Envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure for the approximate seismic response analysis of buildings

An envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure is presented that assumes that the seismic demand for each response parameter is controlled by a predominant system failure mode that may vary according to the ground motion. To be able to simulate the most important system failure modes, several pushover analyses need to be performed, as in a modal pushover analysis procedure, whereas the total seismic demand is determined by enveloping the results associated with each pushover analysis. The demand for the most common system failure mode resulting from the ‘first‐mode’ pushover analysis is obtained by response history analysis for the equivalent ‘modal‐based’ SDOF model, whereas demand for other failure modes is based on the ‘failure‐based’ SDOF models. This makes the envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure equivalent to the N2 method provided that it involves only ‘first‐mode’ pushover analysis and response history analysis of the corresponding ‘modal‐based’ SDOF model. It is shown that the accuracy of the approximate 16th, 50th and 84th percentile response expressed in terms of IDA curves does not decrease with the height of the building or with the intensity of ground motion. This is because the estimates of the roof displacement and the maximum storey drift due to individual ground motions were predicted with a sufficient degree of accuracy for almost all the ground motions from the analysed sets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

底层大空间带暗支撑剪力墙结构非线性地震反应分析

利用在剪力墙多垂直杆非线性单元模型中增设支撑斜杆的方法，来分析带暗支撑剪力墙结构的非线性地震反应，给出了带支撑斜杆的多垂直杆剪力墙单元模型的刚度矩阵和各元件的本构关系。最后提供了算例，并与试验结果比较，表明带支撑斜杆的多垂直杆剪力墙非线性单元模型具有较好的计算精度。     

近断层地震作用下多层RC框架火灾后抗震性能分析

为研究近断层地震动特性对火灾后多层RC框架抗震性能的影响,以火灾后某多层RC框架结构为研究对象,结合火灾后现场材料的检测与鉴定报告,开展了结构火灾前后在近场有脉冲和无脉冲地震作用下的结构动力弹塑性时程分析,对比分析了近场有脉冲和无脉冲地震动特性对火灾前后RC框架结构整体的抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:火灾后,整体结构地震响应明显大于火灾前,火灾后结构底层层间位移角在脉冲型地震和无脉冲地震作用下分别达到火灾前的1.44和1.54倍;近场脉冲型地震作用下结构响应明显大于无脉冲地震,罕遇地震作用下,近场脉冲型地震工况下的底部层间位移角相较于无脉冲地震工况增加了96.0%,火灾后更是增加了118.0%。研究成果可为多层RC框架火灾后安全性评估和加固设计提供参考。     

Seismic performance of a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story RC flat‐plate core‐wall building model

Earthquake simulation tests were conducted on a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story building model to verify the seismic performance of high‐rise reinforced‐concrete flat‐plate core‐wall building structures designed per the recent seismic code KBC 2009 or IBC 2006. The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (1) The vertical distribution of acceleration during the table excitations revealed the effect of the higher modes, whereas free vibration after the termination of the table excitations was governed by the first mode. The maximum values of base shear and roof drift during the free vibration are either similar to or larger than the values of the maximum responses during the table excitation. (2) With a maximum roof drift ratio of 0.7% under the maximum considered earthquake in Korea, the lateral stiffness degraded to approximately 50% of the initial stiffness. (3) The crack modes appear to be a combination of flexure and shear in the slab around the peripheral columns and in the coupling beam. Energy dissipation via inelastic deformation was predominant during free vibration after the termination of table excitation rather than during table excitation. Finally, (4) the walls with special boundary elements in the first story did not exhibit any significant inelastic behavior, with a maximum curvature of only 21% of the ultimate curvature, corresponding to an ultimate concrete compressive strain of 0.00638 m/m intended in the displacement‐based design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

H形断面钢筋混凝土立体剪力墙的非线性动力响应分析

为了建立统一的动力响应分析模型,本文以NUPEC振动台试验的H形断面钢筋混凝土立体剪力墙为研究对象进行了三维非线性有限元动力响应分析。根据分析结果与试验结果的比较可知,在RC剪力墙到达最大承载力之前由简化模型和一般模型得到的动力响应特性与试验结果吻合较好,荷载-变形关系能很好模拟试验结果。但是,最大承载力之后,由于混凝土开裂、损伤、劣化的急剧发展,较难模拟混凝土开裂、裂缝的开闭及滑移等非线性特性,分析得到的加速度衰减较慢、位移响应较小。基于上述研究成果探讨并提出了进一步改善非线性有限元动力响应分析精度的建议。     

基于IDA法与Pushover法的混凝土核心筒抗震性能对比分析

足够数量地震输入的增量动力分析方法（IDA方法）是目前最为真实和先进的模拟结构抗震性能手段,而静力推覆分析方法（Pushover Analysis方法）操作简单,更为实用,可以较好揭示结构从弹性到屈服直至倒塌过程中构件的工作状态。采用2种方法对钢筋混凝土核心筒算例进行评估,并作对比分析。结果表明,采用IDA方法得到的4个性能水平与Pushover方法得到的指标限值有一定误差,但均在一定范围之内,采用IDA方法得到顶点位移角限值偏大;采用单一侧力模式的Pushover方法无法完全体现高阶振型及地震动等因素的影响,造成Pushover方法分析结果与结构实际弹塑性地震响应有一定差异。     

A new macromodel for the assessment of the seismic response of infilled RC frames

Numerous research studies have proved that numerical models aiming at an accurate evaluation of the seismic response of RC framed buildings cannot ignore the inelastic behaviour of infills and the interaction between infill and frame elements. To limit the high computational burden of refined non-linear finite element models, in the latest decades, many researchers have developed simplified infill models by means of single or multiple strut-elements. These models are low time-consuming and thus adequate for static and dynamic analyses of multi-storey structures. However, their simulation of the seismic response is sometimes unsatisfying, particularly in the presence of infill walls with regular or (particularly) irregular distributions of openings. This paper presents a new 2D plane macro-element, which provides a refined simulation of the non-linear cyclic response of infilled framed structures at the expense of a limited computational cost. The macro-element consists of an articulated quadrilateral panel, a single 1D diagonal link, and eight 2D links and is able to model the shear and flexural behaviour of the infill and the non-linear flexural/sliding interaction between infill and surrounding frame. The proposed macro-element has been implemented into the open source software OpenSees and used to simulate the response of single-storey, single-span RC infilled frame prototypes tested by other authors. The above prototypes are selected as made of different masonry units and characterised by full or open geometric configuration.     

Seismic design and response evaluation of unbonded post‐tensioned hybrid coupled wall structures

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the seismic design and response of coupled wall structures that use unbonded post‐tensioned steel coupling beams. Both monolithic cast‐in‐place reinforced concrete wall piers and precast concrete wall piers are considered. Steel top and seat angles are used at the coupling beam ends for energy dissipation. The seismic design of prototype structures to achieve target displacement‐based performance objectives is evaluated based on nonlinear static and dynamic time history analyses. Additional recommendations are provided on shear design. Comparisons with ‘conventional’ structures that use embedded steel coupling beams as well as isolated walls with no coupling are provided. The results indicate that while the peak lateral displacements of unbonded post‐tensioned coupled wall structures are larger than the peak displacements of structures with embedded beams, the residual displacements are significantly reduced as a result of the restoring effect of the post‐tensioning steel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不规则框架-剪力墙结构的地震反应

本文用墙单元将剪力墙中断的框架-剪力墙结构离散,利用传递矩阵技术探讨此不规则框架-剪力墙结构的地震反应,四阶Runge-Kutta法用来求解用正则坐标写出的对应于第j个振型的运动方程.将得到的3个不同剪力墙高度的钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙模型结构的固有频率、最大位移反应和基底剪力与振动台的试验结果进行对比,说明本数值方法是正确的、有效的.最后得出了并不是对所有的框架-剪力墙结构都需把其剪力墙延伸到整个结构高度的结论以及用墙单元和传递矩阵技术求解能有效地减少计算单元、取得同样精度的计算结果.     

一种宏观剪力墙单元模型应用研究

多垂直杆元模型是近年来发展的一种较为理想的宏观墙单元模型，被许多研究者用于钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的非线性分析。本文对该模型中涉及的各元件的本构关系、有关计算参数和单元的边界条件进行了较为细致的讨论，为该模型的应用提供了参考，并提供了一算例，指出了目前模型中需要改进的地方。     

Further development of a multimodal pushover analysis procedure for seismic assessment of bridges

An improvement is first suggested to the modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure for bridges initially proposed by the writers (Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2006; 35 (11):1269–1293), the key idea being that the deformed shape of the structure responding inelastically to the considered earthquake level is used in lieu of the elastic mode shape. The proposed MPA procedure is then verified by applying it to two actual bridges. The first structure is the Krystallopigi bridge, a 638 m‐long multi‐span bridge, with significant curvature in plan, unequal pier heights, and different types of pier‐to‐deck connections. The second structure is a 100 m‐long three‐span overpass bridge, typical in modern motorway construction in Europe, which, although ostensibly a regular structure, is found to exhibit a rather unsymmetric response in the transverse direction, mainly due to torsional irregularity. The bridges are assessed using response spectrum, ‘standard’ pushover (SPA), and MPA, and finally using non‐linear response history analysis (NL‐RHA) for a number of spectrum‐compatible motions. The MPA provided a good estimate of the maximum inelastic deck displacement for several earthquake intensities. The SPA on the other hand could not predict well the inelastic deck displacements of bridges wherever the contribution of the first mode to the response of the bridge was relatively low. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土渡槽结构地震反应数值分析

首先介绍了钢筋混凝土渡槽结构在地震荷载作用下的分析理论,根据这些理论建立了渡槽结构的动力有限元分析模型,分别采用干模态法、附加质量法和ALE法考虑渡槽结构液固耦合作用,通过具体的工程算例,对钢筋混凝土渡槽结构进行了不同工况下的数值模拟研究,包括混凝土非线性材料分析、渡槽结构静水与动水响应分析、渡槽结构自振特性分析和槽墩的能力曲线分析。研究表明,考虑固液耦合作用的渡槽实体有限元模型能较好地模拟渡槽结构地震反应,并得到相应的渡槽结构地震反应规律。     

Dispersions for the pushover‐based risk assessment of reinforced concrete frames and cantilever walls

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the dispersion values, expressed in terms of limit‐state spectral accelerations, which could be used for the pushover‐based risk assessment of low‐height to mid‐height reinforced concrete frames and cantilever walls. The results of an extensive parametric study of a portfolio of test structures indicated that the dispersion values due to record‐to‐record variability and modelling uncertainty (β_LS,RU) are within the range from 0.3 to 0.55 for the near collapse limit state, and between 0.35 and 0.60 for the collapse limit state. The dispersions β_LS,RU proposed for the code‐conforming and the majority of old (non code‐conforming) frames are in between these values. On the other hand, the dispersions proposed for the old frames with a soft storey and an invariant plastic mechanism, and for the code‐conforming cantilever walls, are at the lower and upper bounds of the presented values, respectively. The structural parameters that influence these dispersions were identified, and the influence of different ground motion sets, and of the models used for the calculation of the rotation capacities of the columns, on the calculated fragility parameters was examined and quantified. The proposed dispersion values were employed in a practice‐oriented pushover‐based method for the estimation of failure probability for eight selected examples. The pushover‐based risk assessment method, although extremely simple and economical when compared with more rigorous probabilistic methods, was able to predict seismic risk with reasonable accuracy, thus showing it to be a practical tool for engineers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approximate seismic risk assessment of building structures with explicit consideration of uncertainties

An approximate seismic risk assessment procedure for building structures, which involves pushover analysis that is performed utilizing a deterministic structural model and uncertainty analysis at the level of the equivalent SDOF model, is introduced. Such an approach is computationally significantly less demanding in comparison with procedures based on uncertainty analysis at the level of the entire structure, but still allows for explicit consideration of the effect of record‐to‐record variability and modelling uncertainties. A new feature of the proposed pushover‐based method is the so‐called probabilistic SDOF model. Herein, the proposed methodology is illustrated only for reinforced concrete (RC) frames, although it could be implemented in the case of any building structure, provided that an appropriate probabilistic SDOF model is available. An extensive parametric analysis has been performed within the scope of this study in order to develop a probabilistic SDOF model, which could be used for the seismic risk assessment of both code‐conforming and old, that is, non code‐conforming RC frames. Based on the results of risk analysis for the four selected examples, it is shown that the proposed procedure can provide conservative estimates of seismic risk with reasonable accuracy, in spite of the employed simplifications and the relatively small number of Monte Carlo simulations with Latin hypercube sampling, which are performed at the level of the SDOF model. An indication of the possible default values of dispersion measures for limit‐state intensities in the case of low to medium‐height RC frames is also presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic demand sensitivity of reinforced concrete shear‐wall building using FOSM method

The uncertainty in the seismic demand of a structure (referred to as the engineering demand parameter, EDP) needs to be properly characterized in performance‐based earthquake engineering. Uncertainties in the ground motion and in structural properties are responsible for EDP uncertainty. In this study, sensitivity of EDPs to major uncertain variables is investigated using the first‐order second‐moment method for a case study building. This method is shown to be simple and efficient for estimating the sensitivity of seismic demand. The EDP uncertainty induced by each uncertain variable is used to determine which variables are most significant. Results show that the uncertainties in ground motion are more significant for global EDPs, namely peak roof acceleration and displacement, and maximum inter‐storey drift ratio, than those in structural properties. Uncertainty in the intensity measure (IM) of ground motion is the dominant variable for uncertainties in local EDPs such as the curvature demand at critical cross‐sections. Conditional sensitivity of global and local EDPs given IM is also estimated. It is observed that the combined effect of uncertainties in structural properties is more significant than uncertainty in ground motion profile at lower IM levels, while the opposite is true at higher IM levels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near‐collapse response of existing RC building under severe pulse‐type ground motion using hybrid simulation

Column shear‐axial failure is a complex response, which lends itself to physical experimentation. Reinforced concrete structures built prior to the mid‐1970s are particularly susceptible to such failure. Shear‐axial column failure has been examined and studied at the element level, but current rehabilitation practice equates such a column failure with structural collapse, neglecting the collapse resistance of the full structural system following column failure. This system‐level response can prevent a column failure from leading to progressive collapse of the entire structure. In this study, a hybrid simulation was conducted on a representative pre‐1970s reinforced concrete frame structure under severe seismic ground motion, in which three full‐scale reinforced concrete columns were tested at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. The analytical portion of the model was represented in the computer program OpenSees. Failure occurred in multiple physical specimens as a result of the ground motion, and the hybrid nature of the test allowed for observation of the system‐level response of the tested columns and the remaining structural system. The behavior of the system accounting for multiple column shear‐axial failure is discussed and characterized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带黏滞阻尼器SRC框支剪力墙结构消能减震分析

针对某型钢混凝土框支剪力墙高层建筑结构高宽比过大、竖向刚度不规则等问题,采用耗能减震技术,在转换层与避难层处设置黏滞阻尼器,采用ETABS进行非线性动力时程分析,研究黏滞阻尼器对型钢混凝土框支剪力墙结构的地震和风荷载控制作用,提高型钢混凝土转换构件的抗震性能。研究结果表明,在不同地震动作用下黏滞阻尼器均能有效地降低型钢混凝土框支剪力墙结构的地震响应,结构峰值位移和最大层间位移角的减幅分别介于3%～45%和2%～43%,而黏滞阻尼器耗散总输入能量比例最高达73.65%;在风荷载时程作用下,结构各控制楼层的峰值位移减幅介于1%～11%之间。     

高轴压比下钢管混凝土边框组合剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

钢管混凝土边框组合剪力墙是一种适用于高层及超高层建筑的新型组合剪力墙。轴压比是影响剪力墙抗震性能的一个主要因素,高层建筑底部轴压比较大。本文进行了1/4缩尺的1个普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙模型和1个钢管混凝土边框组合剪力墙模型在高轴压比下的低周反复荷载试验。在试验研究基础上,对比分析了剪力墙的承载力、延性、刚度及其衰减过程、滞回特性、耗能能力及破坏特征,建立了钢管混凝土边框组合剪力墙的承载力计算模型,计算结果与实测结果符合较好。研究表明:在高轴压比下钢管混凝土边框组合剪力墙与普通剪力墙相比抗震性能显著提高。     

Seismic response of skewed RC box-girder bridges

It is critical to ensure the functionality of highway bridges after earthquakes to provide access to important facilities. Since the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, there has been a better understanding of the seismic performance of bridges. Nonetheless, there are no detailed guidelines addressing the performance of skewed highway bridges. Several parameters affect the response of skewed highway bridges under both service and seismic loads which makes their behavior complex. Therefore, there is a need for more research to study the effect of skew angle and other related factors on the performance of highway bridges. This paper examines the seismic performance of a three-span continuous concrete box girder bridge with skew angles from 0 to 60 degrees, analytically. Finite element （FE） and simplified beam-stick （BS） models of the bridge were developed using SAP2000. Different types of analysis were considered on both models such as： nonlinear static pushover, and linear and nonlinear time history analyses. A comparison was conducted between FE and BS, different skew angles, abutment support conditions, and time history and pushover analysis. It is shown that the BS model has the capability to capture the coupling due to skew and the significant modes for moderate skew angles. Boundary conditions and pushover load profile are determined to have a major effect on pushover analysis. Pushover analysis may be used to predict the maximum deformation and hinge formation adequately.     

基于能量原理的钢筋混凝土简体结构抗震性能研究

本文通过能量法研究了钢筋混凝土简体结构的抗震性能。文中采用振型分解法按等效单自由度体系求解简体结构的滞回输入能;用pushover法分析了滞回耗能在结构层间的分布规律及结构自身的耗能能力;根据楼层滞回耗能与弹塑性层间位移的关系求出了薄弱层的弹塑性位移。对一高层钢筋混凝土框架-简体结构在7度罕遇地震下的抗震性能进行了评估,通过与非线性动力时程分析的对比,证明了方法的可行性。