磷酸盐矿物的孔道结构特征及其环境意义

黄磷铁矿、磷钠铍石、磷方沸石、簇磷铁矿、磷锰钠石、水磷铈石和磷灰石是非硅元素的孔道结构矿物。[PO_4]四面体和[MO_n]多面体共用角顶构成杂多面体格架。形成一维或多堆沿一定方向分布的孔道结构,孔道内由水分子和其它金属或非金属离子占据。孔道结构的磷酸盐矿物具有类似沸石矿物的分子筛效应,可与其它有害元素进行离子交换、孔道过滤和表面吸附等功能,是另一类重要的环境矿物材料。     

磷酸盐矿物的孔道结构特征及其环境意义

黄磷铁矿、磷钠铍石、磷方沸石、簇磷铁矿、磷锰钠石、水磷铈石和磷灰石是非硅元素的孔道结构矿物。［PO 4］四面体和［MO n］多面体共用角顶构成杂多面体格架，形成一维或多维沿一定方向分布的孔道结构，孔道内由水分子和其它金属或非金属离子占据。孔道结构的磷酸盐矿物具有类似沸石矿物的分子筛效应，可与其它有害元素进行离子交换、孔道过滤和表面吸附等功能，是另一类重要的环境矿物材料。     

浙江临安石室寺NYF型伟晶岩中稀有稀土金属的矿物学行为与成矿过程

浙江临安石室寺伟晶岩位于河桥岩体西北面,属于典型的Nb-Y-F （NYF） 型伟晶岩,富含大量稀有稀土矿物。本文在野外考察和显微镜观察的基础上,结合电子探针背散射电子图像观察与矿物化学成分分析,系统鉴定了石室寺NYF 型伟晶岩中的稀有稀土矿物,揭示了稀有稀土元素的富集、迁移、结晶与成矿过程。研究结果表明：（1） 石室寺伟晶岩中的稀有稀土矿物有铌钽矿物（铌铁矿、铌锰矿、重钽铁矿、细晶石等）、钇矿物（褐钇铌矿、黑稀金矿）、钨矿物（黑钨矿、 白钨矿、铌钨矿物）、铈矿物（独居石、氟铈矿、氟碳铈矿） 和钍矿物等。（2） 铌钨系列矿物的WO3含量在8.30~70.51 wt%之间呈规律变化,可能为铌铁矿与黑钨矿之间形成的一系列多体矿物。（3） 铌铁矿LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果显示,石室寺伟晶岩的形成年龄为133±2 Ma,与河桥花岗岩具有成因联系。（4） 石室寺NYF 型伟晶岩中稀有稀土元素的成矿过程与其岩浆的结晶演化密切相关：岩浆阶段,锆石、钍石与独居石等矿物最早晶出;岩浆—热液阶段,黑稀金矿、铌铁矿、褐钇铌矿、氟铈矿等稀有稀土矿物逐渐结晶;热液阶段,黑钨矿、铌钨矿物相继形成,同时早期的独居石、氟铈矿受晚期热液交代形成次生铈矿物。     

铜陵矿区废矿石次生氧化产物及其成因初探

对铜陵矿区废矿石的矿物组成及其成因进行研究,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析原生矿物及其风化产物的组成,探讨次生矿物的形成机制。XRD及SEM/EDS分析表明,废矿石中残留的主要原生矿物为黄铁矿,次生矿物为针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿及次生硫酸盐矿物。原生矿物风化为次生矿物的过程是从黄铁矿的裂隙带等有缺陷的部位开始,逐步氧化成最终产物针铁矿。中间过程出现了矿物相及形态的多样性,局部可能会先形成中间产物水铁矿,由于水铁矿很不稳定,在不同的温、湿度条件下会很快转化成针铁矿或赤铁矿。针铁矿在风化过程中呈现出多种形态,针状矿物最先形成,随后重结晶成球状集合体和菱方双锥单晶,最后在废矿石表面完全覆盖一层土状针铁矿。SEM观察到的黄铁矿表面的生物矿物与最外层风化层上的菌丝类物质说明,在废矿石的风化过程中生物亦起了一定的作用。     

广东梅州花岗岩风化壳剖面的可见光-短波红外反射光谱特征及其对风化强度的指示

风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床是含稀土元素的基岩在表生条件下,风化淋滤出的稀土元素吸附在以黏土矿物和铁氧化物为主的次生矿物表面形成的。基岩所含的原生矿物在风化过程中的分解、不同次生矿物的形成和转换及在表生环境中稀土元素的吸附或吸附能力是风化壳中稀土元素富集和分异的主要控制因素,故花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型矿床剖面风化强度以及风化带的划分对研究矿床成因和找矿勘探工作具有重要意义。可见光-短波红外反射光谱(VSWIR,波长范围350～2500nm)识别的次生矿物,如赤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石和蒙脱石等,其物相和含量特征可以作为划分基岩风化强度的有效依据。本文以广东梅州黄畲花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床的风化剖面为例,尝试采用可见光-短波红外反射光谱并结合X射线衍射法(XRD)研究剖面中矿物种类和相对含量。研究结果表明花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床剖面在全风化层存在大量的赤铁矿及少量针铁矿,相应地VSWIR在500 nm和900 nm附近形成明显的光谱吸收特征,而700 nm附近微弱。全风化层和半风化层样品在1396nm附近的光谱特征明显,而弱风化基岩该光谱特征较为微弱,吸收深度d1396及d2200/d...     

贵州省织金县打麻厂矿区含稀土磷矿中稀土元素赋存规律

为了定量查明贵州省织金县打麻厂矿区含稀土磷矿中稀土元素赋存规律,选取矿区具有充分代表性的样品,采用化学分析、ICP-MS分析、MLA分析、显微镜分析、单矿物分析、能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析等多种分析测试手段对样品进行分析检测。结果表明,矿区钇、镧、铈、钕4种稀土氧化物占稀土氧化物总量的82.97%,为高钇轻稀土。87.015%的稀土赋存在胶磷矿中,赋存在白云石、石英等硅质矿物、粘土类矿物、黄铁矿等矿物中的稀土分别占稀土总量的8.478%、2.604%、1.365%、0.367%。首次发现独立矿物磷铝铈矿和含稀土矿物磷铝锶石,以独立矿物形式存在的稀土仅占稀土总量的0.1047%,赋存在磷铝锶石中的稀土占稀土总量的0.0646%。赋存在胶磷矿和白云石中的磷的比例明显高于稀土,而赋存在石英等硅质矿物、粘土类矿物、黄铁矿、稀土独立矿物以及磷铝锶石中的稀土则显著高于磷。磷与稀土含量的相关系数R=0.9095,呈正相关关系。     

内生碳酸岩型稀土矿床中磷酸盐作用研究综述

碳酸岩型稀土矿床是全球稀土最主要的来源。磷酸盐是该成矿体系中常见的组分,但对其在碳酸岩稀土成矿过程中的具体作用仍缺少系统的认识。本文综述了磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆形成、演化和稀土富集成矿过程中作用,并提出现存问题和研究展望。磷在碳酸盐熔体中具有很高的溶解度。磷的存在有利于稀土在地幔极低程度部分熔融过程和碳酸盐—硅酸盐液态不混溶过程中优先进入碳酸盐熔体,形成初始碳酸岩熔体中稀土的预富集。碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中,稀土将优先进入到不混溶的磷酸盐熔体或独居石和磷灰石等磷酸盐矿物中,这些熔体和矿物的行为很可能是控制体系中稀土行为和成矿潜力的关键因素。岩浆作用过程中形成的富稀土磷酸盐矿物还可为热液阶段稀土矿化提供成矿物质来源。磷酸盐还是热液过程中稀土的有效沉淀剂,有利于轻重稀土矿物在流体晚期阶段成矿。未来工作应更多关注磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中的作用及其中重稀土的富集机理研究,针对具体成岩成矿过程开展实验岩石学和熔体包裹体研究。     

内生碳酸岩型稀土矿床中磷酸盐作用研究综述

碳酸岩型稀土矿床是全球稀土最主要的来源。磷酸盐是该成矿体系中常见的组分,但对其在碳酸岩稀土成矿过程中的具体作用仍缺少系统的认识。笔者等综述了磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆形成、演化和稀土富集成矿过程中作用,并提出现存问题和研究展望。磷在碳酸盐熔体中具有很高的溶解度。磷的存在有利于稀土在地幔极低程度部分熔融过程和碳酸盐—硅酸盐液态不混溶过程中优先进入碳酸盐熔体,形成初始碳酸盐熔体中稀土的预富集。碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中,稀土将优先进入到不混溶的磷酸盐熔体或独居石和磷灰石等磷酸盐矿物中,这些熔体和矿物的行为很可能是控制体系中稀土行为和成矿潜力的关键因素。岩浆作用过程中形成的富稀土磷酸盐矿物还可为热液阶段稀土矿化提供成矿物质来源。磷酸盐还是热液过程中稀土的有效沉淀剂,有利于轻重稀土矿物在流体晚期阶段成矿。未来工作应更多关注磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中的作用及其中重稀土的富集机理研究,针对具体成岩成矿过程开展实验岩石学和熔体包裹体研究。     

富稀土副矿物的风化特征及其对稀土成矿过程的影响--以广东仁居离子吸附型稀土矿床为例北大核心CSCD

广东仁居石英闪长岩为燕山期钙碱性长英质岩浆岩,稀土总量为332~338μg/g。石英闪长岩中副矿物榍石的平均稀土总量约为10309μg/g,以其3.29%含量提供全岩52.7%的稀土,因此榍石在风化过程中的行为是离子吸附型稀土矿床中稀土富集成矿的关键。岩相学研究表明,仁居石英闪长岩风化过程中矿物风化顺序为:氟碳钙铈矿→(榍石→磷灰石)/(黑云母/角闪石→斜长石)→钾长石→磁铁矿→石英→锆石。由于榍石和磷灰石的抗风化能力与黑云母和斜长石相近,它们在半风化–全风化层发生溶解,所释放出的稀土元素易于被黏土矿物吸附,因此榍石和磷灰石分解是风化壳中离子吸附态稀土元素的主要来源。稀土元素主要富集于风化壳的全风化层上部5~15 m,稀土总量为504~813μg/g。由于原岩中稀土主要赋存于榍石之中,因此风化壳的稀土配分很大程度上继承了榍石的轻稀土富集特征。研究表明,热带–亚热带地区风化壳基岩中原生矿物的风化顺序和主要富稀土副矿物的抗风化能力是制约离子吸附型稀土矿床中稀土富集成矿的关键因素。     

大洋沉积物中独居石的矿物成分

<正>独居石又名磷铈镧矿,是铈、镧等稀土元素的磷酸盐矿物,含Ce2O3 16.3%~45.4%,La2O314.0%~30.8%(张培善等,1998),为目前陆地上用于工业提取稀土元素的四种主要矿物之一,在国民经济和国防建设中具有极其重要的地位。在陆地稀土资源日益枯竭的现代,海洋稀土元素的潜在工业价值日益凸现。大洋沉积物富含稀土元素,为了了解海洋稀土元素赋存的矿物形态,本文利用扫描电子显微镜-X     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861