作用较大,分时段（1996—2002年、2002—2012年与2012—2018年）行政力影响系数亦较高,市场力（社会消费品零售总额）与外向力（实际利用外资额）影响作用程度随时间增加明显。新时期黄河流域中心城市空间扩展应注重内部提质增效,提高建设用地利用效率,促进城市高质量发展。     

安徽省城市紧凑度与土地利用效率耦合分析

运用熵值法、EDA模型分别对安徽省16个地级市2007—2016年的城市紧凑度和城市土地利用效率进行测算并分析其动态变化趋势;根据城市紧凑度和城市土地利用效率测算结果计算安徽省城市紧凑度-土地利用效率的耦合协调关系,并结合空间自相关和冷热点分析方法对区域间的耦合协调性的空间分布差异和集聚特征进行定性和定量分析。研究结果表明:安徽省近10年整体的城市紧凑度有小幅上升,且区域间的差异呈下降的趋势;在研究期间内,全省城市紧凑度-土地利用效率耦合协调性整体呈上升的态势,但南、北区域间存在显著的差异性;此外,空间上具有明显的集聚特征,高值区主要集中在东南沿江地带,低值区主要集中在北部。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,