夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频次与热带海温关系的年代际变化

探讨了夏季(6—8月)西北太平洋(Western North Pacific,WNP)热带气旋生成频次(Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency,TCGF)与热带海温关系的年代际变化,发现影响WNP TCGF的热带海温型在1991/1992年发生了年代际变化。在1990年代初之前,TCGF正异常对应的热带海温异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA)呈现东部型La Ni?a衰减位相,前冬至春季WNP局地暖SSTA在其西北侧激发气旋异常,夏季时由热带印度洋冷SSTA继续维持。在1990年代初之后,TCGF正异常对应的热带SSTA呈现东部型La Ni?a向中部型El Ni?o快速转换的位相,夏季中太平洋暖SSTA在其西北侧激发气旋异常,同时热带东印度洋至海洋性大陆以及热带大西洋的冷SSTA通过垂直环流圈加强中太平洋的辐合上升运动,进一步维持其西北侧气旋异常。由于激发气旋异常的暖SSTA在第二个年代相较第一个年代明显偏南偏东,气旋异常和TCGF正异常在第二个年代也整体偏南且向东扩展至更远的区域。WNP TCGF与热带海温关系的年代际变化与1990年代初之后厄尔尼诺-南方涛动演变速率加快有关。      

海南热带气旋年际变化与趋势预测

利用累积距平,滑动Ｔ－检验和Ｃｒａｍｅｒ’ｓ,Ｍａｍ－Ｋｅｎｄａｌｌ等方法对影响海南的热带气旋（ＴＣ）的年频数进行趋势分析和突变检测,并利用模糊均生函数正交方法对未来１０年ＴＣ的年频数进行趋势预测。检测结果,１９４６年是少台期结束、新的多台期开始的突变点;预测２００４年前海南仍处于少台活动期,２００５年后可能转入多台活动趋势期。     

西北太平洋热带气旋的年际和年代际变化及其与南亚高压的关系

利用1949～1996年48年西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)的年个数资料和1958～1997年40年南亚高压(SAH)特征参数的月平均资料，讨论了西北太平洋TC年个数的年际、年代际变化、年个数周期和周期能量等特点及其与SAH特征参数的关系和异常TC年前期SAH环流场和100 hPa高度场的特征。结果表明，西北太平洋TC具有明显的年际和年代际变化，前期SAH对当年TC频数有一定影响，SAH中心位置偏北、偏西，中心强度偏弱时，当年TC偏多，反之，当年TC偏少。     

近百年西北太平洋热带气旋年频数的变化特征

利用经趋势订正的１８８４－１９８８年西北太平洋热带气旋年频数资料，分析了热带气旋年频数的多年变化及其与海面温度、南方涛动指数、太阳黑子数和环流型日数等的统计关系。初步结果表明，热带气旋年频数的变化具有明显的２１年、３１年、１５年和６年左右的周期和持续期平均为１２年左右的阶段变化；近百年来有三次较明显的转折，分别出现在１９３１、１９５９年１９７７年。热带气旋年频数在厄尔尼诺年有冬春季偏少、夏秋季偏多     

用简单海气耦合模式产品作热带气旋频数年际预测

首先建立一个用于优化热带简单海气耦合模式积分初始的四维变分同化系统,由此提高模式对热带海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）年际预测的准确率,并利用３７年模式输出产品建立了影响化南和上海市的热带气旋（ＴＣ）年频数的长期预测方程,试报结果良好。     

西北太平洋热带气旋移动路径的年际变化及其机理研究

利用JTWC的热带气旋资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析的风场资料以及Scripps海洋研究所的海温资料分析了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)移动路径的年际变化及其机理。结果表明,西北太平洋TC移动路径有明显的年际变化并与西太平洋暖池热状态有很密切的关系。当西太平洋暖池处于暖状态,西北太平洋上空TC移动路径偏西,影响中国的台风个数偏多;相反,当西太平洋暖池处于冷状态,西北太平洋的TC移动路径偏东,影响日本的台风个数偏多,而影响中国的台风个数可能偏少。本研究以西太平洋暖池处于冷状态的2004年与西太平洋暖池处于暖状态的2006年的西北太平洋TC移动路径的差别进一步论证了这一分析结果并从动力理论方面分析了在西太平洋暖池不同热状态下,季风槽对赤道西传天气尺度的Rossby重力混合波转变成热带低压型波动(TD型波动)的影响,以此揭示西太平洋暖池的热状态对西北太平洋TC生成位置与移动路径年际变化的影响机理。分析结果表明,当西北太平洋暖池处于暖状态时,季风槽偏西,使得热带太平洋上空对流层低层Rossby重力混合波转变成TD型波动的位置也偏西,从而造成TC生成平均位置偏西,并易于出现西行路径;相反,当西太平洋暖池处于冷状态时,季风槽偏东,这造成了对流层低层Rossby重力混合波转变成TD型波动的区域,以及TC生成的平均位置都偏东,从而导致TC移动路径以东北转向为主。     

基于BP神经网络技术的西北太平洋热带气旋年频数预测

利用NCEP月平均的500 hPa高度场和海表温度场分析资料、中国气象局台风年鉴(1949—1988年)和热带气旋年鉴(1989—2008年)资料,采用BP(神经网络模式)对发生在西北太平洋上的热带气旋年频数进行预测。对隐层节点数进行普查,采用试错法,并综合考虑模式精度及迭代次数,得到了相对较优的神经网络预测模式。利用选用的模式来预测热带气旋年频数,给出了具体的预测值及具有范围的预测值,8年独立样本检验结果表明有6/8的预测值处于或接近相应的预测范围内。     

MJO与西北太平洋热带气旋活动的关系及其年代际变化

利用澳大利亚气象局RMM指数(Real-time Multivariate MJO Index)和美国联合预警中心(Joint Typhoon Warming Center)的最佳台风路径资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐日和逐月平均的再分析资料,分析研究西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)的年代际变化及其与MJO之间的关系。结果表明,相比1979—1997年时段,1998—2010年时段的西北太平洋TC生成频数发生显著减少的改变,且TC频数减少主要出现在MJO活跃位相(4、5、6、7位相)中。通过对1979—1997年和1998—2010年两个时段的气候背景与MJO传播进程比较分析发现,1998—2010年时段TC频数显著降低,主要由于赤道太平洋海表温度La Ni?a型的冷却,导致该时段Walker环流增强,从而使得西北太平洋地区产生底层东风异常、负相对涡度增加、海平面气压升高、垂直风切变加大等抑制TC生成的大尺度环流条件。同时,在此气候背景下的MJO周期缩短、活跃持续日数减少、部分活跃位相低频风场出现东风异常和对流活跃面积收缩,也可能进一步导致TC频数在上述两个时段的较大差异。      

影响我国的热带气旋年频数预测

利用中国气象局《热带气旋年鉴》的热带气旋大风和降水资料集,确定了明显影响我国及华东和华南地区的热带气旋个例,并研制热带气旋年频数的预测方案,使得频数预测对防灾减灾更为实用。预测因子采用相关普查的方法,从1961—2000年前期的海表温度、海平面气压及200,500 hPa和850 hPa位势高度和风场中选出,所用的资料为NOAA ER SST和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料。在相关分析的基础上,构建因子时兼顾了因子的系统性的空间结构和时间的变化,并用主成分分析方法去除因子的多重共线性;在最优子集回归建模的基础上进一步对模型进行检验和优化。模型检验和2001—2008年回报试验说明各模型均对各自热带气旋频数 (TCF) 具有较好的预测能力。     

热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动年际变化联系的年代际改变

采用美国NOAA卫星观测OLR (outing longwave radiation)资料以及NCEP/NCAR、CM AP月平均资料,利用合成分析等方法,研究了热带西北太平洋(125°～140°E,10°～20°N)与热带东南印度洋(90°～105°E,5°～15°S)对流活动异常的联系。结果表明:热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动异常的联系有显著的年代际变化; 20世纪80—90年代存在显著的正相关,20世纪90年代至21世纪初有显著的负相关,其后转变为正相关。合成分析表明,热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动正相关时,两地区均存在反气旋性环流,低层辐散、高层辐合,对流活动弱,不利于降水产生,有降水负异常;当热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动负相关时,两地区环流异常存在明显差别,热带东南印度洋有正的海温异常,高层辐散、低层辐合,有上升运动,对流活动强,有降水正异常,而热带西北太平洋则相反。热带西北太平洋和热带东南印度洋之间的斜向垂直环流圈将这两个地区联系起来,并决定了这两个地区对流活动负相关关系的形成。     

Interannual Variation of Multiple Tropical Cyclone Events in the Western North Pacific

The interannual variability of occurrence of multiple tropical cyclone(MTC) events during June-October in the western North Pacific(WNP) was examined for the period 1979-2006.The number of the MTC events ranged from 2 to 9 per year,exhibiting a remarkable year-to-year variation.Seven active and seven inactive MTC years were identified.Compared to the inactive years,tropical cyclone genesis locations extended farther to the east and in the meridional direction during the active MTC years.A composite analysis shows that inactive MTC years were often associated with the El Nin o decaying phase,as warm SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific in the preceding winter transitioned into cold sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the concurrent summer.Associated with the SST evolution were suppressed low-level cyclonic vorticity and weakened convection in the WNP monsoon region.In addition to the mean flow difference,significant differences between active and inactive MTC years were also found in the strength of the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation(ISO).Compared with inactive MTC years,ISO activity was much stronger along the equator and in the WNP region during active MTC years.Both westward-and northward-propagating ISO spectrums strengthened during active MTC years compared to inactive years.The combined mean state and ISO activity changes may set up a favorable environment for the generation of MTC events.     

A Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Prediction Scheme

A western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) intensity prediction scheme (WIPS) is developed based on TC samples from 1996 to 2002 using the stepwise regression technique, with the western North Pacific divided into three sub-regions: the region near the coast of East China (ECR), the South China Sea region (SCR), and the far oceanic region (FOR). Only the TCs with maximum sustained surface wind speed greater than 17.2 m s-1 are used in the scheme. Potential predictors include the climatology and persistence factors, synoptic environmental conditions, potential intensity of a TC and proximity of a TC to land. Variances explained by the selected predictors suggest that the potential intensity of a TC and the proximity of a TC to land are significant in almost all the forecast equations. Other important predictors include vertical wind shear in ECR, 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly at the TC center, zonal component of TC translation speed in SCR, intensity change of TC 12 or 24 h prior to initial time, and the longitude of TC center in FOR. Independent tests are carried out for TCs in 4 yr (2004-2007), with mean absolute errors of the maximum surface wind being 3.0, 5.0, 6.5, 7.3, 7.6, and 7.9 m s-1 for 12- to 72-h predictions at 12-h intervals, respectively. Positive skills are obtained at all leading time levels as compared to the climatology and persistence prediction scheme, and the large skill scores (near or over 20%) after 36 h imply that WIPS performs especially better at longer leading times. Furthermore, it is found that the amendment in TC track prediction and real-time model analysis can significantly improve the performance of WIPS in the SCR and ECR. Future improvements will focus on applying the scheme for weakening TCs and those near the coastal regions.     

Interdecadal Change in the Interannual Variation of the Western Edge of theWestern North Pacific Subtropical High During Early Summer and the Influenceof Tropical Sea Surface Temperature

This study reveals that the interannual variability of the western edge of the western North Pacific(WNP)subtropical high(WNPSH) in early summer experienced an interdecadal decrease around 1990. Correspondingly, the zonal movement of the WNPSH and the zonal extension of the high-pressure anomaly over the WNP(WNPHA) in abnormal years possess smaller ranges after 1990. The different influences of the tropical SSTAs are important for this interdecadal change, which exhibit slow El Nino decaying pat...     

南亚高压的年际和年代际变化

利用1958～1998年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均100 hPa高度场和风场资料， 依据大气环流观测事实及天气学原理，较客观地定义了描述南亚高压活动的特征参数， 然后对南亚高压的年际及年代际变化特征进行了系统的诊断分析。发现北半球中低纬 100 hPa环流异常具有空间整体性和时间持续性，即北半球中低纬100 hPa环流同时加 强或同时减弱，并且其整体异常具有明显的年代际变化。南亚高压面积和强度的变化 存在3.8年的振荡周期，与ENSO的循环周期一致。南亚高压的中心和脊线在夏季较为稳 定，较大的年际差异出现在春季。高压面积和强度的年际变化最明显，并且面积大、 强度强的年份往往与El Niao年相对应。南亚高压的位置和强度还存 在明显的年代际变化，自1978年以后，冬半年南亚高压脊线南移，中心东移，面积增大， 强度增强，夏半年南亚高压的位置变化不很明显，但是面积和强度也增大增强。这种年代 际异常与低层大气系统及赤道太平洋海温的年代际异常一致。南亚高压强度距平与热带 海洋SSTA密切相关，与印度洋海区的同期相关最好。南亚高压强度异常对印度洋SSTA的 响应时间为0～5个月，对赤道中东太平洋SSTA的响应时间为4～6个月。南亚高压明显的 年际和年代际变化特征表明，可将南亚高压看作气候系统中大气子系统异常的强信号， 通过分析南亚高压的年际及年代际异常可以更直接地研究和预测区域气候异常。     

华北汛期降水量变化中年代际和年际尺度的分离

华北地区汛期(7月和8月)降水量的变化中,不仅具有年际变化的特征,同时还具有明显的年代际变化特征.我们将这两种时间尺度进行分离,即将降水量的变化进行5年滑动平均,以滑动平均值代表年代际变化,并以每年的汛期降水量与滑动平均值的差代表去除了年代际变化后的年际变化.然后,利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料对与这两种不同时间尺度相关联的大气环流异常进行了分析,发现两者具有不同的表现,说明影响这两种不同时间尺度的物理原因可能是不同的.与年代际变化相对应的大气环流异常主要表现为出现在我国东部地区的南北风异常以及欧亚大陆上空的位势高度异常.若对这两种时间尺度不进行分离,而直接按讨论年际变化的一般方法简单地分析与年际变化相关联的大气环流异常时,所得到的分析结果中既包含与华北降水年代际变化相关联的大气环流异常,又包含与去除年代际变化后的年际变化相关联的大气环流异常.而除去年代际变化后,与华北汛期降水年际变化相关联的大气环流异常主要表现为在东亚上空位势高度和纬向风的异常,意味着急流在涝年位置偏北.     

Impact of Interannual Variation of Synoptic Disturbances on the Tracks and Landfalls of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

This study investigates the tropical cyclone (TC) activity associated with the two leading modes of interannual variability in synoptic disturbances. Both leading modes are found to be related to a dipole pattern of TC occurrence between the subtropical western North Pacific and the South China Sea. Therefore, in this study we performed composite analyses on TC tracks and landfalls, based on the cases of combined modes, to highlight the differences. The composite results indicate that these cases are characterized by distinct features of TC tracks and landfalls: more TCs tend to take recurving tracks and attack eastern China, Korea and Japan, or more TCs exhibit straight-moving tracks and hit the Philippines, Vietnam and southern China. Further analyses suggest that these distinctions in the TC prevailing tracks and landfalls can be attributed to the differences in large-scale steering flow and TC genesis location.     

Impact of the Western Pacific Tropical Easterly Jet on Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific

Although it is well known that the tropical easterly jet(TEJ)has a significant impact on summer weather and climate over India and Africa,whether the TEJ exerts an important impact on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)remains unknown.In this study,we examined the impact of the TEJ on the interannual variability of TC genesis frequency over the WNP in the TC season(June-September)during 1980-2020.The results show a significant positive correlation between TC genesis frequency over the WNP and the jet intensity in the entrance region of the TEJ over the tropical western Pacific(in brief WP_TEJ),with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.66.The intensified WP_TEJ results in strong ageostrophic northerly winds in the entrance region and thus upper-level divergence to the north of the jet axis over the main TC genesis region in the WNP.This would lead to an increase in upward motion in the troposphere with enhanced low-level convergence,which are the most important factors to the increases in low-level vorticity,mid-level humidity and low-level eddy kinetic energy,and the decreases in sea level pressure and vertical wind shear in the region.All these changes are favorable for TC genesis over the WNP and vice versa.Further analyses indicate that the interannual variability of the WP_TEJ intensity is likely to be linked to the local diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean-western Pacific and the central Pacific El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.     

1949—2009年西北太平洋热带气旋气候特征

利用1949—2009年中国气象局热带气旋（TC:Tropical Cyclone）最佳路径数据集,对西北太平洋TC生成源地的时空分布、生成和登陆我国TC的年、月频数分布、强度分布和地理分布等气候特征进行统计分析。研究结果表明：在这61年中生成的TC呈减少趋势,登陆我国的TC数量比较稳定,不过近10年来登陆的较强TC数量却呈现出上升趋势;每年6—10月是TC高发期,强度等级越高的TC生成季节越偏晚,而8月是生成和登陆数量最多的月份;TC平均生命期随强度等级的增加而增大,且逐渐表现出单峰值分布特征;TC频数的地理分布以我国南海和菲律宾以东洋面为中心,向四周呈辐射状减少,近10年来其活动范围有所西伸加强。     

Cyclone Phase Space Characteristics of the Extratropical Transitioning Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

The cyclone phase space (CPS) method has been utilized to evaluate the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in many recent publications. However, these studies mainly focused over the North Atlantic basin. In this paper, the CPS characteristics of all the cyclones over the western North Pacific are investigated and discussed, with three parameters calculated from the best-track data of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Tokyo and the Japanese 25-yr reanalysis data. It is concluded that most TCs over the western North Pacific possess the non-frontal and warm-core structure, while a larger number of cyclones that have undergone ET hold the frontal and cold-core structure. The spatial pattern of the CPS parameters indicates that the areas of tropical and extratropical cyclone activities could be demarcated by 30°N. The composite and individual series of three parameters of the CPS indicate that the transformation of −V _T^U from positive to negative leads to the start of ET, and could be considered as a potential predictor in operationally forecasting an ET event.