四川茂县周场坪滑坡发育特征与变形监测分析

位于四川茂县南新镇的周场坪滑坡是一大型古滑坡,曾于1982年发生大规模快速复活,目前滑体半堰塞岷江。野外地质调查表明,周场坪滑坡在平面上呈不规则长舌形,长约850 m,滑体前后缘高差约350 m;在剖面上发育3级滑动,钻探揭露滑带埋深以50~70 m为主,推测潜在失稳滑坡体积为1 500×10 ⁴~2 000×10 ⁴ m ³。周场坪滑坡在平面上分为4个变形区,在滑体中后部和前缘坡脚发育大量拉裂缝与下错陡坎,拉裂缝宽度以0.2~3.0 m为主,陡坎下错高度2~10 m。在野外调查和钻探分析的基础上,对该滑坡开展了地表位移(GNSS)、深部蠕滑变形(钻孔测斜仪)和雨量等监测。监测分析表明,目前周场坪滑坡后缘变形速率达0.80 m/a,中部和前缘分别为0.69 m/a和0.51 m/a,呈推移式滑动变形,整体向NW310°方向滑动;地表位移速率在监测期内基本在1~3 mm/d之间波动,波动主要受降雨量影响,且略滞后于降雨量;滑移加速度基本在0~6 mm/d ²范围波动。ZK2钻孔测斜仪监测数据表明,滑坡在80 m深度内主要沿2层滑带蠕滑,其中浅层滑带埋深在22 m左右,深层滑带埋深在46 m左右,滑移速率在0~5 mm/d范围波动。综合研究认为,周场坪滑坡目前处于缓慢变形的深层蠕滑中,其变形速率受降雨和河流侵蚀等因素的影响,在极端内、外动力条件下,可能会加速滑动,并再次整体复活,造成堵塞岷江等危害。     

川藏公路茶树山滑坡特征及成因机制分析

通过对川藏公路茶树山滑坡地质环境条件的系统调查研究,分析了滑坡岩土体结构、边界条件、变形特征、影响因素,并结合3DEC数值模拟,对其变形破坏机制进行了深入的探讨。综合分析表明,滑坡位于活动断裂带内,后缘斜坡陡峭,岩体破碎,同时前缘为较厚的松散堆积体斜坡,在地震活动、降雨等影响因素的诱发作用下,滑坡成因机制主要表现为以下3个阶段:(1)倾倒拉裂阶段,滑坡受后缘地形及岩体结构控制作用较为明显,在坡体浅表层一定深度范围内出现较为强烈的倾倒拉裂变形带,产生倾倒-拉裂滑动; (2)蠕滑变形阶段,前缘松散堆积体在强大的自重推力作用下发生蠕滑变形; (3)前部锁骨段剪断,整体失稳阶段,滑坡前部锁骨段在自重推力及断层活动的持续影响下,发生剪断,控制后缘倾倒拉裂体稳定性的潜在滑面与前缘松散堆积体体内的剪切滑动面贯通,滑坡整体失稳。     

金沙江上游沃达滑坡发育特征与堵江危险性分析

金沙江上游沃达滑坡自1985年开始出现变形,现今地表宏观变形迹象明显,存在进一步失稳滑动和堵江的风险。采用遥感解译、地面调查、工程地质钻探和综合监测等方法,分析了沃达滑坡空间结构和复活变形特征,阐明了滑坡潜在复活失稳模式,并采用经验公式计算分析了滑坡堵江危险性。结果表明:沃达滑坡为一特大型滑坡,体积约28.81×106 m3,推测其在晚更新世之前发生过大规模滑动;滑坡堆积体目前整体处于蠕滑变形阶段,局部处于加速变形阶段;复活变形范围主要集中在中前部,且呈现向后渐进变形破坏特征,复活区右侧变形比左侧强烈。滑坡存在浅层和深层两级滑面,平均埋深分别约15.0,25.5 m,相应地可能出现两种潜在失稳模式:滑坡强变形区沿浅层滑带滑动失稳时,形成的堵江堰塞坝高度约87.2 m;滑坡整体沿深层滑带滑动失稳时,形成的堵江堰塞坝高度约129.2 m。沃达滑坡存在形成滑坡-堵江-溃决-洪水链式灾害的危险性,建议进一步加强滑坡监测,针对性开展排水、加固等防治工程。     

湖北省香溪河流域白家堡滑坡稳定性分析与评价

三峡大坝建成蓄水后,将导致库岸部分古滑体复活、新滑体产生,香溪河流域白家堡滑坡就是其中之一。文章在对该滑坡的工程地质条件、深部位移及伸缩计监测资料的研究基础上,分析了滑坡变形机理,得出白家堡滑坡只有一个滑动面,其总体变形趋势为推移式,目前仍具有微小的变形。滑坡变形与降雨及库水有密切联系。结合试验资料,针对滑坡变形的实际情况,采用反演分析方法进行了滑移面抗剪强度参数的反演计算。利用反演结果,在三峡水库蓄水4种不同水位工况下进行稳定性计算。结果表明,滑坡的稳定性系数经历了大→小→大的过程。正常蓄水位时稳定性处于较低状态。滑坡体饱水处于蠕滑或失稳状态,需尽快进行治理。     

溪洛渡库区某大型滑坡蓄水前后变形特征InAR分析

我国青藏高原东南缘高山峡谷区水力资源丰富,溪洛渡水电库区正在发展的大量滑坡迫切需要动态的识别和监测。本文利用存档ALOS PALSAR、ENVISAT ASAR与近期编程TerraSAR-X合成孔径雷达数据,采用InSAR技术,对库区某大型滑坡蓄水前、后变形进行观测,结合地质背景与现场调查,揭示了该滑坡的变形特征及滑动模式：（1）该滑坡为古滑坡,现今变形区为堆积体前缘次级滑坡,蓄水前已有明显形变,最大变形位于滑体中部,为延坡面向滑动,垂直变形量小于坡面变形量;滑坡后缘为物质消减区,变形以垂直形变为主;根据升、降轨数据的同期干涉结果,推测蓄水前滑坡滑动模式为推挤式。（2）蓄水后D-InSAR结果显示坡体发育3级变形量值阶梯,且周边分布拉裂缝与台坎,滑动模式为前部滑移牵引,后缘拉裂,中部剪切下滑。（3）区域内地下水活动强烈,实际调查地下水位较高,滑动面在蓄水前已贯通,由于水库蓄水地下水位抬升,滑体中部区域岩土体饱和,湿润了结构面,降低了抗滑能力,使滑坡滑动方式从推挤变为牵引。     

西藏昌都白格滑坡斜坡地质结构特征及成因机制

在西藏昌都市江达县波罗乡发生的两次高位大型滑坡,形成堰塞体阻断金沙江,其溃决洪水对下游造成了巨大损失.本文基于野外地质调查与工程验证、遥感影像、倾斜摄影测量、岩体微观特征,结合区域地质资料进行分析研究.结果表明:(1)白格滑坡发育于金沙江构造混杂岩带,坡体属于河谷型构造破碎松散体;(2)坡体物质主要由弱变形构造透镜体岩块和强变形错动带(糜棱岩带、碎裂岩带、断层泥)组成,镜下岩石结构破坏严重,岩石强度显著降低;(3)断层破碎带控制滑坡体两侧及后缘边界,为滑坡提供了侧向及后缘的切割面;(4)不连续错动带为白格滑坡的滑动层,在重力卸荷作用下发生贯通,导致坡体发生多期次崩滑;(5)综合坡体失稳启动分析,白格滑坡为"推移式+牵引式"混合型滑坡;(6)白格滑坡是在内动力和外动力耦合作用相互交替下促进形成,加之金沙江对坡脚掏蚀,松散体在重力卸荷作用下剪切破坏致使滑坡发生.白格滑坡事件可为研究金沙江构造混杂岩带中大型滑坡形成机制提供依据,同时也为该区域防灾减灾研究提供理论指导.      

基于堆积层厚度变化的侏罗系顺向岸坡变形机制转换研究

三峡库区侏罗系顺向岸坡堆积体滑坡众多,其滑动模式存在一定差异。首先统计分析了192个三峡库区侏罗系层位发育的堆积体滑坡滑体及碎石土的工程地质性质和强度参数。在此基础上,运用数值分析软件对堆积体厚度变化引起的滑坡变形机制进行模拟分析。结果表明:堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下滑坡会沿着岩土界线面滑动、15~35m时滑坡会沿着层内剪切面滑动;厚度范围在35m以上时,堆积体滑坡内部可能存在着多层滑带,即滑坡可能沿着层内剪切面滑动或者沿着岩土界线面滑动。堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下时滑坡的治理措施可采用布置抗滑桩;厚度范围15~35m时可采用排水+布置抗滑桩的滑坡治理措施;厚度范围在35m以上时,可采用滑坡前期监测预报+后期根据滑坡发育情况相结合的滑坡防治措施。     

铁石口中学滑坡应急工程评价及防治工程设计

信丰县铁石口中学山体滑坡发生过多次蠕滑,滑坡体体积规模近21 000m3,属浅层牵引式土质滑坡,滑动面为砾质粘土与粘土接触带.本文对山体滑坡应急处置工程进行了稳定性评价,计算分析得出现状滑坡稳定储备较差,进一步的治理工程采用重力式挡土墙、削方减载、坡面截排水的综合治理方案.经过1个水文年监测结果表明,后缘裂缝没有发生新的蠕变滑移迹痕,挡土墙、截排水沟亦无变形迹象,滑坡体是稳定的.     

基于深部监测的滑坡动态特征分析

滑坡监测的目的是获取滑坡变形特征和演变过程。对于一些重要场地,判断其是否存在潜在滑坡时,深部位移监测是最直接和最有成效一种手段。通过在某厂房后坡两个监测断面设置5个深部位移监测孔,根据监测结果对滑坡体的范围、整体活动性、滑动方向、滑动面进行以及滑坡类型进行探讨和分析。监测结果表明:厂房后坡具有牵引式滑动特征,活动性明显; 坡体位移速度较大,雨季有加速变形的特征; 坡体前缘滑面已局部贯通,中、后部滑带也处于蠕动变形状态。     

顺层岩质滑坡渐进破坏进入加速的能量学判据

顺层岩质滑坡是最常见的斜坡灾害,研究其渐进破坏过程、建立预报判据对于防灾减灾具有重要意义.以秭归杉树槽滑坡为例,在野外调查和室内岩石试验的基础上,利用JRC-JCS模型及GSI法估算得出滑坡基本力学参数;通过FLAC3D模拟滑坡渐进破坏过程,分析顺层岩质滑坡变形破坏的发展规律;基于能量守恒和虚功原理,提出了顺层岩质滑坡迈入加速变形的能量学判据.研究表明:杉树槽滑坡由后缘向前渐进破坏,后缘变形累积的总位移值不断增大,前缘切层段的锁固作用使变形迅速降低,当临近破坏时,前缘位移由前向后发展,滑面快速贯通;滑体沿滑动方向应变曲线可近似表示为"S"型曲线,随渐进破坏该曲线向坡下发展;以滑体动能增量大于0作为滑坡迈入加速变形的能量学判据,其结果符合滑坡地质演化观点,与FLAC3D模拟结果吻合.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861