黄河三角洲海岸防护工程研究

黄河三角洲海岸带的护岸工程,主要经历了３个发展阶段：１９８３年以前为初期护岸阶段,仅在局部地区护岸且基本为土堤护岸;１９８３－１９９２年,护岸工程大发展阶段,且进行了大范围石堤护岸;１９９２年以后至今,护岸工程的维护和持续发展阶段。随着护岸工程的不断修建,护岸工艺和技术有很大发展。     

略论护岸工程的负面影响：以美国护岸工程为例

长久以来,人们采用各咎护岸工程保护遭受侵蚀的岸段,却忽视了由这些护岸建筑引起的负面效应－－干坝、突堤、离岸堤可导致邻近岸段的蚀退;海提、护岸至少经岸下蚀;海滩的人工再塑难以解决沙源,一个护岸工程,不仅要在工程上可行,还应地周边环境产生负面影响,本文就此提出了几点建议。     

护岸工程与沙滩流失

沙滩是沿海地区重要的旅游休闲资源,护岸工程是沿海地区重要的防灾设施,护岸在保护陆地资源的同时有可能对沙滩产生破坏。传统护岸设计形式为硬性护岸,硬性护岸建成后将在一定程度上影响沿岸水动力环境,若护岸设计不当,易引起周围沙滩流失,造成旅游经济损失。本文通过威海九龙湾沙滩流失实例说明了硬性护岸对沙滩稳定性的影响,并通过波浪泥沙物理模型试验对沙滩修复方案进行了研究,试验发现因受原护岸影响修复后的沙滩仍将处于持续侵蚀状态,并介绍了其他类似案例。文中重点强调了护岸设计不当极易造成沙滩流失,对护岸设计、岸线规划等具有一定参考价值。     

深层水泥搅拌法在土体加固中的应用

介绍了在某护岸改造工程利用CDM加固体作为临时挡土墙的施工工艺。结果表明该工艺具有理想的效果,开创了CDM加固护岸坡脚土体的新工艺。     

钱塘江涌潮区护岸工程的设计及研究

丁坝在江道整治及护岸工程中已有比较广泛的应用。丁坝的平面布置、结构型式与丁坝自身的稳定性及护岸效果密切相关。本文在对钱塘江涌潮区护岸丁坝的设计作了初步总结的基础上,指出了在丁坝结构上存在的一些问题,提出了相应的改进方案,并结合抢险修复工程,进行了现场原型试验。试验结果表明,本文提出的改进方案是切实可行的。     

黄河三角洲滩涂区海堤护岸结构方案优化实证研究

海堤护岸是抵御和减轻风暴潮灾害的根本措施,是从根本上消除风暴潮对沿岸人民生命财产安全威胁的最有效措施之一。黄河三角洲沿海滩涂广阔平坦,多为沙质和淤泥质,沟壑交错,海堤护岸的建设量大面广,所以对区域内海堤护岸的建设方案进行比较优化,更显得十分必要。文章通过具体的工程案例,阐述了建于黄河三角洲滩涂区的海堤护岸结构方案的比选与优化步骤与方法,这无疑对建于滨海滩涂区的海堤护岸的方案优化具有直接的参考与借鉴意义。     

我国硬式护岸、渔港工程和人工岛等3类典型海岸工程对相邻海滩的影响研究

我国硬式护岸、渔港工程和人工岛等3类典型海岸工程对相邻海滩有显著影响.本研究以泉州青山湾护岸、泉州崇武中心渔港、海口南海明珠人工岛等建设前后海滩变化为例,开展对海滩岸线形态及部分典型剖面形态的对比分析.结果表明,临海硬式护岸岸前海滩发生明显下蚀,护岸下游海滩岸线侵蚀后退,发育侵蚀热点,剖面伴有下蚀;渔港工程拦沙堤附近岸线局部淤涨,下游海滩岸线大范围侵蚀后退,出现侵蚀热点,侵蚀热点处剖面明显下蚀;人工岛后波影区内海滩淤积,形成沙岬或连岛沙坝突出体,突出体两侧岸线均发生不同程度侵蚀后退.通过分析典型工程案例,探讨了3类海岸工程对相邻海滩的影响方式、影响尺度和原因,对比分析不同类型海岸工程对相邻海滩的负面影响,可为海岸工程建设管理和海滩保护提供参考.     

互花米草及其对海岸的防护作用

本文论述了互花米草在滩涂中种植的时间、种植的方法及其生长的适应性。文中着重讨论互花米草在海岸工程中防浪和消浪能力。与工程护岸比较，互花米草护岸是最经济、合理和有效的。通过本文的讨论为今后利用互花米草进行海岸防护提供依据     

厦门岛会展中心海滩养护及其对我国海岸防护的启示

硬式护岸是传统的海岸防护手段.近几十年来,以养护海滩为主的软式护岸已成为欧美发达国家海岸防护的主要措施,而我国尚处于起步阶段.本文以厦门岛会展中心海岸养滩实践为例,通过分析其海岸地貌演变历史、数值模拟养滩工程方案及定期观测海滩养护后剖面的变化,论述了该工程的必要性和可行性,以及养护后海滩的稳定性.同时,结合发达国家护岸的发展趋势,对我国的护岸转型作了思考.研究表明厦门岛会展中心海滩养护工程的施工使该海岸防护方式由硬式转变为软式,工程完成后为期半年的剖面监测数据显示单位宽度留存的沙量平均为381.4 m3/m,为施工初期平均值440 m3/m的86.7％,表明该海滩基本稳定.海滩养护可以修复受损的海滩或者营造新的滨海沙滩,改善滨海城市环境,提高城市品位,促进城市滨海旅游的发展,进而带动社会经济的发展,具有社会、经济、环境、生态等多方面的效应.我国海岸防护观念正在由传统的硬结构护岸转向软式的沙滩护岸,海滩养护将是我国未来海岸防护的一种更好的措施.     

轻型连续沉井在护岸工程中的应用

结合青岛浮山湾北海船厂西护岸工程，对轻型连续沉井在护岸工程中的应用作了系统介绍。连续沉井在该工程的软基上作为干插条石斜坡堤的堤脚支撑并兼有护底防冲刷以及消浪功能，具有施工方便，造价经济，美观实用等优点，有一定的推广使用价值．对该类轻型沉井的设计和施工作了较为详细的阐述，便于工程应用。     

护岸工程设计的体会和实例

通过青岛海洋公园、名人精品雕塑园等护岸工程设计实例,总结介绍了护岸工程设计体会,包括平面布置原则,高程确定方法,护岸结构型式等。     

Static and dynamic analyses of three-dimensional hollow concrete block revetments using polyhedral finite element method

In this study, we exploit the flexibility and advantages of polyhedral finite elements in modeling 3D hollow concrete block revetments. In the present method, a new concept is proposed, in which the polyhedral elements are subdivided into sub-tetrahedrons through virtual nodes located at the centroids of the faces and element. Piecewise linear shape functions of polyhedral elements are constructed for the sub-tetrahedrons. Then, the shape functions are used to formulate the stiffness and mass matrices. By this way, the present approach yields lower computational cost than that of the standard polyhedral finite element method based on rational basis functions. The presented method suits well general polyhedral meshes including concave elements, which are used to model 3D complicated structures in design of coastal defenses system protection such as interlocking revetments. Reliability and effectiveness of the present approach are validated by the well-known commercial ANSYS software through static and dynamic analysis.     

三都澳油品泊位溢油风险对大黄鱼保护区影响的预测分析

为探讨福建宁德三都澳油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区影响的发生途经、影响过程及影响方式,通过二维“油粒子”海域溢油风险评价模型,预测3#油品泊位码头前沿操作性泄漏和船舶航道泄漏在几种不利环境组合条件下的溢油风险影响行为,分析其溢油事故风险对大黄鱼保护区的影响后果.通过预测分析表明,3#油品泊位码头溢油事故对大黄鱼保护区海洋生态环境将产生极大不利影响,尤其是在大黄鱼保护区内发生溢油事故,将产生严重影响.因此,须对溢油事故采取防范措施和应急预案处理.     

Hurricane damage along natural and hardened estuarine shorelines: Using homeowner experiences to promote nature-based coastal protection

Growing coastal populations, rising sea levels, and likely increases in the frequency of major storm events will intensify coastal vulnerability in coming decades. Decisions regarding how and when to fortify estuarine shorelines against coastal hazards, such as erosion, flooding, and attendant property damages, rest largely in the hands of waterfront-property owners. Traditionally, hard engineered structures (e.g. bulkheads, revetments, seawalls) have been used to protect coastal properties, based on the assumption that these structures are durable and effective at preventing erosion. This study evaluates the validity of these assumptions by merging results from 689 surveys of waterfront-property owners in NC with empirical shoreline damage data collected along estuarine shorelines after Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Arthur (2014). The data show: 1) homeowners perceive bulkheads to be the most durable and effective at preventing erosion, but also the most costly; 2) compared to residents with revetments and natural shorelines, property owners with bulkheads reported double the price to repair hurricane damage to their property and four times the cost for annual shoreline maintenance; 3) 93% of evident post-hurricane shoreline damage was attributable to bulkheads or bulkhead hybrids and a higher proportion of surveyed homeowners with bulkheads reported having property damage from hurricanes; and, 4) shoreline hardening increased by 3.5% from 2011 to 2016 along 39 km of the Outer Banks. These results suggest that bulkheads are not meeting waterfront property-owner expectations despite continued use, and that nature-based coastal protection schemes may be able to more effectively align with homeowner needs.     

Declining Arctic Ocean oil and gas developments: Opportunities to improve governance and environmental pollution control

There has been global interest in the exploitation of rich hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic for decades. However, recent low oil prices, a low carbon economy climate agenda, and technical challenges of Arctic oil extraction have curbed interest in these Arctic resources. Despite a recent reluctance to explore and develop an offshore Arctic drilling industry, a resurgence in oil and gas prices could spark renewed interests that could pose unacceptable risks of pollution from oil spills. These risks are further compounded by complex governance and sovereignty issues between circumpolar nations. This paper (i) compares cycles of Arctic hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activity with global energy prices; (ii) outlines current pollution abatement techniques under pan-Arctic national regulations to identify potential gaps; (iii) describes current international frameworks for Arctic governance to highlight how problems could arise if offshore oil drilling returns to the Arctic and associated spills migrate to international waters; and (iv) provides policy recommendations to aid both national and international policy-makers regarding pollution abatement methods for future Arctic drilling.     

海上油气田开发风险及其对策分析

海上油气田开发由于所处地理环境恶劣、地质条件复杂、投资巨大,是一个风险较大的行业。海上油气田开发在地质、开发技术、工程技术、政治及经济等方面较陆上油气田有更大的风险,特别是开发建设投资占比大,因此分析其开发风险因素,提出相应对策,对后续海上油气田开发项目管理有着极为重要的意义。此文结合我国海域已投入开发的油气田案例,探讨海上油气田开发项目的风险因素,并由此提出关注的一些技术问题,以期在开发管理过程中降低风险、提高项目经济效益提供一定帮助。     

Process based stability formulae for coastal structures made of geotextile sand containers

Geotextile Sand Containers (GSC) are increasingly used worldwide for shore protection structures such as seawalls, groins, breakwaters, revetments and artificial reefs. However, reliable design formulae for the hydraulic stability based on a good understanding of the processes involved in the wave-structure interactions are still needed.Although the effect of the deformations of the sand containers on the hydraulic stability is significant, no stability formula is available to account for those deformations and the associated processes leading to the observed failures. Therefore, based on the results of extensive experimental and numerical studies ([Recio J. 2008, Hydraulic Stability of Geotextile Sand Containers for Coastal Structures – Effect of Deformations and Stability Formulae – PhD Thesis, Leichtweiss Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, www.digibib.tu-bs.de/?docid=00021899]), analytical stability formulae are developed that account for the effect of the deformations of the individual GSCs for sliding and overturning stability. The required drag, inertia and lift coefficients are determined experimentally from hydraulic model experiments specially designed for this purpose. Several types of GSC configurations which are representative for a wide range of GSC-structure types are investigated under wave action. Moreover, deformation factors to account for the deformation of the containers on the stability are analytically derived and implemented in the stability formulae.Finally, Stability formulae for each type of coastal structures made of geotextile sand containers such as breakwaters, revetments, sea walls, dune reinforcement and scour protection systems are proposed and recommendations are given with respect to the practical application of the proposed hydraulic stability formula, including their limitations.     

中国石化原油多元化国际投资战略研究

2010年我国进口原油2．39亿吨,原油对外依存度已经超过55％。截至2010年,三大石油公司的海外业务已遍及全球50多个国家和地区。中国石化海外原油产量从2008年的901万吨增长到2009年的1700万吨。在当前“走出去”的大环境下,为保证我国的能源安全,中国石化也在积极寻求海外油源多元化投资。中国石化海外油源投资应主要关注石油储量和产量排名前三十名的国家,包括亚太国家7个,非洲国家6个,中东国家7个,欧洲和西半球国家10个。根据政治、储量、技术、经济和环保五类风险的分析结果,优选地区排序依次为中东、非洲、南美、亚太和中亚。在海外油源国投资时,针对政治、经济、管理、技术和自然环境风险,应采取与当地国际石油公司加强合作、认真分析当地法律政策、进行资产管理分散风险、加大科技研发投入、加强安全培训等方法。中国石化在未来油源国际化投资的发展战略中,应加大上游投入,发挥自身优势与国际石油公司合作共赢,并且在国际上游投资难度不断加大的情况下,大胆采取与境外公司并购的方式获取油源。     

Offshore oil spills: Analysis of risks

The methods used by the US Department of the Interior to estimate risks of accidental oil spills attendant with offshore oil production and transportation are described. Both the likelihood of spill occurrence and hypothetical spill trajectories are considered. Five separate applications of the risk assessment work are summarized.