The occurrence and geochemistry of Di - and trimethyl - 2- (4,8,12 trimethyltridecyl) chromans and benzohopanes in Fushun cannel coal,Northeast China

The distribution of methyl-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chromans (M - MTTC) is related to sedimentary environments. 5,7,8 - tri-Me-MTTC, 5,8 -di - Me-MTTC and 7,8 - di - Me - MTTC have been found in coal for the first time, implying that M-MTTC is widely spread in sediments.The distribution of M - MTTC. the presence of C₃₂—C₃₅ benzohopanes, high Pr/Ph ratio, obvious even - odd predominance in C₂₄—C₃₄ alkanes and odd-even predominance in normal alkanes provide strong evidence of a near - shore lacustrine environment.     

Calcareous Nannofossils and Molecular Fossils in Cobalt-rich Crusts and their Response to the P/E Global Event

A biostratigraphic study on calcareous nannofossils from the CM3D06 Co-rich ferromanganese crust from the Magellan seamounts in the northwestern Pacific enabled estimation of depositional age.The bio-imprinting of calcareous nannofossils and other fossil species suggests six age ranges for the nannofossils: late Cretaceous,late Paleocene,(early,middle,late) Eocene,middle Miocene,late Pliocene,and Pleistocene.Gas chromatography(GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were used to test the Co-rich crusts,and a variety of molecular fossils were detected,such as chloroform bituminous "A",n-alkane,isoprenoid and sterol.Peak carbon and molecular indices(such as ΣC23 /ΣC24 +,CPI,Pr/Ph,Pr/nC17,Ph/nC18 and δ13C) indicate that the parent organic matter is dominated by marine phytoplankton and thallogen whereas there is little input of terrestrial organic matter.Researches on calcareous nannofossils,molecular fossils and molecular organic geochemistry data reveal that the Paleocene/Eocene(P/E) global event is recorded in the cobaltrich crusts from the northwestern Pacific Ocean.A succession of biomes can be observed near the 85 mm boundary(about 55 Ma),i.e.,the disappearance of the late Cretaceous Watznaueria barnesae and Zigodicus spiralis,and Broisonia parka microbiotas above the P/E boundary,and the bloom of Coccolithus formosus,Discoaster multiradiatus,Discoaster mohleri and Discoaster sp.below the boundary.Typical parameters of molecular fossils,such as saturated hydrocarbon components and carbon-number maxima,Pr/Ph,Pr/C17,Ph/C18,distribution types of sterols,Ts/Tm ratios and bacterial hopane,also exhibit dramatic changes near the P/E boundary.These integrated results illustrate that the biome succession of calcareous nannofossils,relative content of molecular fossils and molecular indices in the cobalt-rich crusts near the 85 mm boundary faithfully record the P/E global event.     

四川南桐地区二叠系龙潭煤层生物标记物及其地质意义

四川南桐地区二叠系龙潭煤层具有良好的生油潜力。其生物标记物包括正构和异构烷烃,类异戊二烯烷烃,倍半萜烷,二萜烷,三环萜烷,藿烷,一种未知结构的五环三萜烷(C₃₀),甾烷,4-甲基甾烷等。煤层生物标记物特征表明在其形成过程中有藻类和细菌等微生物物质的加入。     

Diversities in biomarker compositions of Carboniferous–Permian humic coals in the Ordos Basin,China

The molecular composition of Carboniferous–Permian coals in the maturity range from 0.66 to 1.63% vitrinite reflectance has been analysed using organic geochemistry to investigate the factors influencing the biomarker compositions of humic coals. The Carboniferous–Permian coal has a variable organofacies and is mainly humic-prone. There is a significant difference in the distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in these coals, which can be divided into three types. The Group A coals have biomarker compositions typical of humic coal, characterised by high Pr/Ph ratios, a lower abundance of tricyclic terpanes with a decreasing distribution from C₁₉ tricyclic terpane to C₂₄ tricyclic terpane and a high number of terrigenous-related biomarkers, such as C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane and C₂₉ steranes. The biomarker composition of Group B coals, which were deposited in a suboxic environment, have a higher abundance of rearranged hopanes than observed in Group A coals. In contrast, in Group C coals, the Pr/Ph ratio is less than 1.0, and the sterane and terpane distributions are very different from those in groups A and B. Group C coals generally have abnormally abundant tricyclic terpanes with a normal distribution maximising at the C₂₃ peak; C₂₇ steranes predominates in the m/z 217 mass fragmentograms. The relationships between biomarker compositions, thermal maturity, Pr/Ph ratios and depositional environments, indicate that the biomarker compositions of Carboniferous–Permian coals in Ordos Basin are mainly related to their depositional environment. This leads to the conclusion that the biomarker compositions of groups A and B coals collected from Shanxi and Taiyuan formations in the northern Ordos Basin are mainly related to their marine–terrigenous transitional environment, whereas the biomarker compositions for the Group C coals from Carboniferous strata and Shanxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin are associated with marine incursions.     

The Occurrence and Geochemistry of Di—and Trimethyl—2—（4,8,12—trimethyltridecyl）Chromans and Benzohopanes in Fushun Cannel Coal,Northeast China

The distribution of methy1-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chromans (M-MTTC)is relat-ed to sedimentary environments.5,7,8-tri-Me-MTTC,5,8-di-Me-MTTC and 7,8-di-Me-MTTC have been found in coal for the first time,implying thatM-MTTC is widely spread in sediments.The distri-bution of M-MTTC the presence of C32-C35 benzohopanes,high Pr/Ph ratio,obvious even-odd pre-dominance in C24-C34 alkanes and odd-even predominance in normal alkanes provide strong evidence of a near-shore lacustrine environment.     

Petrological, organic geochemical and geochemical characteristics of coal from the Soko mine, Serbia

A petrological, organic geochemical and geochemical study was performed on coal samples from the Soko Mine, Soko Banja basin, Serbia. Ten coal and two carbonaceous clay samples were collected from fresh, working faces in the underground brown coal mine from different parts of the main coal seam. The Lower Miocene, low-rank coal of the Soko Mine is a typical humic coal with huminite concentrations of up to 76.2 vol.%, liptinite less than 14 vol.% and inertinite less than 11 vol.%. Ulminite is the most abundant maceral with variable amounts of densinite and clay minerals. Sporinite and resinite are the most common macerals of the liptinite group. Inertodetrinite is the most abundant maceral of the inertinite group. The mineral-bituminous groundmass identified in some coal samples, and carbonaceous marly clay, indicate sub-aquatic origin and strong bacterial decomposition. The mean random huminite reflectance (ulminite B) for the main coal seam is 0.40 ± 0.05% Rr, which is typical for an immature to early mature stage of organic matter.The extract yields from the coal of the Soko Banja basin ranges from 9413 to 14,096 ppm, in which alkanes constituted 1.0–20.1%, aromatics 1.3–14.7%, asphaltenes 28.1–76.2% and resins 20.2–43.5%. The saturated hydrocarbon fractions included n-C₁₅ to n-C₃₂, with an odd carbon number that predominate in almost all the samples. The contents of n-C₂₇ and n-C₂₉ alkanes are extremely high in some samples, as a contribution of epicuticular waxes from higher plants. Acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons are minor constituents in the aliphatic fraction, and the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio varies between 0.56 and 3.13, which implies anaerobic to oxic conditions during sedimentation. The most abundant diterpanes were abietane, dehydroabietane and 16α(H)-phyllocladane. In samples from the upper part of the coal seam, diterpanes are the dominant constituents of the alkane fraction. Polycyclic alkanes of the triterpane type are important constituents of alkane fractions. The occurrence of ββ- and αβ-type hopanes from C₂₇ to C₃₁, but without C₂₈, is typical for the Soko Banja coals.The major and trace elements in the coal were analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In comparison with world lignites, using the geometric mean value, the coal from the Soko Banja Basin has a high content of strontium (306.953 mg/kg). Higher values than the world lignites were obtained for Mo (3.614 mg/kg), Ni (8.119 mg/kg), Se (0.884 mg/kg), U (2.642 mg/kg) and W (0.148 mg/kg). Correlation analysis shows inorganic affinity for almost all the major and trace elements, except for S, which has an organic affinity.     

Hydrocarbon source potential and depositional environment of the Surma Group shales of Bengal basin,Bangladesh

Surma Group is the most important geological unit of Bengal basin, Bangladesh, because petroleum resources occur within this group. It is mainly composed of alternation of shale and sandstone and the shale fraction has long been considered as source rocks and the sandstone fraction as reservoir. These source and reservoir rocks have been studied by different authors by different approach but none of them adopted organic geochemistry and organic petrology as a means of study of source rock and their possible depositional environment. A total of thirty shale core samples have been collected from eight different gas fields to fulfill the short coming. The collected samples have been subjected to Source Rock Analysis (SRA) and/or Rock-Eval (RE) followed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (PyGC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), elemental analysis (EA) and organic petrological study such as vitrinite reflectance measurement and maceral analysis. The analyzed organic matter extracted from the shales of Surma Group consists mainly of Type III along with some Type II kerogen. The studied shales are mostly organically lean (TOC ±1%) and the extracted organic matter is fair to moderate. Based on these results, the analyzed shales have been ranked as poor (mostly) to fair quality source rock. The organic matter of the analyzed shale samples is thermally immature to early mature for hydrocarbon generation considering their T_max and measured mean vitrinite reflectance values. The hopane 22S/(22S + 22R), moretane/hopane ratio and sterane parameters are also in good agreement with these thermal maturity assessments. The predominance of odd carbons over even carbons (most common) and/or even carbons over odd carbon numbered n-alkanes, moderate Pr/Ph ratio, low to high Tm/Ts ratio, comparative abundance of sterane C₂₉ (i.e., C₂₉ >C₂₇>C₂₈), Pr/nC₁₇ — Ph/nC₁₈ values, C/S ratio and dominance of vitrinite macerals group with the presence of liptinite macerals demonstrate that the organic matter has derived mainly from terrestrial inputs with an insignificant contribution from the marine sources. The condition of deposition alternates from oxic to anoxic.     

西藏北羌塘盆地光明湖地区上侏罗统白龙冰河组烃源岩有机质特征

通过对研究区露头烃源岩样品进行Rock-Eval热解模拟实验、干酪根镜鉴、镜质体反射率、族组分分离、单体烃碳同位素等分析,对北羌塘盆地光明湖地区侏罗系白龙冰河组烃源岩有机质特征进行研究。结果表明,该区白龙冰河组烃源岩以碳酸盐岩为主,有机碳含量0.01%~1.21%,平均值为0.39%,有机质丰度较高;干酪根显微组分以腐泥组为主,含量70%~92%,平均值为80%,以Ⅱ₁型为主,主峰碳、(nC_21-/ nC₂₂₊)轻/重比及Pr/nC₁₇-Ph/nC₁₈的相关图均表明有机质来自低等水生生物,有机质类型较好;镜质体反射率最小值1.409%,最大值2.423%,平均值为1.909%,有机质的热演化程度总体较高,达到高成熟-过成熟阶段。     

Oil-source correlations of the lower tertiary in the Dongtai sag of the Subei Basin

A series of biomarkers is used to explore the bio-inputs of source rocks and oils. Oils from the Dongtai sag of the Subei Basirr are characterized by abundant gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes. Both Ef⁴ and Ef² source shales contain type-II₁ kerogen. Ef⁴ is different from Ef² in biomarker distribution and generated oil. The former has higher Pr/Ph and 4-methyl sterane/sterane ratios, but the latter has more abundant β-carotane. The presence of immature oils and source rocks in the Hai’an depression indicates that the immature oils are of commercial value.     

黔北务川-正安-道真地区铝土矿系中生物标志物及其地质意义*

黔北务川-正安-道真地区铝土矿位于石炭系黄龙组和二叠系梁山组之间,主要属于沉积型铝土矿。通过气相色谱（GC）与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）手段分析铝土矿系钻孔岩心中的生物标志物,发现了含量丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物与甾类化合物。对10个样品饱和烃组分GC分析表明,正构烷烃主要呈双峰式分布特征,碳数分布n-C₁₄～n-C₃₅,CPI值范围为0.90～3.45,表现出奇偶优势。姥鲛烷/植烷（Pr/Ph）值为0.38～077,表现出明显植烷优势。对3个样品饱和烃组分GC-MS分析表明,萜烷类化合物以C₃₀藿烷占优势,相对丰度由大到小依次为五环三萜烷、三环萜烷、四环萜烷,并检测出少量的γ-蜡烷。规则甾烷C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉呈近L型或V型分布,并含少量4-甲基甾烷。根据生物标志物特征参数,结合岩心样品岩相学特征,确定了铝土矿系中有机质的陆上植物与低等菌藻类双重来源,铝土质沉积时为偏酸性较还原环境,明确了铝土矿系的形成过程受到来自陆上与沉积水体内两个古生态系统的双重作用。     

The Cenomanian—Turonian Anoxic Event in Southern Tibet：A Study of Organic Geochemistry

The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event(C/T OAE) is developed in southern Tibet.Organic geochemical study of the Cenomanian-Turonian sediments from the Gamba and Tingri aress shows that the mid-Cretaceous black shales in southern Tibet are enriched in organic carbon.Te molecular analyses of organic matter indicate marine organic matter was derived from algae and bacteria.In the Gamba area,the organic matter is characterized by abundant tricyclic terpanes and pregane,which are predominant in 191 and 217 mass chromatograms,respectively,Pristane/phytane(Pr/Ph)ratios in the C/T OAE sediments are less than 1, demonstrating the domination of phytane.The presence of carotane can be regarded as a special biomarker indicating oxygen depletion in the C/T OAE sediments in the Tethyan Himalayas.In anoxic sediments,β-carotane and γ－carotane are very abundant.The β-and γ-carotane ratios relative to nC17 in the Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic sediments vary from 32.28-42.87and 5.10-11.01.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Different Kinds of Crude Oils in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty-five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains relatively low amounts of C₁₅-C₂₀ isoprenoid hydrocarbons and shows pristane predominance with Pr/Ph ratios ranging from 1.50 to 3.00. The GC/MS analytical data of these oils show the occurrence of abundant hopanes, and low concentrations of steranes and tricyclic terpanes with hopanes/steranes ratios from 6.25 to 12.24 and tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios from 0.03 to 0.24. These oils contain low drimane relative to homodrimane (C₁₅/C₁₆ < 1.0) and abundant rearranged bicyclanes in bicyclic sesquiterpanes. They are dominated by low carbon number (C₁₉-C₂₁) compounds in the tricyclic terpanes, and are rich in rearranged hopanes, C₂₉Ts and an unknown C₃₀ compound in pentacyclic triterpanes. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the oils were generated mainly from terrigenous organic matter. The other oil family shows remarkably different biomarker compositions and distributions. The oils revealed Pr/Ph ratios of about 1.0, high drimane/homodrimane ratios (>1.0), low hopanes/steranes ratios (0.65–2.50), high tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios (0.30–2.00) and a dominant peak at C₂₃ in tricyclic tepanes, suggesting a marine organic origin. Oil-source rock correlation indicates that these two oil families seem to have been derived from Mesozoic Jurassic-Triassic terrestrial source rocks (shales and coal seams) and Lower Paleozoic Ordovician-Cambrian marine source rocks, respectively.     

沉积环境的氧化还原性对重排甾烷形成的作用

陆东凹陷上侏罗统生油岩样品饱和烃色质分析表明，重排甾烷随井深出现含量下降的逆转现象，表明热演化不完全是这类化合物形成的主要控制因素。重排甾烷的分布与岩石中的粘土矿物组成关系也不密切，意味着各种粘土矿物的酸性催化作用无明显差别。经研究发现，重排甾烷的形成与沉积环境的氧化还原性有关。在Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ小于０.５的缺氧强还原地层中由于甾烯碳骨架的酸性重排作用受到抑制，因而所形成的重排甾烷很少；随Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ增加，沉积环境变为弱氧化-氧化时，重排甾烷含量显著增高，表明在成岩作用过程中沉积物中的含氧性是这类化合物形成的主要因素.     

Use of biomarker distributions and compound specific isotopes of carbon and hydrogen to delineate hydrocarbon characteristics in the East Sirte Basin (Libya)

Biomarker ratios, together with stable carbon (δ¹³C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopic compositions of individual hydrocarbons have been determined in a suite of crude oils (n = 24) from the East Sirte Basin to delineate their sources and respective thermal maturity. The crude oil samples are divided into two main families (A and B) based on differences in source inputs and thermal maturity. Using source specific parameters including pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), hopane/sterane, dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene (DBT/P), Pr/n-C₁₇ and Ph/n-C_l8 ratios and the distributions of tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes, family B oils are ascribed a marine source rock deposited under sub-oxic conditions, while family A oils have a more terrigenous source affinity. This genetic classification is supported by the stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹³C) of the n-alkanes. Using biomarker maturity parameters such as the abundance of Pr and Ph relative to n-alkanes and the distribution of sterane and hopane isomers, family A oils are shown to be more thermally mature than family B oils. The contrasting maturity of the two families is supported by differences between the stable hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD) of Pr and Ph and the n-alkanes, as well as the δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in their respective oils.     

Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for coupled bacterial uranium mineralization and hydrocarbon oxidation in the Shashagetai deposit,NW China

Unusual mineral structures have recently been found in a sandstone-hosted roll-type uranium deposit in the Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in the Shashagetai deposit, the northern Ordos basin, NW China. The structures possess a chemical composition and crystal structure characteristic of mineral coffinite [(USiO₄)_1−x(OH)_4x], which occurs as nanoparticles with size ranging from 5 to 25 nm. These structures are interpreted to be fossilized microorganisms, based on mineralogical biosignatures including morphology, size, occurrence of biogenic coffinite as nano-crystals, and biological elements such as P. The intimate intergrowth of coffinite with secondary pyrite of bacterial origin, as defined by low δ³⁴S values, and calcite cements with petroleum-derived carbon supports its biogenic origin. Oil inclusions in the host sandstone are characterized by abundant n-alkanes, slightly increased Pr/nC₁₇ and Ph/nC₁₈ ratios, significant amounts of demethylated hopanes and tricyclic terpanes, and the existence of unresolved complex mixtures. These characteristics are interpreted to be a result of mixing of an earlier, heavily degraded oil with a later charged fresh oil; subsequently the oils were slightly degraded. These lines of evidence lead to the proposal that the reduction of sulfate and oxidization of petroleum are likely synchronous with reduction of hexavalent [U(VI)] to tetravalent [U(IV)] uranium by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The discovery of a natural association of microorganism-like structures, a uranium mineral, and biodegraded petroleum has implications for uranium biomineralization and fossil fuel exploration.     

Distribution Characteristics of Alkylcyclohexanes in Lower Paleozoic Strata on the Northern Margin of the Tarim Basin,China

Organic matter from the Lower Paleozoic strata on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin of China contains abundant alkylcyclohexanes.The n-alkylcyclohexanes show the even(C16-C20) and odd (C17-C21) carbon number predominance and smooth distribution,and the methyl-n-alkylcycolhexanes the odd carbon number predominance(C17-C21) and smooth distribution,which may be related to their depositional environments and organic precursors.There are some differences in carbon number distribution between the two series of monocyclic alkanes and the n-alkanes marked by smooth distribution.The genetic relationship between the three series of compounds needs to be further studied.     

柴达木盆地昆特依地区晚更新世正构烷烃分布特征及其环境变迁

为探讨柴达木盆地晚更新世的环境变迁,同时为青藏高原隆升对气候变化的影响提供基础资料,对柴达木盆地昆特依地区ZK1404钻孔沉积物中的正构烷烃分布特征以及ASM~(14)C测年数据进行了分析。结果显示,昆特依地区晚更新世沉积物的正构烷烃总体上呈现以高碳数为主的分布特征,多数样品以nC_(27)、nC_(29)为主峰,部分以nC_(31)为主峰,呈现出显著的奇碳优势。少数样品中低于nC_(21)的短链正构烷烃相对丰度较高,主要以nC_(17)、nC_(20)为主峰碳数,无明显的奇偶优势。根据正构烷烃分布特征、AMS~(14)C测年数据、区域地质调查资料及沉积环境判断,柴达木盆地昆特依地区晚更新世(33600～26370a B.P.)气候环境以温凉干旱与温凉干旱偏湿交替出现为特征,与现代大陆性干旱荒漠气候截然不同。     

Occurrences and distributions of branched alkylbenzenes in the Dongsheng sedimentary uranium ore deposits,China

A series of branched alkylbenzene ranging from C₁₅ to C₁₉ with several isomers (2–5) at each carbon number were identified in sediments from the Dongsheng sedimentary uranium ore deposits, Ordos Basin, China. The distribution patterns of the branched alkylbenzenes show significant differences in the sample extracts. The branched alkylbenzenes from organic-rich argillites and coals range from C₁₅ to C₁₉ homologues, in which the C₁₇ or C₁₈ dominated. On the other hand, the C₁₉ branched alkylbenzenes dominated in the sandstone/siltstone extracts. The obvious differences of the branched alkylbenzene distributions between the uranium-host sandstones/siltstones and the interbedded barren organic-rich mudstones/coals probably indicate their potential use as biological markers associated with particular depositional environments and/or maturity diagenetic processes. Possible origins for these branched alkylbenzenes include interaction of simple aromatic compounds with, or cyclization and aromatization reactions of, these linear lipid precursors such as fatty acids, methyl alkanoates, wax esters or alkanes/alkenes that occur naturally in carbonaceous sediments. The possible simple aromatic compounds may include substituted benzenes, functionalized compounds such as phenols that are bound to kerogen at the benzyl position, and phenols that are decomposition products derived from aquatic and terrestrial sources. The distributions of methyl alkanoates and n-alkanes were found to be different between organic-rich mudstone/coal and sandstone/siltstone. From this result, it can be concluded that such differences of the alkylbenzene distributions were mainly resulting from the differences of organic precursors, although maturity effect and radiolytic alteration cannot be completely excluded.     

The contribution of bacteria to organic matter in coal-measure source rocks

On the basis of GC–MS analysis, a suite of nine coal-measure source rocks (Ro 0.51%–0.63%) from the southern margin of Junggar basin was found to contain many biomarkers for bacterially-generated hydrocarbons: hopane, sesquiterpene, C₂₃+ monomethyl alkanes (even carbon predominance), and C₂₄+ alkyl cyclohexane. Rock–eval and microscope analysis indicate that vitrinite (especially desmocollinite and homocollinite) plays a significant role in the generation of hydrocarbons in coal-measure source rocks. Vitrinite performs this role by absorbing ultramicroscopic organic matter, generally in the form of resins or bacterial plastids. C₂₃+ monomethyl alkanes (even carbon predominance) and C₂₄+ alkyl cyclohexane series compounds are derived from bacterial metabolites of higher plants. The ultramicro organic matter adsorbed by vitrinite source rocks in the study area is probably ultramicro bacterial plastids. Because the organic matter of higher plants with low hydrogen content has been transformed into organic matter rich in hydrogen by bacteria, the hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks is greatly improved. In other words, in coal-measure source rocks, bacteria play an important role in hydrocarbon generation.

     

Kinetic Model of Gaseous Alkanes Formed from Coal in a Confined System and Its Application to Gas Filling History in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Based on the pyrolysis products for the Jurassic low-mature coal under programmed temperature,and chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Kuqa Depression, the genetic origin of natural gas was determined,and then a gas filling model was established,in combination with the geological background of the Kuqa Depression.The active energy of CH_4,C_2H_6 and C_3H_8 was gotten after the data of pyrolysis gas products under different heating rates(2℃/h and 20℃/h)were fitted by the Gas O...