岷江上游汶川退耕还林(草)中“3S”技术的应用

遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的结合能快速、准确、动态及直观地查明研究区生态环境本底状况,建立生态环境本底调查数据库,为国家政府有关部门宏观管理决策与规划提供科学依据。本文以“岷江中上游生态环境遥感综合调查与评价”项目为例2,探讨利用“3S”技术在指导汶川地区制定退耕还林(草)政策和生态环境监测管理中的应用。     

东北地区农业需水动态调控模型设计与应用

一个地区水量的充足与否直接影响该区农作物产量的高低。利用空间信息技术(RS和GIS)建立的东北地区农业需水动态调控模型,可服务于不同地区农业(农作物)的合理发展。文中以东北地区黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3省主要农作物及其分布现状为研究对象,依据区内水资源的供需平衡原理和水资源与农业的相互耦合关系,运用RS和GIS手段,进行了东北地区农业需水动态调控模型系统的概念设计。东北农业需水动态调控GIS不仅可以实现对现有数据查询、检索、修改和分析,还可对农业未来的发展做出预测,对未来20年内东北地区作物单产、作物耗水量、作物需水量以及作物产量变化等趋势做出评价。据此可为一些重大水利工程规划布局决策提供参考依据,从而实现东北地区农业稳定、快速的可持续发展。     

太原市城市绿地动态监测信息系统建设

城市绿地系统在保持城市生态系统平衡、改善城市面貌方面,具有其他设施不可替代的功效.从探讨利用运用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等高新技术进行太原市城市绿地监测,并建立了绿地动态监测信息系统.建成的系统在城市生态建设中发挥了重要的作用.     

延河流域生态环境动态监测系统与应用

以遥感 (RS)、地理信息系统 (GIS)、全球定位系统 (GPS)为核心技术 ,采用 ETM/ TM卫星数据、航空机载对地观测数据 ,结合地面测试和综合调查方法 ,完成了延河流域面积 10 0 15 .797km₂的生态环境本底调查 ,建立了 1990～2 0 0 0年的生态环境动态监测系统。查明了区内主要物种和植被分布 ,土地利用 /土地覆盖现状及其动态变化 ,划分出 5个生态区 ,2 5个生态系统 ,提出了延河流域生态建设.     

基于SEBAL模型的渭-库绿洲蒸散量特征及影响因子研究

对渭-库绿洲蒸散发量的估算在绿洲水资源管理和分配以及生态环境的保护方面扮演着重要作用,同时对于深刻了解流域水循环和水文过程也具有重要意义。本文以渭干河-库车河绿洲为研究靶区,将Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据与地面气象站点实测数据相结合,利用SEBAL模型估算了渭-库绿洲1997年和2016年的日蒸散量,并对日蒸散量的空间分布特征及日蒸散量与相关地表参数的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:渭-库绿洲日蒸散量的空间分布表现为西高东低,北高南低的分布特征,其高值出现在水体和植被覆盖较多的绿洲内部区域,低值则分布在研究区东、东南和西部的低植被覆盖区域;在日蒸散量与植被指数(NDVI、SAVI、LAI)、水体指数(MNDWI、NDWI、TVI、VSWI、TVDI)和地表温度(LST)等地表参数的相关性方面,研究时段内全部地表参数与日ET具有较高的相关关系,Pearson相关系数都通过0.01水平的显著性检验,其中NDWI与日蒸散量表现出了最好的相关性,表明在渭-库绿洲水分对日蒸散量分布与变化的影响是最大的。     

基于支持向量机理论的地下水动态遥感监测模型与应用

地下水是我国内陆干旱地区水资源的重要组成部分,也是极为敏感的生态环境因素之一。地下水动态变化影响着绿洲和湿地的演化,以及土地资源的开发。西北地区地下水监测网尚不完善,动态资料相对缺乏。遥感技术可以弥补传统地下水位监测手段的不足。由于降水极少,西北干旱区地表反射率与地下水水位埋深关系极其密切。选用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、地表温度(LST)数据,应用支持向量机回归方法,建立西北干旱地区地下水位遥感监测模型。提取MODIS影像中的NDVI和LST产品上的地表温度和植被指数信息,作为模型的输入,通过合理选择核函数进行支持向量机的回归分析,从而建立地表植被指数、地表温度与地下水位的相关数学模型,并分析了不同核函数所拟合结果。在河西走廊疏勒河流域的研究成果表明,运用MODIS数据开发地下水动态模型反演水位变化是可行的,模型拟合的结果比较符合实际情况,尤其是对于细土平原地下水浅埋地区模型应用效果更为理想。一次多项式核函数适合模拟埋深小于3m浅埋地下水,径向基函数RBF核函数和三次多项式核函数法则更适合模拟较大埋深情况。开发的地下水位遥感监测模型可为西北干旱区水循环研究和流域水资源管理提供技术手段。     

土库曼斯坦马雷绿洲土地利用程度的遥感与GIS分析

本文以土库曼斯坦马雷绿洲为研究区,建立土地利用程度指数模型,利用2期遥感图像进行土地利用分类,对不同土地利用类型赋予相应属性;用正六边形网格采样,计算每个网格单元的土地利用程度综合指数;利用Kriging方法,对整个研究区进行土地利用程度综合指数插值和预测,分析马雷绿洲土地利用程度。结果表明:(1)研究区可利用土地利用类型主要为草地、耕地和撂荒地,占研究区的50%左右,呈减少态势;(2)研究区土地利用程度由中心向外围呈带状分布,土地利用程度综合指数等值线0.5为研究区绿洲与荒漠分界;(3)研究区中等及以上土地利用程度面积以年均0.079%递减,主绿洲与荒漠的面积比也由2001年的45.14∶54.86分别降为2010年的42.06∶57.94,说明研究区生态环境有恶化的趋势;(4)低、较高、高土地利用程度自身转移率均大于80%,而较低、中等土地利用程度自身转移率在50%左右。本文得到了马雷绿洲土地利用程度空间分布及变化,对研究区社会经济的发展及生态环境的保护具有指导意义,其技术流程和方法对今后的相关研究有一定的借鉴意义。     

福建省生态环境动态监测与管理信息系统的设计

本文系统论述了生态环境动态监测与管理信息系统的重要性,系统建设的目标、原则与具体内容,技术路线与实施方案,以及系统建成后的意义与作用。“福建省生态环境动态监测与管理信息系统”是“数字福建”的重大应用项目之一。该项目由生态环境动态监测、生态环境数据库和生态环境决策支持与管理信息系统3部分组成,包括福建省生态环境遥感动态监测系统、地面动态监测系统、应急响应监测系统,福建省生态环境综合系列地图、多媒体动态演示系统与电子地图集、综合信息图谱,福建省生态环境数据库、决策支持管理信息系统8个方面的内容。     

遥感技术在第二次土地调查中的应用

土地遥感是利用遥感技术进行土地调查和土地管理的技术方法。我国从1996年起开展了全国50万人口以上城市的土地利用遥感动态监测。在1984年开展的国土资源大调查(第一次全国土地调查)中,土地资源遥感动态监测被列为重点项目之一,     

对土地利用动态遥感监测数据共享的探讨

本文从土地利用动态遥感监测数据的特点和共享现状出发,主要针对该数据的可应用领域、当前的云GIS技术、国家政策以及成功的案例等方面,对土地利用动态遥感监测数据共享的可行性进行了详细分析和探讨,提出了目前存在的共享难点,具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

A dynamic model for exploring water-resource management scenarios in an inland arid area: Shanshan County,Northwestern China

Water scarcity is a challenge in many arid and semi-arid regions; this may lead to a series of environmental problems and could be stressed even further by the effects from climate change. This study focused on the water resource management in Shanshan County, an inland arid region located in northwestern China with a long history of groundwater overexploitation. A model of the supply and demand system in the study area from 2006 to 2030, including effects from global climate change, was developed using a system dynamics (SD) modeling tool. This SD model was used to 1) explore the best water-resource management options by testing system responses under various scenarios and 2) identify the principal factors affecting the responses, aiming for a balance of the groundwater system and sustainable socio-economic development. Three causes were identified as primarily responsible for water issues in Shanshan: low water-use efficiency, low water reuse, and increase in industrial water demand. To address these causes, a combined scenario was designed and simulated, which was able to keep the water deficiency under 5% by 2030. The model provided some insights into the dynamic interrelations that generate system behavior and the key factors in the system that govern water demand and supply. The model as well as the study results may be useful in water resources management in Shanshan and may be applied, with appropriate modifications, to other regions facing similar water management challenges.     

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER—SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development in Northwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65.94×10⁸m³ of water resources available in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43.33×10⁸m³. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss of evaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25.69×10⁸m³. So net use efficiency of water resources is 59%. Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecological environment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system where irrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of water resource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extend irrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83.3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9%. The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production. Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrow and border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover and techniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. cansave more than 60% of irrigated water. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has been estimated as 56% – 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developed from water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China in large scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-saving measures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation of water resources in three river systems. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Key innovation Project Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZcx-1-10-03) Biography: GAO Qian-zhao (1942 –), male, a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu, Professor and supervisor of Ph. D students. His research interests include hydrology and rational utilization of water resources in the arid zone.     

海洋功能区划管理信息系统

海洋开发利用和保护已成为全球的热点。如何合理地利用海洋资源是未来社会经济可持续发展的重大问题。海洋功能区划是为实现海洋资源、社会经济可持续发展的重要举措。海洋功能区划管理信息系统是在地理信息系统的支持下,以海洋功能区划数据、基础地理数据和遥感数据为地理实体对象,集知识、分析、决策和服务为一体的系统。该系统从应用角度为空间数据管理和信息共享提供了一种可行的解决方案。本文以福建省海洋功能区划管理信息系统的建设为例,对系统的总体结构、功能、数据库和系统集成等方面进行了探讨。     

干旱区绿洲典型地物MESMA模拟分解与验证

混合像元作为遥感信息的不确定性,一直是定量遥感科学研究的核心领域之一,干旱区由于下垫面均匀、气象条件单一等先天条件,已成为定量遥感产品真实性检验的理想场所。本文以塔里木盆地北缘的库车河绿洲为研究区,首先,针对不同地物类型分别采用不同方法进行地物端元提取;然后,以端元均方根EAR(Endmember Aver-age RMSE,EAR)和最小平均波谱角(Minimum Average Spectral Angle,MASA)值来选取最优端元;最后,用多端元光谱混合分析(Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis,MESMA)模型进行光谱混合分解,并对结果作了精度评价与比较分析。结果表明:MESMA模型能有效提高像元内基本组分丰度信息精度,从而为典型地物高精度提取提供了科学方法。     

面向遥感大数据的地学知识图谱构想

由于地球表面的时空异质性与复杂性,传统从遥感影像具有的信息特征出发,构建智能解译算法解决遥感地学认知的思路在应对面向全球的海量遥感大数据分析时,其精度和地学实用性已触及瓶颈.为此,本文从地学知识为核心的角度出发,结合当前知识图谱理论的发展,提出一种新的面向遥感大数据分析的地学思维构想——地学知识图谱.本构想将地学知识的...     

Dynamic Analysis of Supply and Demand Coupling of Ecosystem Services in Loess Hilly Region: A Case Study of Lanzhou,China

The relationship between the supply and demand for ecosystem services(ESs) is a key issue for the rational allocation of natural resources and optimisation of sustainable development capacity. This paper investigateed the dynamic evolution features of supply and demand of four ESs in Lanzhou of China, namely, water supply, food supply, carbon fixation and soil retention services. The crosssectional data of 2005 and 2017 were used for calculating ESs value and its supply and demand through ArcGIS software, InVEST model, elastic coefficient model and coupling coordination model. Results showed that: 1) from 2005 to 2017, the supply of water supply services increased, the demand of soil retention services decreased, and the supply and demand of food supply and carbon fixation services increased. The high-value areas of service supply were mainly distributed in the rocky mountain areas in the southeast and northwest with high vegetation coverage, while the high-value areas of demand were mainly distributed in the urban areas and surrounding areas with high population density. 2) There were five different types of coupling relations. Water supply service was dominated by a negative coupling type D, which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs. Negative coupling type C was the main type of food supply and carbon fixation services, which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs. All three services were supplemented by a positive coupling type A, which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs. Soil retention service generally exhibits a positive coupling type B, which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs. 3) Over the past12 yr, the coordination degree of supply and demand of water supply, food supply and soil retention services decreased, and the coordination degree of carbon fixation service increased. Various types of ES had a low degree of coupling and coordination, showing different characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution. The areas with imbalanced ESs supply and demand were mainly distributed in urban areas dominated by construction land. The research results are valuable to the optimisation of urban and rural ecological environments and the sustainable development of territory space under the framework of ecological civilisation, including similar ecologically vulnerable areas in other developing countries.     

Recent progress of research on Oasis in China

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国家城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系构建

近年来,我国城镇突出的生态环境问题受到社会广泛关注,作为生态环境保护工作的重要组成部分,随着城镇化的快速发展,城镇生态环境监测任务也越来越重、要求越来越高,对结合空间信息的天地一体综合监测的需求非常迫切,急需建立其技术体系,以指导城镇生态环境综合监测工作的开展。本文面向城镇生态环境综合监测的需求,从城镇污染气体、水体水质、生态资源3个方面出发,通过梳理城镇生态环境综合监测中的关键科学技术问题,结合开展的关键技术攻关研究,经过分析论证,构建了城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系框架、指标体系框架以及标准体系框架。在此基础上,根据遥感数据特点及国家生态环境监测需求,提出城镇生态环境综合监测业务应用方案,为国家和省市地方下一步有效开展城镇生态环境监测、管理等工作提供重要指导和支撑。