哈密地区两次大洪水的特征分析

1988年哈密地区暴发了三次大洪水,并间有泥石流,洪水波及全地区一市两县.其中,头道沟、红山口沟、三道沟、五道沟、奎苏沟、李家沟,小沟7条河流的洪峰流量均为建国以来的最大值;伊吾河、故乡河、乌沟、榆树沟4条河流的洪峰流量仅次于历史同期最大洪峰值而居第2位.5月1日前后,天山南坡各河沟出现升温融雪型大洪水;7月24日大范围的暴雨洪水袭击哈密各地,暴洪造成的经济损失达224万元.其中,红山口沟发生特大暴雨洪水并间有泥石流,8月9日哈尔里克山南北坡发生小范围暴雨洪水,     

夏朝立国前后的气候突变与中华文明的诞生

根据历史记载,考古学证据及古气候代用资料,分析了2100-1800 BC中国降水量的突变。结果显示：夏朝立国（2070 BC）之前有一个多雨期（洪水期）,"大禹治水"标志着洪水期的结束。夏朝立国前后转为干旱,在不到300 a内降水量减少20%,因此可以认为是一次气候突变。有证据表明,从洪水到干旱的气候突变可能造成了中原以外地区许多考古文化的衰落,但是也促进了中原地区中华文明的诞生。     

我国棉花气象研究近况

棉花是我国最重要的经济作物,也是仅次于粮食最重要的农产品.我国种植棉花历史悠久,早在公元前1—3世纪华南各地就有种棉记载.13世纪引种至长江流域,16世纪黄河流域已普遍种植,现种植区域极广,新疆玛纳斯河流域(45°10′N)是世界棉花种植的最北界.全国90%以上的棉田主要集中在长江流域、黄河流域和西北内陆三大棉区.我国棉花气象研究随着科学技术的发展     

基于FloodArea模型的大通河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

利用流域内所有国家气象站及区域自动站共39站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量和降水落区预报、数字高程模型(DEM)、土地利用、土壤类型以及实地灾情调查等资料,采用Flood Area模型的暴雨淹没情景,对2013年7月5日20时—6日20时大通河流域出现的历史罕见强降水时段进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明:大通河流域中上游水位上涨明显,大部地区涨水超过1 m,部分支流水位上涨超过3 m,竹阳乡、酉华乡和乔木乡的局部地区涨水超过6 m。灾情调查检验表明,对于洪水淹没范围和淹没水深,Flood Area模拟值与实况值均较为吻合,表明Flood Area模型在大通河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,可用于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与预警业务。     

20世纪长江流域3次全流域灾害性洪水事件的气象成因分析

20世纪长江流域曾出现上游洪水7次,中游洪水16次,下游洪水7次,其中有3次是全流域性洪水,分别发生在1998、1954和1931年。1998、1954和1931年梅雨期开始前(3~5月),长江流域降水比常年偏多。进入梅雨季以后,先后出现两场持续性暴雨:第1场出现在6月中旬至7月上旬,这场暴雨造成中下游河流的水位达到或超过警戒水位,出现局地洪涝;7月下旬长江中下游又出现1场持续性范围广的暴雨,雨水只能作为地面径流汇集到长江干流,造成很高水位的洪流。第2场持续性暴雨使长江上下游强降水时段在7月下旬重合,导致长江中下游干流洪水与来自上游的洪水在8月初至中旬遭遇,造成长江中下游灾难性的大洪水。1998、1954和1931年长江全流域性大洪水与东亚中高纬地区大气环流和东亚夏季风活动异常有联系。大气环流和东亚季风活动异常导致7月下旬西太平洋副热带高压的位置偏南,梅雨期持续到7月底,有利于长江中下游持续性暴雨发生的环流条件在7月下旬仍然存在。     

从亘古走来 向世界走去

中华民族有着悠久的文明史,中国的气象事业源远流长。据考古发现,在商代甲骨文中,已有了关于风、云、雨、雪、虹和雷电等天气现象的记载。新疆自古以来就是中华民族的一部份,早在公元前104年即西汉太初元年,就有“冬匈奴大雪,畜多饥寒死”的记载。十七世纪中叶,西方先后发明了温度     

世界异常天气及其评价

1.美国中西部——大雨、洪水 9月到10月初的暴雨和月末的暴雨造成密苏里、阿肯色、阿克拉何马、得克萨斯、衣阿华、路易斯安娜及依里诺斯州的河水继续泛滥.依里诺斯、密苏里及阿克拉何马各州的许多河流发洪水时的最高水位接近或打破了历史最高记录.     

沙、澧河流域面雨量计算及流量预报

讨论了适合沙、澧河流域的面雨量计算方法,分析了沙、澧河流域致洪暴雨特征、规律及底水、面雨量、强降水与洪水的关系,给出了沙、澧关键站的流量预报方法.     

基于TOPMODEL的饮马河流域暴雨洪水模拟研究

将TOPMODEL应用于饮马河流域,选取2013-2019年共6次暴雨洪水过程进行模拟和评估,将饮马河模拟流量与实测流量对比分析,探讨该模型在该流域洪水模拟的可用性.结果表明:TOPMODEL实现了空间产流面积分布的可视化;TOPMODEL在饮马河流域模拟效果较好,可用于该流域流量预报;不同等级降雨量、不同的降雨落区以及前期降雨多寡对饮马河的流量影响较大,即累计雨量越大、雨强越强、强降雨越靠近上游、前期降雨越多,洪峰流量也越大.因此,TOPMODEL可为饮马河流域的防洪调度和防灾减灾提供技术支持.     

我国的古气候研究

古气候学这一多学科综合性研究领域,近十余年来获得了长足进展,这是因为许多原因使得古气候研究日益受到重视,一些新技术、新方法的应用,也促进了这一发展。古气候研究的主要内容是:调查古气候变化的证据,还原或重建古气候,给出气候要素序列和气候变化模型;探讨气候变化机制和原因。我国的研究偏重在前面两项。古气候包括史前气候(又称地质时期气候)和历史气候两部份,二者的时间界限并无定论。我国大致以仰韶文化期(公元前3,000年)作为历史气候的开端。一、回顾我国的古气候研究可追溯到本世纪二十年代,     

Abrupt Climate Change around 4 ka BP： Role of the Thermohaline Circulation as Indicated by a GCM Experiment

A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant tem-perature drop and an aridification occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support thisdedution. The collapse of ancient civilizations at ca. 4.0 ka BP in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia hasbeen attributed to climate-induced aridification. A widespread alternation of the ancient cultures was alsofound in China at ca. 4.0 ka BP in concert with the collapse of the civilizations in the Old World. Palaeo-climatic studies indicate that the abrupt climate change at 4.0 ka BP is one of the realizations of the coldphase in millennial scale climate oscillations, which may be related to the modulation of the ThermohalineCirculation (THC) over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, this study conducts a numerical experiment ofa GCM with SST forcing to simulate the impact of the weakening of the THC. Results show a drop intemperature from North Europe, the northern middle East Asia, and northern East Asia and a significantreduction of precipitation in East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Peninsula, and the Yellow RiverValley. This seems to support the idea that coldness and aridification at ca. 4.0 ka BP was caused by theweakening of the THC.     

Abrupt Climate Change around 4 ka BP:Role of the Thermohaline Circulation as Indicated by a GCM Experiment

A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant temperature drop and an aridiflcation occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support this dedution. The collapse of ancient civilizations at ca. 4.0 ka BP in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia has been attributed to climate-induced aridification. A widespread alternation of the ancient cultures was also found in China at ca. 4.0 ka BP in concert with the collapse of the civilizations in the Old World. Palaeoclimatic studies indicate that the abrupt climate change at 4.0 ka BP is one of the realizations of the cold phase in millennial scale climate oscillations, which may be related to the modulation of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, this study conducts a numerical experiment of a GCM with SST forcing to simulate the impact of the weakening of the THC. Results show a drop in temperature from North Europe, the northern middle East Asia, and northern East Asia     

A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium

To investigate climate variability in Asia during the last millennium, the spatial and temporal evolution of summer (June–July–August; JJA) temperature in eastern and south-central Asia is reconstructed using multi-proxy records and the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework. The temperature index reconstructions show that the late 20th century was the warmest period in Asia over the past millennium. The temperature field reconstructions illustrate that temperatures in central, eastern, and southern China during the 11th and 13th centuries, and in western Asia during the 12th century, were significantly higher than those in other regions, and comparable to levels in the 20th century. Except for the most recent warming, all identified warm events showed distinct regional expressions and none were uniform over the entire reconstruction area. The main finding of the study is that spatial temperature patterns have, on centennial time-scales, varied greatly over the last millennium. Moreover, seven climate model simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), over the same region of Asia, are all consistent with the temperature index reconstruction at the 99 % confidence level. Only spatial temperature patterns extracted as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) from the GISS-E2-R and MPI-ESM-P model simulations are significant and consistent with the temperature field reconstruction over the past millennium in Asia at the 90 % confidence level. This indicates that both the reconstruction and the simulations depict the temporal climate variability well over the past millennium. However, the spatial simulation or reconstruction capability of climate variability over the past millennium could be still limited. For reconstruction, some grid points do not pass validation tests and reveal the need for more proxies with high temporal resolution, accurate dating, and sensitive temperature signals, especially in central Asia and before AD 1400.     

过去千年中国东部年代际-百年尺度干湿变化特征:基于古水文动力同化数据

利用古水文动力同化数据(PHYDA)研究了过去千年中国东部年代际-百年尺度干湿变化特征.结果表明,对比其它重建数据PHYDA在百年尺度上对小冰期前期中国东部干湿变化的再现能力最好,其对这一时期发生的年代际干旱事件包括1352-90年,1445-98年,1580-94年和1626-65年干旱事件的再现能力也最强.通过与强...     

Observed,reconstructed, and simulated decadal variability of summer precipitation over eastern China

Based on observations made during recent decades, reconstructed precipitation for the period A.D. 1736–2000, dry–wet index data for A.D. 500–2000, and a 1000-yr control simulation using the Community Earth System Model with fixed pre-industrial external forcing, the decadal variability of summer precipitation over eastern China is studied. Power spectrum analysis shows that the dominant cycles for the decadal variation of summer precipitation are: 22–24 and quasi-70 yr over the North China Plain; 32–36, 44–48, and quasi-70 yr in the Jiang–Huai area; and 32–36 and 44–48 yr in the Jiang–Nan area. Bandpass decomposition from observation, reconstruction, and simulation reveals that the variability of summer precipitation over the North China Plain, Jiang–Huai area, and Jiang–Nan area, at scales of 20–35, 35–50, and 50–80 yr, is not consistent across the entire millennium. We also find that the warm (cold) phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation generally corresponds to dry (wet) conditions over the North China Plain, but wet (dry) conditions in the Jiang–Nan area, from A.D. 1800, when the PDO became strengthened. However, such a correspondence does not exist throughout the entire last millennium. Data–model comparison suggests that these decadal oscillations and their temporal evolution over eastern China, including the decadal shifts in the spatial pattern of the precipitation anomaly observed in the late 1970s, early 1990s, and early 2000s, might result from internal variability of the climate system.     

Pacific and Atlantic influences on Mesoamerican climate over the past millennium

A new tree-ring reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Mesoamerica from AD 771 to 2008 identifies megadroughts more severe and sustained than any witnessed during the twentieth century. Correlation analyses indicate strong forcing of instrumental and reconstructed June PDSI over Mesoamerica from the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Spectral analyses of the 1,238-year reconstruction indicate significant concentrations of variance at ENSO, sub-decadal, bi-decadal, and multidecadal timescales. Instrumental and model-based analyses indicate that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is important to warm season climate variability over Mexico. Ocean-atmospheric variability in the Atlantic is not strongly correlated with the June PDSI reconstruction during the instrumental era, but may be responsible for the strong multidecadal variance detected in the reconstruction episodically over the past millennium. June drought indices in Mesoamerica are negatively correlated with gridded June PDSI over the United States from 1950 to 2005, based on both instrumental and reconstructed data. Interannual variability in this latitudinal moisture gradient is due in part to ENSO forcing, where warm events favor wet June PDSI conditions over the southern US and northern Mexico, but dryness over central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica). Strong anti-phasing between multidecadal regimes of tree-ring reconstructed June PDSI over Mesoamerica and reconstructed summer (JJA) PDSI over the Southwest has also been detected episodically over the past millennium, including the 1950–1960s when La Ni?a and warm Atlantic SSTs prevailed, and the 1980–1990s when El Ni?o and cold Atlantic SSTs prevailed. Several Mesoamerican megadroughts are reconstructed when wetness prevailed over the Southwest, including the early tenth century Terminal Classic Drought, implicating El Ni?o and Atlantic SSTs in this intense and widespread drought that may have contributed to social changes in ancient Mexico.     

Temperature variability over the past millennium inferred from Northwestern Alaska tree rings

We describe a new tree-ring width data set of 14 white spruce chronologies for the Seward Peninsula (SP), Alaska, based on living and subfossil wood dating from 1358 to 2001 AD. A composite chronology derived from these data correlates positively and significantly with summer temperatures at Nome from 1910 to 1970, after which there is some loss of positive temperature response. There is inferred cooling during periods within the Little Ice Age (LIA) from the early to middle 1600s and late 1700s to middle 1800s; and warming from the middle 1600s to early 1700s. We also present a larger composite data set covering 978–2001 AD, utilizing the SP ring-width data in combination with archaeological wood measurements and other recent collections from northwestern Alaska. The Regional Curve Standardization (RCS) method was employed to maximize potential low-frequency information in this data set. The RCS chronology shows intervals of persistent above-average growth around the time of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) early in the millennium, which are comparable to growth levels in recent centuries. There is a more sustained cold interval during the LIA inferred from the RCS record as compared to the SP ring-width series. The chronologies correlate significantly with Bering and Chukchi Sea sea surface temperatures and with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index. These atmosphere–ocean linkages probably account for the differences between these records and large-scale reconstructions of Arctic and Northern Hemisphere temperatures based largely on continental interior proxy data.     

Institutional change in social-ecological systems: The evolution of grassland management in Inner Mongolia

Communities living in the grasslands of present day Inner Mongolia have experienced dramatic social, economic and ecological changes over the past millennium. More recently, these grasslands have undergone widespread degradation, raising concern for securing local herders' livelihoods. To understand these changes in ecological and welfare outcomes over long time scales, we define five broad periods of relative institutional stability over the past millennium, characterize social-ecological system during each period, and then assess major changes between these periods. Looking at changes in institutional contexts helps explain some of our outcomes of interest. We find that while much attention has been given to the change in grassland lease structures in China, the role of market integration and buffers against historically natural constraints on livestock production (e.g., protection from the winter months) have decoupled formerly tight local social-ecological links. This decoupling, along with weak land tenure security due to a complex and volatile policy landscape, suppresses local incentives for grassland conservation.     

The decline of Late Bronze Age civilization as a possible response to climatic change

The disintegration of Eastern Mediterranean civilization at the end of the late Bronze Age (late thirteenth and twelfth centuries B.C.) has traditionally been attributed to the irruption of new peoples into this area. However, the nearly contemporaneous decline of highly organized and powerful states in Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, and Mesopotamia warrants consideration of possible environmental causes likely to operate over sizable areas, especially since archaeological research has not succeeded in establishing the presence of newcomers at the onset of the Bronze Age disturbances.Climatic change is a particularly attractive candidate since temperature and precipitation variations persisting over relatively short times can adversely affect agricultural output. Carpenter (1966) argued that the Mycenaean decline and migrations in and from Greece in the late thirteenth century were caused by prolonged drought and not the incursion of less civilized Dorian tribes. Donley (1971) and Bryson et al. (1974) have presented evidence of a spatial drought pattern which occurred in January 1955 that might be invoked to support this thesis. Population movements in Anatolia at the same time, though not as well established, can be delimited to some degree by the distribution of Hitto-Luwian peoples in the late ninth century B.C. It is hypothesized here that a drought induced migration of Luwian peoples from Western Antolia occurred early in the twelfth century B.C., that it was associated in some fashion with the invasion of Egypt by the Sea Peoples in the reign of Ramesses III, and that the defeated remnants of these peoples settled along the Levantine coast and filtered into North Syria and the upper Euphrates valley.It has been suggested that past climatic patterns recur in the present epoch but with a possibly different frequency. To establish that a spatial drought analogue to the above hypothesized migration can occur, temperature and precipitation records from 35 Greek, Turkish, Cypriot, and Syrian weather stations for the period 1951–1976 were examined. The Palmer drought index, an empirical method of measuring drought severity, was computed for each of these stations for the period of record. Since wheat yields tend to be highly correlated with winter precipitation for the area in question, the drought indices for the winter months were subjected to an empirical eigenvector analysis. An eigenvector (drought pattern) consistent with the postulated population movements in Anatolia occurred within the modern climatological record and was found to have been the dominant pattern in January 1972. The potential problems of eigenvector analysis in investigating problems of this type are discussed.     

Latitude-Dependent Response of East Asian Summer Monsoon to External Forcing in the Last Millennium

Response of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) rainfall to external forcing(insolation,volcanic aerosol,and greenhouse gases) is investigated by analysis of a millennium simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G.The model reproduces reasonably realistic present-day EASM climatology.The simulated precipitation variation in East Asia over the last millennium compares favorably with the observed and proxy data.It is found that the features and sensitivity of the forced response depend on latitude.On...