灰化法磷测定中不同灰化助剂的效果比较——以磷酸氢二钠作为磷标样

对Na 2HPO4加入不同灰化助剂经不同温度（150～550℃）灼烧后磷的回收率进行了研究。所研究的灰化助剂除文献中已深入研究过的MgSO4和Mg(No3)2外，还对MgCl2等十余种盐剂进行了实验。作者认为，在利用目前已被广泛应用的由Solбrzano和Sharp 1980年所提出的方法去分析海水中的颗粒磷和总磷或有机体中的磷时，应当用MgCl2或Mg(Ac）2作为灰化助剂而取代MgSO4。尽管Mg(NO3)2也是高效的灰化辅助剂，但其应用的危险性及更多的手工操作可能限制了其广泛应用。     

褐藻酸裂合酶的研究 Ⅰ.酶的分离提纯及动力学

朝鲜花冠小月螺的内脏提取液,经盐析透析、DEAE纤维素柱层析,分离得三个酶峰,分别称之酶Ⅰ、酶Ⅱ和酶Ⅲ.再经Sephadex G-25凝胶过滤,得三种较纯的酶,最大提纯了73倍. 对三种酶的动力学性质分别进行试验,最适pH:酶Ⅰ为7.6±0.02 Tris-HCl缓冲液,酶Ⅱ为6.6±0.02 Na₂HPO₄-NaH₂PO₄缓冲液,酶Ⅲ为5.6±0.02HAc-NaAc缓冲液.在试验浓度范围内,KCl和NaCl对三种酶都是激活剂;MnCl₂对三种酶都是抑制剂;MgCl₂对酶Ⅰ和酶Ⅱ为激活剂,高浓MgCl₂对酶Ⅲ为抑制剂;Pb(OAc)₂对三种酶的作用不同.三种酶的Km值依次为0.2、0.6和0.04mg/ml.     

长江河口淡水端溶解态无机氮磷的通量

1998年2和9月在长江河口淡水端连续观测了DIN(NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+),PO₄3-,流速和流向.结果表明,溶解态无机氮、磷浓度的时空变化较复杂;1998年2月NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+和PO₄3-的月通量分别为168241,974.4,19335和2648t,9月的月通量分别为905678,8317,5797和6281t;1998年NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+和PO₄3-年通量分别为497.1×104,3.911×104,10.22×104和4.155×104t.     

台湾海峡上升流区氮、磷、硅的化学特性及输送通量估算

台湾海峡中北部海域1983～1984年、1987～1988年多次调查资料表明,夏季氮、磷、硅诸营养盐呈近岸、底层高,向上层、外海递减的分布特征,其控制因素是福建近岸上升流。该上升流区NO₃--N、PO₄3--P、SiO₃2--Si的特征值分别为2.29、0.20、2.83μmol/dm3.诸营养盐含量与温度、盐度溶解氧含量及其饱和度有明显的相关性。N/P比平均值接近于Redfield比值。PO₄3--P、NO₃--N、SiO₃2--Si垂直输送通量分别估算为23.6、223、302mg/(m2·d),是该海域夏季营养盐的主要来源,PO₄3--P和NO₃--N的输送通量平均分别大约为真光层生物生产力所需营养盐的86%和73%.     

长江口海域表层沉积物常量元素地球化学及其地质意义

通过对长江口外海域187个表层沉积物样品进行常量元素氧化物(SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,CaO,Na₂O,K₂O,P₂O₅,TiO₂,MnO,TOC和 CaCO₃)测试,分析其空间分布特征及其地质意义。结果显示,研究区表层沉积物常量元素氧化物主要由SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,CaO,Na₂O,K₂O和TiO₂等组成,这8种组分约占沉积物总量的91.59%;其中SiO₂和Al₂O₃含量最高,平均值分别为62.43%和11.16%。R型因子分析结果表明,研究区表层沉积物的常量元素氧化物可以分为3类:第1类包括SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,P₂O₅,TiO₂和MnO;第2类包括CaO,K₂O,CaCO₃和TOC;第3类包括Na₂O,这3类可能分别代表了陆源碎屑沉积、海洋生物和陆源混合沉积以及海洋化学沉积。Al₂O₃/Na₂O和CIA的空间分布较为相似,指示了长江入海物质主要堆积在长江口及其以南的123.5°E以西海域,闽浙冬季沿岸流是其主要驱动力。     

沉积物中磷的存在形态及其生物可利用性研究

用MgCl₂,NaOH和HCl对大亚湾的大鹏澳、南海的珠江口、厦门湾的胡里山沉积物进行了逐级提取和总磷分析,并以这3种沉积物为惟一磷源培养小球藻和球等鞭金藻,估算了藻类对沉积物中磷的可利用量.结果表明,3种沉积物总磷含量分别为449.3,650.1和643.9mg/kg;MgCl₂和NaOH提取的生物可利用的非磷灰石无机磷分别为168.8,146.6和118.1mg/kg.非磷灰石无机磷占总磷的18.3%～32.6%.3种提取剂对3种沉积物提取的磷是HCl提取相最大,NaOH提取相次之,MgCl₂提取相最小.小球藻和球等鞭金藻在3种沉积物中的最大相对生长率为4.3%～26.9%,两种藻在3种沉积物中的生长与非磷灰石无机磷和藻类可利用的颗粒磷量相对应.颗粒磷占非磷灰石无机磷的42.4%～78.2%,占沉积物中总无机磷的21.1%～27.1%,占总磷的11.8%～20.3%.     

铀酰络离子在水合氧化钛上的吸附作用 Ⅱ.红外光谱研究

本文测定了Na₄[UO₂(CO₃)₃]、Na[UO₂(OH)₃]和水合氧化钛(HTO)在海水中及NaCl-NaHCO₃-U水溶液中吸附铀的红外光谱,得到它们的铀酰振动光谱带,计算了表面吸附态和某些铀酰络合物配位体与中心原子的电荷迁移量,研究红外光谱特性与络合物性质之间的关系.研究还发现,海水中铀在HTO上的吸附,除了HTO作为配位体外,吸附态的其他配位体是H₂O和OH,也有一部分CO₃2-基团.提出了吸附态结构和吸附作用机理.     

缘管浒苔和羽藻氮、磷营养生理学研究

以无性繁殖系为材料,开展了缘管浒苔和羽藻对NO₃-,NH₄+和PO₄3-的吸收动力学、生长动力学研究。吸收动力学研究结果表明缘管浒苔和羽藻对NO₃- 和PO₄3-的吸收方式为主动运输,对NH₄+的吸收方式为被动扩散。缘管浒苔对NO₃-的最大吸收速率(V_max)、对NH₄+的吸收斜率都大于羽藻,说明缘管浒苔对高浓度的NO₃-和NH₄+具有更强的吸收能力。缘管浒苔吸收NO₃-和NH₄+的a值远大于羽藻,说明在低营养盐浓度时,缘管浒苔对NO₃-和NH₄+的亲和力更强。在PO₄3-的吸收中,羽藻的最大吸收速率(V_max)远大于缘管浒苔,说明羽藻对高浓度PO₄3-的吸收能力更强,但缘管浒苔的a值远大于羽藻,说明前者在低营养盐浓度时PO₄3-的亲和力更强。生长动力学研究结果表明,硝酸氮是促进两种海藻快速生长的最适宜氮源形式,氨氮更易促进藻体叶绿素的积累。在相同氮营养条件下,羽藻表现出比缘管浒苔更强的生长优势。     

厦门港、九龙江口海洋微表层营养盐、有机物、微量金属分布特征初探

本研究表明,在厦门港、九龙江口海区海-气界面微表层中营养盐(NO₂-、NO₃-、PO₄3-)、悬浮颗粒、有机物(POC、PON、DOC)、微量金属(Cu、Ni.Cd)发生富集,平均富集系数([X_t]微表层)/[X_t]_15cm深度)大多数在1.0—2.0范围之内.所测定组分主要以溶解态富集为主.溶解有机物和悬浮颗粒的富集可引起其他组分总量和形态分布的变化,各组分的浓度、形态分布及其在微表层的富集系数与站位分布不呈规律性变化,而和采样现场海况密切相关,表明海区微表层的复杂和初态变化的特征.     

大亚湾营养物质变异特征

利用大亚湾现场调查和室内模拟数据,以及大亚湾生态网络17～18年8个航次的现场调查资料,采用营养状态质量指数(NQI)的方法评价大亚湾海域富营养化水平,结果表明,大亚湾海域除部分养殖海区为中营养状态外,大部分为贫营养状态;溶解态的无机磷和硅在过去10a多有较大幅度的下降,而溶解态的无机氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a则上升;浮游植物生长由过去认为由氮控制转变为现在由磷控制.分析了养殖海区底层海水、上覆水、沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及其化学形态.估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量,NH₄+,NO₂-,NO₃-,HPO₄2-,H₄SiO₄平均通量分别为302.0,-0.06,-1.82,2.53,47.6μmol/(m2·d).室内模拟了天然海水体系表层沉积物营养盐的吸附-解吸及其磷酸盐在沉积物上的吸附等温线.论述了大亚湾海域营养盐与赤潮的关系.     

Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru continental margin sediments: Phosphorite precipitation

Pore water chemistry (total dissolved CO₂, NH₄, NO₃, NO₂, PO₄, Si(OH)₄, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, SO₄, H₂S and F, and titration alkalinity), solid phase chemistry (C_org, P_org, C_TOT, N_TOT, F, Si_OPAL and S_II), and sediment characteristics (porosity, dry bulk density and formation factors) were determined on a centimeter-scale spacing in the upper 20–40 cm of sediments under intense upwelling areas on the Peru continental shelf. These data demonstrate that carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) is precipitating from pore waters in the upper few centimeters of a gelatinous mud with high organic carbon content (up to 20% C_org), very high porosity ( > 0.96 ml cm⁻³) and very low dry bulk density (< 0.1 g cm⁻³). Dissolved phosphate concentrations at the sediment-water interface range from 20 to 100 μM, orders of magnitude higher than bottom-water concentrations, and much higher than predicted from regeneration of organic matter. The mechanism of this interfacial phosphate release is unclear, but is apparently uncoupled from carbon and nitrogen metabolism and thus may be linked either to dissolution of fish debris or to the presence of a microbial mat in surficial sediments. Fluoride is incorporated into CFA by diffusion from the overlying seawater, and carbonate ions are provided from pore-water alkalinity. Magnesium concentrations in this reaction zone are not significantly different from those of seawater, suggesting that magnesium depletion is not a necessary prerequisite for CFA precipitation.

The environment of precipitation is interface-linked rather than driven by organic diagenesis of phosphorus deeper in the sediment. Most of the cores display a wide range of diagenetic characteristics below the immediate interfacial region, but almost all show the precipitation signature near the interface. This interface-linked early diagenetic porewater environment for the precipitation of CFA explains many of the geochemical characteristics of phosphorites and provides a “testable” model to compare the modern phosphogenic analog with ancient phosphorite deposits. Two of the cores display very high solid phase phosphorus and fluoride contents reflecting the presence of apparently modern pelletal apatites.     

热带印度-太平洋浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的B/Ca和Cd/Ca指标：次表层海水碳化学参数计算的应用

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata shells from 16 core-top samples from the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans are analyzed for the ratios of boron and cadmium to calcium(B/Ca and Cd/Ca). The B/Ca ratios show a very weak positive relationship with [B(OH)_4~-] and the dissolved carbonate species at the apparent calcification depth of P.obliquiloculata. The boron partition coefficients(K_D) between P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater[B(OH)_4~-]/[HCO_3~-] distribute around 1.1×10~(-3)-1.3×10~(-3) with a mean value of(1.19±0.12)×10~(-3),and are significantly related to the nutrient concentration, especially phosphate. The lack of any clear correlation between the P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater carbonate chemical parameters suggests that the physiochemical controls on boron incorporation are masked by the complexity of natural seawater condition. But the significant dependence of Ku on nutrient may likely be explained by a nutrient related growth-rate effect. Cd/Ca of P.obliquiloculata shows significant correlation with seawater phosphate concentration, and its partition coefficients(D_(cd)) are significantly related to temperature. A first-principle methodology of P. obliquiloculata B/Ca is applied;with the aid of Cd/Ca as a phosphate proxy and a constraint on K_D, to estimating sea water carbonate chemistry(e.g., pH). The results are fairly promising and allow us to propose the possibility to apply the combination of B/Ca and Cd/Ca proxies(and also Mg/Ca and δ~(18)O for estimating temperature and salinity) for the paleoreconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry.     

布拜图对PACMANUS热液区Si-Fe-Mn-羟基氧化物沉淀条件的指示

Utilizing Si, Fe and Mn concentrations within the end-member PACMANUS hydrothermal fluid, Si-Fe-MnH_2 O Pourbaix diagrams were constructed at 300°C and 25°C. The Pourbaix diagrams show that the main Si, Fe and Mn oxides species precipitating from the hydrothermal fluid were Si O_2, Fe(OH)_3, Fe_3(OH)_8, Mn_3O_4, and Mn_2O_3 at 25°C. During mixing of hydrothermal fluid with seawater, Si O_2 precipitated earlier than FeMn-oxyhydroxides because of the lower stability boundary. Then Fe(OH)_2 precipitated first, followed by Fe_3(OH)_8 and Fe(OH)_3, and last, small amounts of Mn_3O_4 and Mn_2O_3 precipitated. Fe(OH)_3 was readily deposited in alkaline solution with little influence by Eh. There were many Si-Fe-Mn-concentric particles in the polished sections of the massive precipitates collected from PACMANUS. In the concentric nucleus and ellipsoid, Si oxides precipitated first before the hydrothermal fluid had mixed with seawater. In the concentric nucleus, after the precipitation of Si oxides, the increase of p H and Eh promoted the precipitation of Mn oxides around the Si oxides. In the large ellipsoid, the precipitation of Fe was divided into two periods. In the early period, increase of p H value of hydrothermal fluid produced by low-temperature convection and an input of a small volume of seawater promoted a small amount of Fe(OH)_3 to precipitate in the Si-rich core. In the late period, after complete mixing with seawater and the resultant fluid was close to neutral or slightly alkaline in p H, Fe(OH)_3 was easily precipitated from the solution and distributed around the Si-rich core.     

The effects of immobilization on physiology and ultrastructure of unicellular alga Platymonas subcordiformis

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河口硅酸盐物理化学过程研究——Ⅱ 河口活性硅转移机理的实验室模拟研究—氢氧化铁与氢氧化铝胶体沉淀对海水中活性硅的吸附

河口活性硅酸盐除了被稀释和被吸收外,有没有进行明显的无机化学转移?一直到最近几年,仍然是国际上争论的问题[1-6]。我们已在本研究第Ⅰ篇[1]报导了河口活性硅含量分布;河水与无硅海水人工混合后活性硅含量变化;电解质浓度和pH值对硅酸盐溶液中活性硅含量的影响以及吸附剂影响的初步实验;证实了河水和海水混合后活性硅含量的变化主要决定于悬浮物、电解质、pH值三个因素的同时作用。     

致病性副溶血弧菌生物膜形成特性研究

采用改良的微孔板法测定了12株弧菌的形成生物膜的效果,选择形成生物膜效果最好的副溶血弧菌ND-02,进一步研究了环境因子对其生物膜形成的影响。实验结果显示副溶血弧菌ND-02菌株在静置培养24～36 h后形成成熟的生物膜,在起始菌浓度为107～108CFU/mL形成生物膜的量最大;在30℃,NaCl浓度为3%～5%,pH偏弱碱性时的生物膜OD590值最大;C 2a+促进副溶血弧菌生物膜的形成,而M 2g+抑制生物膜的形成;副溶血弧菌在分别经大黄鱼表皮黏液、肠黏液和肝脏提取液包被的的基质上形成生物膜的作用明显,鳃黏液和脾脏提取液中次之,肌肉提取液包被后生物膜形成量最低。以上结果表明,副溶血弧菌ND-02菌株能形成稳定而明显的生物膜,而且生物膜的形成受温度、NaCl浓度、pH值等环境因子的影响。     

A STUDY OF ALGINATE LYASES Ⅰ. ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND KINETICS OF LYASES

The crude enzyme, which was extracted from viscera of Lunella coronata coreensis (Recluz), was salted out and dialysed. Three enzymatic peaks isolated from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography were refered to as lyase Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Then these lyases underwent gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25 respectively, and three purer lyases were derived therefrom, the highest purification being 73 fold.The kinetics of the three lyases was tested respectively. The optimum pH was as follows: lyase Ⅰ was 7.6±0.02 Tris-HCl buffer; lyase Ⅱ was 6.6±0.02 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer; and lyase Ⅲ was 5.6±0.02 HAc-NaAc buffer. In the rang of tested concentration, KC1 and Nad were the activator and MnCl2 was the inhibitor, all for the three lyases; MgCl2 was the activator for lyases Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but the MgCl2 of high concentration was the inhibitor for lyase Ⅲ; Pb (OAc)2 acted differently for three lyases. The Km values of these lyases were 0.2, 0.6 and 0.04 mg/ml in order of precedence.     

夏季长江口无机氮的加入与转移 偏移理论稀释曲线的解释

利用2006年夏季长江口调查数据分析了长江口海域硝酸盐(NO3-)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、铵盐(NH4+)大面分布,NO3-浓度呈近岸高、外海低的特征,NO2-和NH4+浓度在上海市排污口位置有高值区并向外扩散。NO3-,NH4+浓度总体上符合咸淡水混合之稀释效应,与盐度的相关系数(r2)分别为0.815,0.255,呈保守行为,而NO2-浓度与盐度的相关性系数为0.074,呈非保守行为。在确定了淡水端元和咸水端元的基础上,做出理论稀释曲线TDL(theoretical dilution line),由于上海市污染物的输入,淡水端元NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度不同程度地正偏于TDL,在外海深层水范围内有机颗粒矿化再生亦呈加入态势。对应高溶解氧的盐度羽状峰处,由于真光层初级生产较强,表层NO3-浓度负偏于TDL约1~19μmol/dm3,NO2-,NH4+浓度也存在不同程度的减小。在长江口最大浑浊带附近,由于高浓度悬浮物吸附NH4+而呈现明显的迁出机制。外海表层海水三氮营养盐浓度数据点偏离TDL程度较小,但在底层由于来自上层的有机颗粒耗氧分解而再生出营养盐,使NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度数据一般在TDL之上。     

Tracing technique of stable 15N isotope: an application in study of mariculture

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再探温跃层有孔虫B/Ca与温度和[CO32-]的依赖性及其在24 ka以来热带西太平洋次表层碳酸盐系统重建中的应用

The B/Ca ratio of planktonic foraminifer shells has been used as a proxy for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, recent studies have revealed significant uncertainties associated with this proxy, such as whether seawater temperature or [ CO_3~(2-)] is the dominant control on the partition coefficient(K_D) of planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca. To address these uncertainties and thus improve our understanding of the planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca proxy, we analysed B/Ca ratios in the tests of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(300–355 μm) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(355–400 μm) in surface sediment samples from the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea. The relationship between these B/Ca ratios and bottom water calcite saturation states(Δ[ CO_3~(2-)]) is weak, thus suggesting only a small dissolution effect on the B/Ca of the two species. The correlation coefficients(R~2) between the B/Ca ratios of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and environmental parameters(e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphate, DIC and ALK) in the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea are not high enough to justify using B/Ca ratios as a palaeoenvironmental proxy in the study areas. The significant correlation between K_D values of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and carbonate system parameters(e.g.,[ CO_3~(2-)], DIC, ALK, pH and [ HCO_3~-]) in the study area reflect chemical links between the K_D denominator and these variables. Based on our surface sediment calibration, an empirical relationship between the K_D of N.dutertrei and temperature is proposed in the tropical western Pacific. We also generated a record of B/Ca ratios in N. dutertrei(300–355 μm) from Core MD06-3052 in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka to evaluate the application of the revised B/Ca proxy method. Based on the reconstructed empirical relationship for B/Ca and subsurface seawater ALK, we estimated subsurface seawater carbonate system parameters in the tropical western Pacific since 24 ka. In general, the estimated subsurface seawater pH and [ CO_3~(2-)] show an increase with time, and the record of subsurface seawater pCO_2 shows a decrease with time, in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka. The consistent trends in subsurface seawater pCO_2 and opal flux during deglaciation may imply that the reported increase in subsurface water pCO_2 in the study area was promoted by enhanced upwelling in the Southern Ocean.