塔河油田奥陶系岩溶塌陷体结构识别及成因分析

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩古溶洞塌陷是一种特殊的岩溶型储集体,塌陷作用导致早期洞穴的坍塌、围岩多类型的角砾岩化以及孔隙结构在一定范围上的改造等。通过钻井、岩心、常规测井、FMI 成像测井等技术手段来识别和再现了塌陷体裂纹角砾岩、镶嵌角砾岩、混杂角砾岩和溶洞及其沉积充填物等独特的响应特征。展示了岩溶塌陷体及其上覆地层地震同相轴“下凹”和伴随“串珠”状—杂乱反射的地震结构特征。依据塌陷几何结构的生长指数(EI)、垂向海拔变化(ΔZ)以及宽度(W)等参数定量评价,指出塌陷形成具有多期次性,在下巴楚泥岩段达到峰值。通过实例剖面分析,将塌陷体分为3种类型:(1)早期(表生岩溶期)溶蚀塌陷,常发育多层洞穴垮塌,塌陷带内角砾岩发育,构成了灰岩和混杂角砾与泥质支撑的混杂角砾复杂岩性组合,储集体上下整体连通,具有一定的储集性能;(2)中期(早石炭世)负载塌陷,属于埋藏后塌陷,储集体由缝隙、裂纹角砾岩、镶嵌杂乱角砾岩、富碎屑基质支撑的杂乱角砾岩和洞穴沉积的石英砂岩组成,存在未充填的残余洞穴储集空间;(3)晚期(海西晚期)断控塌陷,海西晚期构造导致的埋藏后的古溶洞塌陷,形成新的“缝隙、镶嵌角砾岩、杂乱角砾和原始溶洞”的塌陷结构,储集性能较好。原始洞穴层、塌陷时间和主控因素三者的相互组合导致了古洞穴塌陷的复杂储集体结构。分析认为负载塌陷和断控塌陷发育有效的储集空间,可作为油气开发有利的潜力目标区。     

赤峰陈家杖子隐爆角砾岩型金矿床地质地球化学特征与成因

陈家杖子金矿是赤峰南部地区新发现的隐爆角砾岩型金矿床,矿体呈脉状产于隐爆角砾岩筒内,角砾岩筒主要由隐爆含角砾岩屑晶屑凝灰岩组成。角砾岩筒蚀变强烈,并具一定的蚀变分带,金矿化主要与硅化和冰长石化有关,载金矿物主要为毒砂。含矿岩石的岩石化学特征为铝过饱和型,以w(K2O)>>w(Na2O)为特征,属于钙碱性系列I型花岗岩;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土元素富集型,有Eu亏损;微量元素具有明显的Ti、Nb、Sr、Ba、Th、U亏损,K富集,与大陆边缘正常弧非成熟花岗岩的微量元素特征相符。石英内流体包裹体均一温度表明,金成矿作用主要发生在150～180℃、225～390℃温度段,估算成矿压力为72×105～158×105Pa(255～560m)。矿石硫同位素组成稳定,δ34SV_CDT变化范围为5.3‰～9.4‰。矿石铅与含矿角砾岩的铅同位素组成相似,μ值分别为7.89～8.16及7.89～8.08,模式年龄为591～622Ma和478～912Ma;在Z_D演化模式图上,岩(矿)石铅投影于上地幔与下地壳演化线之间。含矿角砾岩和二长花岗斑岩脉的ISr为0.70820～0.70118,εSr(t)为50.64～106.8,143Nd/144Nd(t)为0.511819～0.512001,εNd(t)为-7.99～-11.62,具有大陆地壳特征。tCHUR及tDM值与该区晚中生代玄武岩、安山岩一致,而不同于印支期闪长岩及其下地壳麻粒岩包体。硫、铅、锶、钕同位素特征显示,成矿物质具壳幔混源特点。主要含矿角砾岩的Rb_Sr同位素等时线年龄为191Ma,两期隐爆角砾岩之间侵入的二长花岗斑岩脉的等时线年龄为177Ma。陈家杖子金矿应为与早燕山期隐爆角砾岩有关的浅成中_低温热液型金矿床。     

道县玄武岩中麻粒岩包体的岩石学及年代学

湖南道县虎子岩玄武岩是中生代末期形成的 ,含有较多的岩性各异的深源岩石包体。其中 ,麻粒岩包体属二辉麻粒岩 ,以含变质成因的紫苏辉石为鉴别特征。麻粒岩的平衡温压条件为 :t =845～ 95 0℃ ,p =0 .734GPa ,h =2 5km。取麻粒岩包体全岩样品及斜方辉石和长石矿物样品 ,进行Sm -Nd同位素测定。全岩两阶段模式年龄为 1.76～ 1.77Ga ;矿物等时线年龄值为 (5 44± 9)Ma ,ε=- 6 .2。由此可佐证麻粒岩包体来源于下地壳 ,其原岩是中元古宙裂谷期基性岩浆活动的产物 ,于早加里东期变质 ,其Sm -Nd同位素得到再次平衡。     

青藏东缘六合-香多镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物学研究

对青藏东缘新生代六合-香多地区高钾岩系中镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物化学成分的详细研究表明：六合-香多镁铁质深源包体为中-下地壳变质岩。包体有5种岩石类型，即石榴透辉岩、石榴斜长角闪岩、石榴角闪岩、斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩，其矿物组合分别为Grt Di Hbl，Grt Pl Hbl Di，Grt Hbl Pl，Pl Hbl和Hbl Bt。包体具中-粗粒变晶结构，退变质作用强烈。石榴石主要为铁铝石榴石(Alm=64．86％～32．93％，Prp=41．80％～4．96%，Grs=35.83％～8.43％)，发育后成合晶结构和角闪石冠状体。大颗粒石榴石内部保存有完好的生长环带，边部石榴石和小颗粒石榴石因受高钾岩浆热和流体的强烈改造致使其生长环带已被抹平；辉石为透辉石和次透辉石，富Ca(CaO=19．70％～24．64％)贫Na(Na2O=0．28％～2．72％)；角闪石主要为韭闪石；斜长石成分变化大(An=0．90～82．95)；云母为金云母(XMg=0．60～0．67)，具有高Mg(MgO=14．20％～14．23％)的成分特征。温压估算表明，前3类包体主要来自下地壳，平衡温压较高(720℃～950℃，0．74GPa～1．50GPa)；后两类包体主要来自中地壳，平衡温压较低(510℃～735℃，0．60GPa～0．98GPa)。包体属偶然包体，是起源深度大于50km的高钾岩浆在快速上升过程中于20km～50km部位随机俘获的中-下地壳变质岩。     

西秦岭中川岩体年代学、元素地球化学、Nd-Hf同位素组成及其与金成矿的关系

中川岩体位于秦岭造山带西段,岩体呈同心环状产出,由外向内岩性依次为似斑状黑云二长花岗岩→含斑黑云二长花岗岩→中细粒黑云二长花岗岩,岩体边部发育岩浆暗色包体,向内逐渐减少。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,似斑状黑云二长花岗岩、含斑角闪黑云石英闪长岩(岩浆暗色包体)、细粒黑云二长花岗岩、岩浆暗色包体(无斑)和细粒花岗岩脉的年龄分别为:(221±1)Ma(MSDW=0.26)、(220±1)Ma(MSDW=0.11)、(217±1)Ma(MSDW=0.11)、(216±1)Ma(MSDW=0.26)、(207±1)Ma(MSDW=0.29),表明岩体从边部到中心年龄逐渐变新。寄主岩石与暗色包体的里特曼指数和A/CNK值分别为2.20～3.85、0.99～1.15和2.24～9.22、0.75～1.08,两者分别为准铝质-弱过铝质、高钾钙碱系列和钾玄岩-高钾钙碱系列;稀土元素和微量元素均显示出富集LREE、Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE、Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素的特征,具有弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.29～0.91),无Ce异常,寄主岩显示出I型花岗岩的特征,并且中心部位的细粒黑云二长花岗岩具高分异I型花岗岩的一些特征。在哈克图解上暗色包体和寄主岩石的主要氧化物具有良好的线性关系;在同位素组成上,寄主岩石与暗色包体的εNd(t)分别变化于-7.31～-8.73和-5.32～-5.69,TDM2分别变化于1.59～1.71 Ga和1.43～1.46 Ga,εHf(t)值分别为-7.02～-0.31和-3.0～0,TDM2为1.27～1.70 Ga和1.2～1.5 Ga,显示寄主花岗岩和岩浆暗色包体分别来源于不同源区,寄主岩石主要是古老地壳物质部分熔融的结果,岩浆暗色包体可能是来自岩石圈地幔,但与寄主花岗质岩浆已发生了一定程度的混合作用。岩体外围金矿床形成略晚于岩体,与花岗质脉岩年龄相近,空间上与岩体密切相关,结合前人成矿物质来源的研究,认为成矿物质与成岩物质具有相似性。表明该岩体与其周围的金矿具有成因联系,岩浆作用不仅提供了热能,也有物质贡献。     

鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组准层状岩溶角砾岩特征及其成因*

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组广泛发育岩溶角砾岩,结构特征复杂。近期研究发现,这些角砾岩的组构和分布特征难以能单纯地用经典的风化壳岩溶模式解释,各类角砾岩的成因机理值得进一步探究。文中基于大量岩心及薄片观察,对苏里格气田东区奥陶系马家沟组上组合不同层位角砾岩进行归纳和判识,明确其空间展布和序列结构特征,分析形成机理。研究发现: (1)根据成因与发育环境,苏格里气田东区奥陶系马家沟组上组合角砾岩可划分为5类,分别是近原地解离角砾岩(B1)、近地表堆积角砾岩(B2)、洞穴堆积角砾岩(B3)、洞顶(壁)碎裂角砾岩(B4)和坍塌角砾岩(B5),它们具有纵向多层叠置、横向可对比的“准层状”特征; (2)不同类型角砾岩的纵向配置和演化与周期性的向上变浅沉积序列和暴露溶蚀有关,共归纳为3种类型,即B1主发育型、B2-B3-B4组合发育型、B5主发育型; (3)准层状角砾岩形成于早成岩期,受控于古地貌起伏背景下的高频海平面变化,由暴露溶蚀透镜体横向迁移连片和纵向多旋回叠置而成。研究结果不仅有助于了解鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组多样化的岩溶角砾岩特征与成因,也为白云岩早成岩期岩溶研究提供了新的素材。     

鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组准层状岩溶角砾岩特征及其成因*

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组广泛发育岩溶角砾岩,结构特征复杂。近期研究发现,这些角砾岩的组构和分布特征难以能单纯地用经典的风化壳岩溶模式解释,各类角砾岩的成因机理值得进一步探究。文中基于大量岩心及薄片观察,对苏里格气田东区奥陶系马家沟组上组合不同层位角砾岩进行归纳和判识,明确其空间展布和序列结构特征,分析形成机理。研究发现: (1)根据成因与发育环境,苏格里气田东区奥陶系马家沟组上组合角砾岩可划分为5类,分别是近原地解离角砾岩(B1)、近地表堆积角砾岩(B2)、洞穴堆积角砾岩(B3)、洞顶(壁)碎裂角砾岩(B4)和坍塌角砾岩(B5),它们具有纵向多层叠置、横向可对比的“准层状”特征; (2)不同类型角砾岩的纵向配置和演化与周期性的向上变浅沉积序列和暴露溶蚀有关,共归纳为3种类型,即B1主发育型、B2-B3-B4组合发育型、B5主发育型; (3)准层状角砾岩形成于早成岩期,受控于古地貌起伏背景下的高频海平面变化,由暴露溶蚀透镜体横向迁移连片和纵向多旋回叠置而成。研究结果不仅有助于了解鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组多样化的岩溶角砾岩特征与成因,也为白云岩早成岩期岩溶研究提供了新的素材。     

黄厂雄黄矿床成矿作用若干问题的研究

黄厂雄黄矿床是一个优质大型隐伏富矿。形成于喜山期。具有岩性、构造、古岩溶洞穴等多因素控矿的特征。热液硅质岩(硅泉华)、古岩溶角砾岩和广布的巨厚矿源层与成矿关系极为密切。应属浅层低温热液构造岩溶充填型矿床或称渗滤热卤水(泉)岩溶充填型矿床。     

广西东兰-凤山地区石炭纪-二叠纪碳酸盐岩洞穴发育特点及其控制因素

碳酸盐岩次生溶蚀孔洞是优质的储集空间,为油气的运聚提供条件。为研究溶洞发育的控制因素,选取广西东兰-凤山地区石炭纪-二叠纪碳酸盐岩溶蚀特征进行分析。镜下显示,研究区岩石类型为亮晶生屑灰岩、颗粒灰泥灰岩、含颗粒灰泥灰岩、晶粒灰岩和灰泥颗粒灰岩等,孔隙类型主要为粒间溶蚀孔、粒内溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝。研究发现,影响洞穴发育的主要因素有构造、岩组类型、流体性质、气候及岩溶古地貌。构造控制洞穴发育规模,在构造破碎带及其附近容易发育大规模洞穴;目的层大套灰岩是溶蚀的物质基础,力学强度较大的亮晶生屑灰岩易于形成大型洞穴,当岩石含较多灰泥或发生重结晶时,溶蚀难度增加;酸性流体、温暖潮湿气候和岩溶斜坡地貌,为洞穴发育的有利条件。其中,构造对洞穴发育的控制作用最大。     

西藏拉萨地块革吉石英闪长岩及镁铁质微粒包体成因及其对班——怒特提斯洋晚侏罗世构造演化的启示

在班公湖—怒江结合带南缘,新识别出一条中-晚侏罗世岩浆岩带,其形成时代并非前人所认为的早白垩世,这一发现为重新认识班公湖—怒江特提斯洋俯冲极性与过程提供了新的资料。笔者以西藏阿里地区革吉岩体为研究对象,开展岩体地质及岩相学、锆石U--Pb年代学、地球化学及全岩Sr--Nd同位素研究。研究表明,革吉岩体岩性主要为石英闪长岩,岩体中普遍发育暗色的镁铁质微粒包体。革吉石英闪长岩及镁铁质微粒包体的锆石U--Pb年龄分别为153±2 Ma和150±2 Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,代表了同期岩浆事件的产物。地球化学特征显示革吉石英闪长岩属于钙碱性准铝质岩石系列,镁铁质微粒包体属于拉斑系列的准铝质岩石。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主石英闪长岩具有相似的稀土、微量元素配分曲线,但总体上微粒包体Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等元素含量更低,而稀土总量更高。石英闪长岩样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值介于0. 714 2～0. 715 2之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-12. 0～-14. 0;镁铁质微粒包体样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值为0. 712 9～0. 714 4,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于-11. 4～-13. 8之间。综合岩相学、地球化学的特征,革吉岩体中的寄主石英闪长岩及其镁铁质微粒包体很可能是富集地幔来源的镁铁质岩浆与古老地壳物质熔融形成的长英质岩浆发生不同比例混合作用的结果。结合区域构造演化的研究,革吉岩体可能形成于班公湖—怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲的体制下,狮泉河多岛弧盆系统与古拉萨地块发生弧-陆软碰撞的构造背景。     

Multiple dolomitization events along the Pozalagua Fault (Pozalagua Quarry,Basque–Cantabrian Basin,Northern Spain)

The Pozalagua Quarry in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin of northern Spain exposes a unique set of fault‐associated dolomites that can be studied on a decametre scale. The dolomites developed along the Pozalagua Fault system in slope‐deposited limestones of Albian age. Following marine phreatic diagenesis, the limestones were subject to meteoric karst formation. The resulting cavities were filled either by angular limestone fragments in a black clay‐rich matrix, or by cave floor/pond (now dolomitized) sediments. The subsequent diagenetic history reflects repeated periods of fracturing, fluid expulsion, dissolution and cementation. Contrasting fluid pulses resulted in the formation of a network of hydrothermal karst and the subsequent development of coarse‐crystalline calcite cement, zebra dolomite, recrystallized coarse‐crystalline dolomite, elongated blue–grey coarse‐crystalline dolomite cement in the open fault and, finally, coarse‐crystalline saddle dolomite. Decimetre‐size reworked host‐rock fragments present in the latter two dolomite phases probably reflect roof collapse fragments of a cave system that developed along the Pozalagua Fault system. However, there are also metre‐scale host‐rock fragments that apparently ‘float’ in the coarse‐crystalline saddle dolomites, implying that either fragment assimilation was a widespread process or violent expulsion of fluids occurred along the Pozalagua Fault system. The presence of pre‐dolomite and post‐dolomite stylolites, parallel to bedding, supports a linkage between the diagenetic events and the Late Albian tectonism that affected the region.     

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.     

四川南江地区灯影组白云岩优质储层的形成与演化

南江地区震旦系灯影组白云岩优质储层主要为潮坪或粒屑滩环境成因的藻白云岩、粒屑白云岩和重结晶成因的粉-细晶白云岩,现存储集空间都是与溶解作用和重结晶作用相关的晶间（溶）孔、粒间溶孔、特大溶孔、缝合线溶孔和残余岩溶孔洞等。通过对原生和后生控制因素研究表明,灯影组优质储层是经过5个演化阶段后的最终产物,主控因素为表生期大气淡水岩溶作用及深埋期埋藏溶蚀作用。原始的沉积微相和岩石类型控制着岩溶作用的强度,埋藏溶蚀作用主要是对岩溶孔洞进行溶蚀扩大或充填破坏。     

四川盆地南部二叠系茅口组碳酸岩岩石学与储集性质

概述茅口组沉积时,四川盆地为一沉积碳酸盐的浅海台地,东北与已上升为陆的中朝陆台毗邻。北有秦岭、西有康滇、东南有雪峰等古陆呈岛链孤立于广阔浅海中。有的已经沉没水中。海水来自特提斯海,从西和西南进入本区,再向东流入杨子海槽。陆源物质主要来自中朝陆台和邻近古陆。     

塔里木盆地早海西期多期次风化壳岩溶洞穴层

洞穴层是识别多期次岩溶旋回的标志,是岩溶旋回连接沉积旋回及周期性海平面变化的纽带。本文通过古地貌恢复,将从钻井剖面中识别的洞穴层归位到早石炭世古地貌剖面中,根据洞穴层总是沿稳定古潜水面发育的特点划分对比洞穴层。通过洞穴层的形成条件、充填结构分析,推断洞穴层发育序次、洞穴层与其同时期形成的沉积地层的时空对应关系,并据此对洞穴层进行盆地范围内跨地区对比、总结斜坡及岛屿两种不同的洞穴层发育模式。研究结果表明,在早海西期,塔北、塔中、和田古隆起中、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩陆块内部发育了3个期次的风化壳岩溶洞穴层,其序次为下老上新,它们是在早石炭世间歇性海平面上升过程中形成的,其同时期形成的沉积地层分别为下石炭统东河砂岩段、生屑灰岩段、下泥岩段中上部。洞穴层内部多旋回“坍塌角砾-地下河沉积”组合是斜坡内陆区潜流面的迟后上升效应,洞穴层与洞穴等时层的时空对应关系对于大型古岩溶事件的断年及洞穴层的分布预测具有重要意义。     

广西环江凹陷深部岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义

深部岩溶是碳酸盐岩地区深部油气资源勘探中不可避免的问题。深部岩溶发育期次的确定是岩溶储层地质的技术难题。广西环江凹陷在页岩气钻井中发现大量深部溶洞且充填物丰富多样,成为深部岩溶发育期次研究的良好素材。文章对HD1-4钻井揭露的深部岩溶缝洞充填物及地表岩溶缝洞充填物进行碳氧同位素分析,揭示出环江地区的4种不同岩溶环境:同生期或准同生期岩溶环境、表生期大气淡水岩溶环境、中浅埋藏岩溶环境、深埋藏或热液岩溶环境,环江地区深部岩溶发育为4期不同岩溶环境叠加的效果,主要受到热液岩溶环境和大气淡水岩溶环境的影响。      

Identifying low-temperature hydrothermal karst and palaeowaters using stable isotopes: a case study from an alpine cave,Entrische Kirche,Austria

The area south of the prominent east–west trending Salzach Valley at the northern rim of the Central Alps of Austria has long been known to host anomalously warm springs emerging from a highly deformed calcite marble (Klammkalk). This unit also hosts cavities whose shapes suggest a hydrothermal karst origin and which are lined by calcite spar. We report here petrographic and isotopic evidence suggesting that dissolution by ascending low-temperature thermal waters also played an important role in the origin of a large cave in this region, Entrische Kirche. A paleo cave wall, preserved behind a thick flowstone in the interior of this cave, revealed a brownish bleaching zone which contrasts to the medium grey colour of the unaltered marble beneath. Across this zone the C and O isotope values gradually decrease by 3 and 11‰, respectively. These compositions are very different from those of the speleothem above but are similar to phreatic calcite spar from hydrothermal karst cavities in other outcrops in the area, where the absence of two-phase fluid inclusions suggests a low-temperature (less than ca. 50°C) hydrothermal origin. U/Th dating of the flowstone capping the alteration zone yielded a minimum age of the thermal water invasion in Entrische Kirche of ca. 240 kyr. There is no evidence in Entrische Kirche that these palaeowaters reached the point of calcite precipitation, but it is physically conceivable that higher and as yet unexplored parts of this deep (ca. 900 m) cave contain cavities lined by phreatic cave spar.     

Dissolution and Deformation Characteristics of Limestones Containing Different Calcite and Dolomite Content Induced by CO2-Water-Rock Interaction

To investigate the impacts of mineral composition on physical and mechanical properties of carbonate rocks, limestone specimens containing different contents in calcite and dolomite are selected to perform CO2-water-rock reaction experiments. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) are carried out to examine the change characteristics of mineral dissolution and pore structure after reaction. The core flooding experiments with Fiber Bragg gratings are implemented to examine the stress sensitivity of carbonate rocks. The results show that the limestones containing pure calcite are more susceptible to acid dissolution compared to limestone containing impure dolomite. The calcite content in pure limestone decreases as the reaction undergoes. The dissolution of dolomite leads to the formation of calcite in impure limestone. Calcite dissolution leads to the formation of macropore and flow channels in pure limestone, while the effects of impure dolomite in impure limestone results in mesopore formation. When confining pressure is lower than 12 MPa, pure limestones demonstrate higher strain sensitivity coefficients compared to impure limestone containing dolomite after reaction. When confining pressure exceeds 12 MPa, the strain sensitivity coefficients of both pure and impure limestones become almost equal.     

Syntectonic hydrothermal calcite in a faulted carbonate platform margin (Albian of Jorrios, northern Spain)

ABSTRACT A calcite mass more than 1·5 km long and 20 m wide crops outs along the faulted margin of the Albian carbonate platform of Jorrios in northern Spain. The mass contains abundant dissolution cavities up to 7 m long and 1 m high, filled with cross‐stratified quartz sandstone and alternating sandstone–calcite laminae. Similar cavities are also present in a 50‐m‐wide zone of platform limestones adjacent to the calcite mass that are filled with limestone breccias and sandstone. The calcite mass has mean δ¹⁸O values of 19·6‰ (SMOW), whereas platform limestones have mean δ¹⁸O values of 24·4‰ (SMOW). Synsedimentary faulting of the carbonate margin and circulation of heated fault‐related waters resulted in replacement of a band of limestone by calcite. Soon after this replacement, dissolution by undersaturated fluids affected both the calcite mass and the adjacent limestones. Percolating marine quartz sand filled all dissolution cavities, sometimes alternating with precipitating calcite. The resulting cavities and fills, which recall products of meteoric diagenesis, are attributed to a hydrothermal origin based on their geometry, occurrence along the profile and synsedimentary tectonic relationships. The early faulting and diagenesis are related to local extensional tectonism in a large‐scale strike‐slip setting. Movements occurred during the early dispar/appenninica zone of the Late Albian.     

塔里木盆地柯坪地区中寒武统藻白云岩去白云岩化研究

对塔里木盆地柯坪地区中寒武统去白云岩化现象进行了研究。去白云岩化限于渗透性较好的藻白云岩,并且只有靠近含膏层段的藻白云岩才发生去白云岩化。从微观上看,发生去白云岩化的藻灰岩与藻灰云岩含有明显的去白云岩化交代残余,白云石残余呈碎斑状或树枝状。树枝状白云石残余含有大量的方解石包裹体,同时具有较高的Ca/Mg比,为高钙白云石,去白云岩化较彻底,形成藻灰岩;碎斑状白云石残余成分较均一,接近化学计量白云石(Ca/Mg比接近1),去白云岩化程度较弱,形成藻灰云岩。藻灰云岩的δ18O值(平均值为-6.7‰)明显低于邻近的白云岩(平均值为-5.3‰),同时高于藻灰岩(平均值为-9.5‰)。与未发生去白云岩化的藻白云岩相比,藻灰岩与藻灰云岩的孔隙度要明显降低。