黄河三角洲上的冰成隆丘的研究

黄河三角洲上发育了大量的冰成构造,非常引人注目,冰成隆丘便是其中的一种。冰成隆丘外观上呈丘状,以圆丘状者多见,少数呈长丘状、不规则台状、塔柱状、土堆状及火山状;规模不等,小者高数厘米,大者数十厘米,最大长度可达 1m以上;表面平滑或具有裂缝或有火山口状坑穴,或有大量豆状瘤状或根状构造。有的内部具有穹隆状层理,有的具有复杂的变形层理。冰成隆丘一般产在边、心滩上或河床上,共成因有三种:一是冰融水滴积;二是冰融陷拱隆;三是冰洞滴积。黄河特殊的水文、水动力及气侯条件使得冰层中有时含有 (大量 )泥砂或冰层之上被泥砂覆盖,当这些冰层融化时,其中或其上的泥砂便会随冰融水一道滴向地表,在地表的相应部位形成冰成隆丘;当冰层中有孔洞时,且其上又沉积了一层泥砂,那么当冰层溶化后,在孔洞的部位便会因拱隆而开成隆丘;如果边、心滩上的侵蚀坑穴中的冰层中心或其它部位有融化形成的孔洞或裂缝,那么冰层之中或之上的泥砂便会随冰融水一道沿孔洞或裂缝滴落到坑穴中,形成冰洞漏积隆丘冰成隆丘是一种暴露和低温 (± 0℃ )条件下的产物。其成因与黄河复杂的冰-水-泥砂作用有关。     

黄河三角洲的冰融沉积构造及其研究意义

冰成沉积构造是在冰直接控制下而形成的沉积构造,冰融沉积构造是其中的一类。通过对黄河三角洲的野外地质考察,发现并描述了7种冰融沉积构造：冰融水流痕、冰成裂流痕、冰融丘(冰融痕)、冰成泥沙片、冰成泥沙笋、冰成豆粒和冰成根状构造。冰融沉积构定的指示意义。最后,系统总结了冰成沉积构造的分类。     

黄河三角洲冰冻沉积构造及其环境意义

采用野外定位连续观测和实验模拟的方法 ,研究了各冰冻构造的特征和成因。冰冻沉积构造是冰成沉积构造的主要类型之一。与水成沉积构造一样 ,冰成沉积构造也有丰富的类型和独特的特征。在黄河三角洲新识别出 6种冰冻沉积构造 :冰劈裂缝、冰成滑痕、冰塌裂缝、冰成球粒、冰蚀波痕和冰位痕。其中 ,冰劈裂缝、冰位痕分布最广 ,成因与冰晶生长有关 ;冰塌裂缝、冰成滑痕分布较局限 ,受冰层垮塌和滑动控制 ;冰成球粒与冰劈作用和冰携泥作用有关 ;冰蚀波痕为冰对波痕强烈改造的产物。综合黄河三角洲现代冰冻构造和胶莱盆地莱阳组马耳山段地层中冰冻构造的识别和环境解释认为 ,冰冻构造对季节冰冻 (冻土 )的存在 (± 0℃的气候条件 )和河床、河漫滩、三角洲及潮坪等沉积环境具有重要的指示意义     

黄河下游冰成滑塌与塌陷构造的研究

黄河是一条有着特殊水文、水动力、沉积环境及沉积物的河流。因此，它盛产特殊的沉积现象---冰成滑塌与塌陷构造便是其中之一。冰成滑塌与塌陷构造在黄河下游非常发育，它们主要发育在边、心滩上，有时天然堤上也有发育。它们的发育深刻地影响和改造了边、心滩的沉积景观。冰成滑塌构造是一种在沉积物从冰冻状态转向冰成状态发育的一种特殊构造，其运动学特点是以滑，即以水平运动为主，冰成滑塌构造多呈鳞片状或皱褶状。鳞片状者直径多在数十厘米；“鳞片”厚度多在十厘米左右，多由数个到十余个鳞片组成。其底界是冰冻界面；皱褶状者规模甚小，每一皱褶的宽度一般宽在一厘米以内，长十到二、三十厘 米，厚二、三厘米。多由数十个微型滑塌组合成一褶皱片。在天然堤内缘有一种特殊的冰成滑塌，它们使天然堤边缘呈阶步状或沟渠状，非常引人注目。冰成塌陷构造也是一种由冰层融化所形成的特殊构造，其运动学特点是“塌”，即以垂直运动为主。冰成塌陷构造多呈多角形坑洞状。直径多在数十厘米到一、二米，大者可达十余米，深度多在十余厘米。一般成群发育。     

冰层厚度传感器及其检测方法

水结冰和冰融化过程中的电阻、电容、温度物理参数与被检测冰表面以上的空气层或冰下水层的电阻、电容、温度有一定的差异,有些差异在数值上比较明显。基于这一特点,笔者提出了利用空气、冰与水的物理特性差异实现对冰层厚度及冰下水位接触式检测的新思路,对含有导电杂质的冰、冰-水混合物、水、空气的电阻、电容特性随温度的变化规律进行了初步分析,并得到冰的弱导电性质和冰与水的电容区间单调特性,据此提出了冰层厚度传感器结构及其冰厚检测原理,介绍了新型冰层厚度传感器在实践中的应用。     

高速远程冰-岩碎屑流研究进展

冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑.      

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川冰蚀基岩面微形态研究

通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川底床基岩与沉淀物显微结构构造分析,对大陆性山岳冰川冰下过程的认识更加深入.沉积物微观结构和构造特性显示冰川底部存在较大的挤压应力作用,由显微滞碛等现象来看,压应力在微观上的空间分布很不均匀.沉淀物中块体碎裂和基岩上冰成裂隙反映,冰川底部冰体对基岩面有巨大的剪切应力作用.滑塌构造说明,冰川底部在微小的区域内压力分布不均匀,局部有重力作用过程存在.沉淀物中块体断裂和同生变形构造的存在说明沉淀物的形成过程为先期沉淀、后期受压.通过对冰川底部各种动力作用特征的阐述及沉淀物结构、构造的成因及特性的总结,认为大陆性山谷冰川底部冰岩界面处存在水膜,且冰川运动亦有滑动性.     

沉积地层中坠石的成因及其研究意义

坠石是沉积时落入水体底部沉积物中的单个或集群状外来碎屑，按其搬运载体不同可分为：（１）冰筏成因坠石：冰山作用形成的坠石和季节性冰体形成的坠石；（２）非冰筏成因坠石；动物植成因坠石和其它成因坠石。坠石是寒冷气候的标志，其形成时的气候具有多解性。     

黄河断流对河道垂向异常发育及演化的影响

近年来黄河严重断流，形成了一些异常的沉积构造和沉积体，使河道的垂向发育及演化出现异常。黄河断流使部分河道干涸，河道受到风的作用，形成了一系列风蚀及风积，风蚀作用使河道发育一系列风蚀构造(如风蚀沟槽、风蚀蘑菇等)；与此同时，风又将大量的风改造沙搬运到河道中沉积下来，形成特有的风成砂体(砂锥、砂链、砂席等)。再者，黄河断流使某些河道积水成“湖”，“湖”心沉积的低能软泥直接覆盖在河床高能相上。黄河断流后覆水非常浅，在冬季便有可能冻结成冰，并且使其下的河床被冻结，冰融化后便产生塌陷变形，使其中的原生沉积构造被深刻改造，形成特有的冰作用层，使河道发育演化出现异常。此外，黄河断流后河床干涸，如遇黄河下游降水便有可能在河道内形成径流，这种径流一方面冲蚀边、心滩，另一方面又将其冲蚀产物搬运到河床中沉积下来，形成一种非正常河水形成的沉积体，叠加在正常的河床沉积之上，使河床的垂向演化发育出现异常。河道的弱沼泽化也会使河道的演化出现异常。     

新疆乌伦古湖冰滑痕特征及其形成机理

新疆乌伦古湖滨湖地区发育一种特殊的冰滑痕。冰滑痕长度可达数十米,宽度可达1~5 m。冰滑痕的形态类似于推土机推过的痕迹,其基本形态由头部、侧翼和滑动面三部分构成。头部发育丘形沙堆,侧翼发育线状沙脊,滑动面总体平整,局部发育冰融沙锥、冰融水滴坑、工具痕、冰融痕、次级滑痕等伴生沉积构造。冰滑痕是湖冰破碎后向岸漂移并在岸上滑移形成的。冰滑痕的形态和规模受湖面风力、湖冰的厚度、湖冰的动能、冰块的大小、冰块底部的光滑程度、湖岸的地形和坡度、湖滩沉积物的粒度和成分构成等多种因素的综合影响。冰滑痕的形成经历了:①湖冰破裂阶段;②浮冰向浅水区运动开始接触湖底阶段;③水下冰滑痕形成阶段;④陆上冰滑痕形成阶段;⑤冰融阶段等5个阶段。冰滑痕主要出现在乌伦古湖的水下滨湖带、冰坝堆积带、湖冰活动带和湖冰影响带等四个微相带。冰滑痕形成后接受湖泊波浪和陆地风的改造并逐渐被埋藏保存到地层记录中。乌伦古湖的冰滑痕是在特殊的气候背景和天气条件下形成的,因而既具有重要的古气候指示意义,又具有重要的古湖泊沉积环境指示意义。     

黄河济南以下河段某些异常地质作用及几种典型沉积构造研究

黄河自 1972年发生首次断流以来,以后 2 6年间,发生断流年数就有 19年,近年则愈演愈裂。由此引发了一系列特殊的地质作用,我们称之为异常地质作用,如汛期高含沙河水骤涨骤落,致使下游河床淤积严重,且不断抬高、展宽,并向二级悬河发育;床底不稳、河道迁移频繁,心滩、边滩上水道发育;而断流期则风的作用明显,风蚀地貌发育。水风地质作用混合,相克相伴,构成了黄河三角洲极为复杂的地质景观。又因黄河以沉积细粒物质为主,在多种因素的综合控制下,其沉积物层面或层内发育的沉积构造具有独特性,如变形层理、泥沙钟乳、液化 (泄水 )构造、气胀构造、植物划痕构造、特殊波痕及特殊流痕等,是典型的沉积构造。正确识别和分析黄河断流后的异常地质作用及由其形成的沉积构造对古河流相分析有重要参考意义.     

中国东部海域表层沉积物粒度组成及影响因素

基于海洋区域地质调查获取的1 438个粒度数据,利用Folk分类方法将中国东部海域表层沉积物划分为砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、粉砂、砂、砂质泥、泥质砂、泥7种沉积物类型,阐述了不同沉积物类型的粒度组成和参数特征.其中,砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和粉砂是3种最主要的沉积物类型,分别占样品总数的34.70%、24.20%和15.51%.粉砂质砂呈条带状分布在研究区的南部且向北延伸.粉砂主要分布在长江口-浙闽沿岸、渤海西部和南黄海中北部.砂主要分布在东海外陆架、扬子浅滩和苏北浅滩、朝鲜湾等海区,其中在东海外陆架海区分布最广.影响沉积物分布的主要因素有物源、水动力环境以及水深、地形、地貌等.晚第四纪冰期旋回中海平面变化和海洋环流控制陆源沉积物的入海通量和陆架沉积体系的发育过程.综合沉积物物源供给、海洋环流、冰后期海平面变化过程,基于Folk分类的动力学属性和表层沉积物类型分布,将中国东部海域表层沉积物分布划分为河口沉积、陆架泥质沉积、潮流沉积以及残留沉积等分区.不同沉积分区的形成机制和影响因素差异显著,反映出在中国东部陆架的特殊地形影响下,不同海平面时期陆源碎屑物质的运移过程.      

The internal structure of glacial landforms: an example from the Halton till plain, Scarborough Bluffs, Ontario

Current views on the internal structure of many glacial landforms need further definition. For example, drumlinized Halton till plain near the Scarborough Bluffs, Ontario would traditionally be. viewed as a lodgement till sheet, but it was found to consist of complex sedimentary assemblages including sediment flows, melt-out, deformation and lodgement tills. These facies vary spatially depending on whether deposition occurred beneath grounded ice or within subglacial cavities. Proglacial sediments bury portions of the till plain. Surface Rutings and drumlins clearly indicate the action of subglacial processes on the surface of Halton drift. Sedimentary structures at the contact between stratified sediments and diamictons within the Late Wisconsinan Halton drift are similar to those in older beds exposed at Scarborough Bluffs. The demonstration of the role of grounded ice in Halton drift and the similarity of sedimentary structures to those of the underlying Thorncliffe and Sunnybrook sediments suggests that the action of grounded ice cannot be ruled out in the case of the lower beds, as has been done by Eyles & Eyles ( Geology 11 , 146–152, 1983). Thus, surface Halton drift may be a model for recognition of similar environments of deposition in older beds beneath Halton. This analysis indicates flaws in a recent re-evaluation of Scarborough Bluffs sediment interpreted as solely lacustrine and not directly affected by glaciers.     

Liquefied vs stratified sediment mobilization processes: Insight from the South of the Barbados accretionary prism

This paper discusses the nature and origin of subsurface sediment mobilization processes in deep marine clay-rich environments. In the studied area of the southern Barbados accretionary prism, new geophysical acquisitions have emphasized the spectacular widespread development of mud volcanoes that are well-developed along ramp anticlines and along sigmoidal rises with trends that are oblique to the axes of the main folds of the accretionary wedge. On some active mud volcanoes, heat-flow measurements show high positive anomalies related to high fluxes of mud transfer. The mobilized solid fraction expelled by the mud volcanoes does not originate from a unique source bed but from various formations pierced by the mud conduits and is driven by the water phase. The area studied also exhibits trends of structures corresponding to sub-circular massive local uplifts of deformed but well-preserved stratified sediments (turbidites and hemipelagics). No piercing shale diapirs have been encountered in this area. Some of these local uplift structures are complicated by the development of collapses, calderas, and superimposed mud volcanoes. Mud volcanism corresponds fundamentally to fluid displacement (water and gas), whereas massive sedimentary uplift corresponds to large vertical displacements of stratified solid levels but for which the deep cause could be partly the intrusion of mud plugs. Both are dynamic phenomena controlled by the development of overpressure at depth, contributing to sedimentary mobilizations.     

Provenance signatures and changes of the southwestern sector of the Barents Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation

Southwestern Barents Sea sediments contain important information on Lateglacial and Holocene environmental development of the area, i.e. sediment provenance characteristics related to ice‐flow patterns and ice drifting from different regional sectors. In this study, we present investigations of clay, heavy minerals, and ice‐rafted debris from three sediment cores obtained from the SW Barents Sea. The sediments studied are subglacial/glaciomarine to marine in origin. The core sequences were divided into three lithostratigraphical units. The lowest, Unit 3, consists of laminated glaciomarine sediments related to regional deglaciation. The overlying Unit 2 is a diamicton, dominated by mud and oversized clasts. Unit 2 reflects a more ice‐proximal glaciomarine sedimentary environment or even a subglacial depositional environment; its deposition may indicate a glacial re‐advance or stillstand during an overall retreat. The uppermost Unit 1 consists of Holocene marine sediments and current‐reworked sedimentary material with a relatively high carbonate content. A significant proportion of the sedimentary material could be derived from Svalbard and transported by sea ice or icebergs to the Barents Sea during the late deglacial phase. The Fennoscandian sources and local Mesozoic strata from the bottom of the Barents Sea are the likely provenances of sediments deposited during the deglacial and ice re‐advance phases. Bottom currents and sea‐ice transport were the main mechanisms influencing sedimentation during the Holocene. Our results indicate that the provenance areas can be reliably related to certain ice‐flow sectors and transport mechanisms in the deglaciated Barents Sea.     

The glacigenic deposits of Western Lleyn,North Wales: Terrestrial or marine?

This paper describes a complex sequence of glacigenic sediments occupying a faultbounded depression at Aberdaron Bay, western Lleyn. The sequence offers an insight into sedimentary environments during deglaciation of the Irish Sea Basin. A lower stratified diamict association (LDA) containing contorted units of fine sand/silt and displaying strong, consistent clast fabrics, is overlain by an upper diamict association (UDA) with weaker fabrics and extensive sand and gravel layers and channel fills. Certain characteristics of the sequence can be explained by a glacimarine depositional model, but there are several problems. In particular, the geometry of the sediments is difficult to explain without recourse to the melting of buried ice. An alternative model that overcomes these problems involves the decay of a terrestrial glacier containing reworked marine sediments. Supraglacial sediment flows released during decay of thinner ice covering the surrounding hills (UDA) would have rapidly buried a thick stagnant ice mass in the Aberdaron depression, facilitating slow melting and release of basal meltout till (LDA). A model is presented that accounts for the stagnation and in situ decay of a debris-rich Irish Sea glacier, and which could explain many of the deposits and landforms surrounding the Irish Sea Basin without recourse to high relative sea-levels.     

青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖年纹层微区分析及形成机理

湖泊年纹层是进行高分辨率古气候环境研究的重要载体之一,其形成机理的研究能够为高分辨率古气候环境信息的提取提供重要的依据。本文以青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖沉积的年纹层为研究对象,通过纹层薄片显微镜观察,以及纹层的扫描电镜、X衍射和同步辐射X射线荧光等微区分析,对库赛湖沉积年纹层的形态、沉积和成分特征进行了研究,以探讨库赛湖年纹层形成过程和机理。结果表明:年纹层层偶由深浅相间的微层组成,深色层主要由灰褐色—黑褐色的粗颗粒物质组成,磨圆中等、分选性差,矿物以石英、长石、白云母、黏土矿物等为主,其中石英含量占73%左右,且具有明显的风力搬运特征;浅色层呈灰白色,矿物颗粒较细,除石英、长石、白云母、黏土外,还有自生的文石,同时浅色层中含有大量的枝角类碎片和半月形介形类生物壳体。研究认为,库赛湖冬季温度低、风力强劲,风的机械搬运作用使大量的陆源物质在冰面堆积,等到春季湖泊开封,冰面上粗颗粒物质沉积到湖底形成库赛湖年纹层的深色层(粗颗粒层);夏季温度升高,冰雪融化,降水增加,河流搬运的陆源粗颗粒物质由于重力作用先在湖泊边缘沉积,而黏土矿物等细颗粒物质则在湖泊中心沉积,同时夏季湖水温度升高,蒸发作用加强,生物活动增强,湖泊自身的生物、化学作用加强,从而形成以细碎屑矿物、生物残体、自生碳酸盐沉积为主的浅色层(细颗粒层)。因此,库赛湖的年纹层层偶是由冬季冰面风成物质形成的粗颗粒深色层(冰融化后,风成物质沉降至湖底堆积)和夏季沉积的细颗粒浅色层两者交替而形成的。