膏盐层在云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫同位素证据

云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿床位于扬子地块西南缘川-滇-黔铅锌多金属矿集区的中南部,小江断裂带、昭通-曲靖隐伏断裂带和垭都-紫云断裂带的构造复合部位,是我国著名的MVT型铅锌矿床。本文以会泽和毛坪铅锌矿为例,系统研究了矿床中矿石硫化物、矿区相关碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐(CAS)以及外围不同时代膏盐层中石膏的硫同位素组成,探讨了膏盐层在云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿成矿中的作用。会泽矿床矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为11.0‰~20.0‰,多数集中在13.0‰~17.0‰之间,平均14.7‰,大致代表总硫的同位素组成。石炭系碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为10.4‰~18.6‰,平均13.1‰,较矿石硫化物的值稍低。矿区外围石炭系膏盐层中石膏的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为12.9‰~17.1‰,平均13.6‰,与石炭系碳酸盐岩中微量硫酸盐的δ~(34) S_(V-CDT)值几乎完全一致。毛坪矿床矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值与其赋存层位密切相关,赋存于摆佐组(C1b)的矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为7.1‰~17.5‰,平均12.8‰,较会泽矿石硫化物的值稍低,与石炭系碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐和石膏的值一致;赋存于宰格组(D3zg)的矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为18.3‰~22.7‰,平均21.1‰,与赋存于摆佐组(C1b)的矿石硫化物的值和会泽矿床矿石硫化物的值明显不同。矿区外围宰格组(D3zg)膏盐层中石膏的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为21.9‰~25.9‰,平均23.6‰,与毛坪矿床宰格组(D3zg)矿石硫化物的值相似。通过对比会泽、毛坪矿床中不同赋矿层位矿石硫化物、石炭系不同层位碳酸盐岩中微量硫酸盐和矿区外围不同时代膏盐层中石膏的硫同位素组成及变化规律,提出会泽、毛坪铅锌矿床矿石硫化物中的硫主要来源于赋矿层位膏盐层中石膏硫酸盐的热还原。其中会泽铅锌矿的硫绝大部分来自石炭系膏盐层,只有10%的硫来自下伏的宰格组膏盐层;毛坪铅锌矿床中赋存于宰格组的矿体,矿石硫主要来自宰格组膏盐层,而赋存于摆佐组的矿体,矿石硫主要来自摆佐组膏盐层,即膏盐层是在原地被还原的。成矿作用分为两个阶段,第一阶段石膏与甲烷等有机质发生热化学反应,全部被还原形成H2S,储存在层间裂隙或溶洞之中,同时发生大规模白云岩化;第二阶段淋滤了深部基底岩石中Pb、Zn等金属成矿物质的成矿流体与储存在层间裂隙或溶洞之中的富含H2S的流体混合,形成黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿等富集沉淀,形成高品位矿石。     

河南栾川地区铅锌矿床地质和硫同位素地球化学

河南栾川地区是我国著名斑岩钼矿集区,近年铅锌矿勘查取得重要进展,但对铅锌矿成因认识分歧颇多。研究表明,栾川地区铅锌矿产在燕山期斑岩钼矿床外围,矿区地层为中元古界官道口群和新元古界栾川群碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩沉积变质建造,地层中侵入有晋宁期辉长岩、正长岩和燕山期酸性斑岩,铅锌矿呈脉状或透镜状,发育3种类型:受燕山期斑岩与元古界钙质地层接触带控制的夕卡岩型铅锌矿、受北西西向层间断裂构造控制的脉状铅锌矿和受北东或近南北向张-张扭性断裂控制的脉状铅锌矿。铅锌矿石中硫化物δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为近零的正值(骆驼山0.37‰～4.20‰、赤土店-0.32‰～8.30‰、百炉沟-1.20‰～10.90‰、冷水北沟0.70‰～12.10‰),岩浆来源硫特征明显;夕卡岩型铅锌硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)与本地斑岩型钼矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)(1.24‰～3.30‰)极为相近,脉状铅锌硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)与斑岩型钼矿石中硫化物重合,但有地层中硫(δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为12.43‰～18.63‰)的影响。总体上δ~(34)S_(黄铁矿)>δ~(34)S_(闪锌矿)>δ~(34)S_(方铅矿),指示矿石中主要硫化物矿物硫同位素分馏基本达到平衡,赤土店铅锌矿石中共生方铅矿与闪锌矿的硫同位素温度计指示硫化物矿物沉淀温度较高(388.29℃)。河南栾川地区铅锌矿主体应为受燕山期构造-岩浆作用控制的中高温热液铅锌矿床。     

青海沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿床成因:原位S和Pb同位素证据

青海沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿床是西南三江特提斯北段新生代铅锌矿集区的典型矿床之一,本文首次应用飞秒激光剥蚀多接受器等离子体质谱法对多才玛铅锌矿床中金属硫化物的原位S和Pb同位素进行了测定。结果显示:黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的原位S同位素的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-26.34‰～4.24‰之间,均值-12.15‰(n=20),其中闪锌矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-10.30‰～-3.52‰,均值-7.39‰(n=9);方铅矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为-26.34‰～-11.74‰,均值-20.36‰(n=9);黄铁矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值分别为2.50‰,4.24‰。矿床δ~(34)S数据范围较宽,总体表现为富集负值硫的特征,说明有机质可能参与成矿。岩浆热液期发育的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值具有深源特征,沉积热液期发育的方铅矿和闪锌矿的δ~(34)S值表明成矿过程存在还原作用,指示盆地地层还原流体的混入,综上可认为多才玛铅锌矿床硫具有混合来源的特征。方铅矿原位Pb同位素结果为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.866～18.929,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.674～15.689,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.052～39.174。方铅矿与地层的Pb同位素组成一致,位于上地壳平均Pb演化线之上,具上地壳和地幔混合俯冲带铅的特征,表明其成矿物质的来源多样。结合矿床学、矿物学及同位素数据,本文认为多才玛铅锌矿床S元素主要来源于赋矿围岩,Pb金属元素主要来源于藏北钾质火山岩,侵入地层岩浆与盆地流体的混合是金属硫化物沉淀的重要机制。     

华南渣拉沟剖面纽芬兰世沉积水体氧化还原状态演化

为研究纽芬兰世斜坡一盆地环境背景下的水下隆起的沉积水体氧化还原性质的垂向演化,本文选取黔东南渣拉沟剖面,进行总有机碳含量(TOC)、铁组分、黄铁矿硫同位素(δ~(34)S_(py))、干酪根的碳和硫同位素(δ~(13)C_(kero)、δ~(34)S_(kero))等方面的分析。本文依据硅质岩、磷块岩、多金属硫化物层和干酪根碳同位素等对比标志,对渣拉沟剖面进行地层对比,认为:渣拉沟剖面本文分析层段大体与滇东纽芬兰世石岩头组的中下部相对应。铁组分和TOC/S_(py)显示渣拉沟剖面老堡组硅质岩段处于缺氧非硫化环境,其上覆的渣拉沟组分析层段以硫化环境为主,其间间断性的发育缺氧非硫化环境,并最终回复到缺氧非硫化环境。δ~(34)S_(py)与δ~(34)S_(kero)在老堡组的缺氧非硫化环境都较渣拉沟组中的硫化环境重,可能与前者的细菌硫酸盐还原反应主要发育在相对封闭的孔隙系统,后者的细菌硫酸盐还原反应主要发育在相对开放的沉积水体有关。     

海洋天然气水合物系统硫同位素研究进展

在海洋天然气水合物的地质系统中,甲烷的渗漏作用形成了独特的地球化学微环境。渗漏的甲烷在硫酸根-甲烷氧化还原界面与硫酸根之间发生厌氧氧化反应,同时硫酸盐发生还原反应,形成具有特殊同位素组成的自生碳酸盐、硫化物（AVS、黄铁矿等）和硫酸盐（重晶石、石膏）等。反应过程中硫酸盐还原菌的作用使得产物中硫的同位素发生了强烈分馏,具体表现为低δ34S值的硫化物矿物和高δ³⁴S值的硫酸盐矿物的形成。沉积物中这种独特的硫同位素特征与海洋天然气水合物系统中独特地球化学微环境有关,是硫酸盐还原反应过程中细菌控制的硫酸盐分馏和厌氧细菌对硫的歧化反应（disproportionation）的共同作用结果。     

沉积物粒度分析在阿尔金山隆升研究中的应用

山体隆升必然制约两侧盆地的沉积,这种约束体现在盆地的沉积响应上.柴达木盆地西北缘的阿尔金山,位于青藏高原的西北边界,自第三纪以来发生了多次隆升事件,其中以早更新世末的一次最为强烈.本次研究在阿尔金山山前红三旱一号剖面干柴沟组自下而上不同层位选取典型的沉积岩样品,进行了系统的薄片矿物鉴定和粒度分析,发现沉积区柴达木盆地的沉积环境和气候条件因受阿尔金山多期次隆升的影响而发生变化,其各方面的沉积特点受到物源区的控制.研究表明,始新世时(下干柴沟组)物源区阿尔金山相对于柴达木盆地没有发生明显的快速隆升,到渐新世(上干柴沟组)阿尔金山相对于柴达木盆地开始发生强烈的快速隆升,沉积区气候变得明显干旱.中新世到上新世(下、上油砂山和狮子沟组)红三旱地区整体处于抬升阶段,可能阿尔金山相对于沉积盆地区不具有明显的地形高差,到早更新世(七个泉组)阿尔金山开始发生急剧隆升,相对于柴达木盆地沉积区在地形上出现巨大的相对高差,这一隆升事件目前仍在持续.该研究也为青藏高原的多次隆升和气候环境变化提供了佐证.     

贵州纳雍枝铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及矿床成因

纳雍枝铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘,是黔西北地区五指山背斜内近年来取得勘查突破的大型铅锌矿床(1.30Mt),也是川滇黔矿集区贵州境内目前发现的最大规模的铅锌矿床。矿体受层位和构造控制明显,呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于五指山背斜南东翼穿层和顺层构造带内,赋矿围岩为下寒武统清虚洞组和上震旦统灯影组白云岩。无论是缓倾斜的似层状矿体,还是陡倾斜的脉状矿体,矿石中普遍发育角砾状、脉状、网脉状和浸染状构造,金属矿物主要为闪锌矿,次为方铅矿和黄铁矿,脉石矿物以白云石、方解石为主,次为石英和重晶石。研究结果显示,该矿床硫化物δ~(34)SV-CDT值变化范围较宽,介于4.7‰~22.8‰之间,平均16.68‰,多数集中在18‰~22.5‰之间,远高于赋矿白云岩的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值(7.3‰)。硫化物总体呈现δ~(34)S_(闪锌矿)δ~(34)S_(方铅矿)δ~(34)S_(黄铁矿),暗示S同位素分馏未达到平衡,成矿流体的δ~(34)S_(∑S)值应高于硫化物的平均δ~(34)S值(16.68‰)。因此,成矿流体中的硫主要来源于赋矿海相碳酸盐岩中的蒸发膏岩,是蒸发硫酸盐矿物热化学还原(TSR)作用的产物。硫化物具有正常Pb的组成特征,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb及~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围分别为17.8240~17.9701、15.6364~15.7651和37.8956~38.3230,与赋矿白云岩Pb同位素组成略有不同,但壳源特征明显,很可能来源于区域基底岩石。综上认为,纳雍枝铅锌矿床兼具层控和断控成矿特征,成矿物质主要由壳源岩石提供,硫化物沉淀受控于富金属流体与富还原硫流体的混合作用,其形成是区域构造与大规模成矿流体耦合作用的结果,属于MVT矿床。     

四川盆地海相三叠系——气田(卤)水和硬石膏硫同位素出现同步罕见异常

对四川盆地海相三叠系大量δ~(34)S 资料进行整理研究,发现下三叠统嘉陵江组二段的气田(卤)水和硬石膏同步出现世界罕见的δ~(34)S 值异常,前者为35.5‰～36.2‰,后者为32.5‰～35.4‰。而且三叠系各层段的δ~(34)S 值可以在全盆地范围内追踪对比;在剖面上由下而上呈现出阶梯状递减的显著特征;本研究所得的高值域层位嘉二段比国内外其他学者所研究的三叠系高值域层位要低得多。这种异常高的δ~(34)S 值是在封闭环境中,厌氧细菌对硫酸盐进行还原而产生同位素分馏作用的结果。     

TSR成因H2S的硫同位素分馏特征与机制

热化学硫酸盐还原反应(TSR)是深层碳酸盐岩油气藏中硫化氢的主要成因机制,目前已在全球发现了50多个TSR成因的大中型含硫化氢天然气田。通过对中国四川盆地含硫化氢气田硫化物的采集与同位素分析,结合全球含硫化氢天然气田硫同位素分析数据,研究了TSR过程中硫同位素的地球化学行为和分馏特征。研究发现,TSR成因的高含硫化氢天然气中,硫化氢与硫酸盐的硫同位素分馏值小于15‰,主要分布范围为2.5‰~13.82‰,平均在10‰。四川盆地海相层系膏岩的硫同位素值分布较宽,并呈现阶梯状变化,而硫化氢的硫同位素则呈现出相似的分布规律,表明各主要含硫化氢气田硫化氢中的硫来自于本层系的硫酸盐,TSR主要发生在各自的储集层中。四川盆地各气田TSR发生的温度条件相似,硫同位素分馏比较接近。TSR过程中硫同位素的分馏过程与硫酸盐本身硫同位素值的高低无关,而与TSR反应程度有关。TSR反应程度越高,硫化氢的硫同位素值与地层硫酸盐的硫同位素越相近。通过系统分析整理全球含硫化氢气田的硫化物硫同位素数据,并结合四川盆地地质条件和油气演化过程,揭示了TSR过程中硫同位素的分馏特征,并绘制出四川盆地和全球各时代硫化氢和石膏的硫同位素分布曲线图,为研究含油气盆地蒸发岩沉积演化和硫化氢成因提供了参考。     

膏盐在金顶铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫和锶同位素证据

云南金顶铅锌、天青石、石膏和硫铁矿超大型复合矿床位于兰坪盆地的北缘,矿床中富含沥青和重油等有机质和膏盐类矿物。大部分硬石膏和石膏的δ34SV-CDT集中分布在+12‰~+16‰之间,与三叠纪末期海洋硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT值+15‰相近;天青石的δ34SV-CDT较为离散,+6‰~+26‰,但在整体上围绕着硬石膏分布。除少部分早期成岩-矿化阶段形成的硫化物具有极低的生物成因特征的δ34SV-CDT以外,大部分金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT呈现出“两段式”的分布特征,一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-12‰~-20‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约30‰;另一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-8‰~-2‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约20‰。在200℃的主成矿温度下,硫酸盐与硫化氢之间的硫同位素分馏刚好为30‰,在300℃为20‰,这与金顶矿床中石膏-硫化物之间硫同位素分布规律一致,表明矿床中的大部分硫源自有机质还原三叠纪膏盐所产生的硫化氢。当富含Pb2+、Zn2+、Sr2+等阳离子的成矿溶液与富含有机质、CO2、H2S和硫酸盐的热水溶液在推覆穹窿构造中汇合时,Pb2+、Zn2+与H2S结合生成方铅矿和闪锌矿,Sr2+与SO42-结合生成天青石。另外,矿区天青石、石膏、灰岩角砾和金属硫化物的锶同位素数据表明膏盐类矿床中的锶 (87Sr/86Sr=0.707765~0.710553)可能并非仅来自于三叠纪海相地层(87Sr/86Sr=0.70695~0.70845),而是成矿热液对各个流经地层和蒸发岩的萃取;受成矿热液中高锶同位素组成的混染,灰岩角砾岩的锶同位素组成相对于三叠纪的灰岩有明显增高。膏盐-有机质(油气)-金属硫化物矿床三位一体可能是普遍规律。     

Sulfur isotopic composition of the Tianqiao Pb-Zn ore deposit,Northwest Guizhou Province,China：Implications for the source of sulfur in the ore-forming fluids

The Tianqiao Pb-Zn ore deposit of Guizhou Province, China, is located in the mid-east of the Si-chuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn-Ag multi-metallic mineralization area, which is representative of the Pb-Zn ore de-posits in this area. It consists of three main orebodies, whose Pb+Zn reserves are more than 0.2 million ton. This paper analyzes the sulfur isotopic composition of these orebodies. The data show that the ore minerals (galena, sphalerite, pyrite) in these orebodies are enriched in heavy sulfur, with δ34SV-CDT values varying between 8.35‰ and 14.44‰, i.e. the δ34SV-CDT values of pyrite are between 12.81‰ and 14.44‰, the mean value is 13.40‰; the δ34SV-CDT values of sphalerite are range from 10.87‰ to 14.00‰, the mean value is 12.53‰; the δ34SV-CDT values of galena are range from 8.35‰ to 9.83‰, the mean value is 8.84‰, and they have the feature of δ34Spyrite>δ34Ssphalerite>δ34Sgalena, which indicates the sulfur isotope in ore-forming fluids has attained equilibrium. The δ34S V-CDT values of the deposit are close to those of sulfates from carbonate strata of different ages in the ore-field (15‰), which suggests that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids should be derived from the thermo-chemical sulfate reduction of sulfates from the sedimentary strata.     

Sulfur isotope fractionation during the May 2003 eruption of Anatahan volcano, Mariana Islands: Implications for sulfur sources and plume processes

Sulfur isotope compositions of pumice and adsorbed volatiles on ash from the first historical eruption of Anatahan volcano (Mariana arc) are presented in order to constrain the sources of sulfur erupted during the period 10-21 May, 2003. The isotopic composition of S extracted from erupted pumice has a narrow range, from δ³⁴S_V-CDT +2.6‰ to +3.2‰, while the composition of sulfur adsorbed onto ash has a larger range (+2.8‰ to +5.3‰). Fractionation modeling for closed and open system scenarios suggests that degassing of SO₂ raised the δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of S dissolved in the melt from an initial composition of between +1.6‰ and +2.6‰ for closed-system degassing, or between −0.5‰ and +1.5‰ for open-system degassing, however closed-system degassing is the preferred model. The calculated values for the initial composition of the magma represent a MORB-like (δ³⁴S_V-CDT ∼ 0‰) mantle source with limited contamination by subducted seawater sulfate (δ³⁴S_V-CDT +21‰). Modeling also suggests that the δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of SO₂ gas in closed-system equilibrium with the degassed magma was between +0.9‰ and +2.5‰. The δ³⁴S_V-CDT value of sulfate adsorbed onto ash in the eruption plume (+2.8‰ to +5.1‰) is consistent with sulfate formation by oxidation of magmatic SO₂ in the eruption column. The sulfur isotope composition of sulfate adsorbed to ash changes from lower δ³⁴S values for ash erupted early in the eruption to higher δ³⁴S values for ash erupted later in the eruption. We interpret the temporal/stratigraphic change in sulfate isotopic composition to primarily reflect a change in the isotopic composition of magmatic SO₂ released from the progressively degassing magma and is attributed to the expulsion of an accumulated gas phase at the beginning of the eruption. More efficient oxidation of magmatic SO₂ gas to sulfate in the early water-rich eruption plume probably contributed to the change in S isotope compositions observed in the ash leachates.     

An ultraviolet laser microprobe for the in situ analysis of multisulfur isotopes and its use in measuring Archean sulfur isotope mass-independent anomalies

A laser fluorination microprobe system has been constructed for high-accuracy, high-precision multisulfur isotope analysis with improved spatial resolution. The system uses two lasers: (a) a KrF excimer laser for in situ spot analysis by ultraviolet (UV) photoablation with λ = 248 nm and (b) a CO₂ laser for whole-grain analysis of powdered samples by infrared heating at λ = 10.6 μm. A CO₂ laser is necessary for the analysis of interlaboratory isotope reference materials because they are supplied as powders. The δ³⁴S and δ³³S compositions of reference materials measured with a CO₂ laser fluorination system agree (±0.2‰, 1σ) with the recommended values by the Sulfur Isotope Working Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency [Ding et al 2001] and [Taylor]. The precision of replicate analyses of powdered sulfide minerals with the CO₂ laser is typically ±0.2‰ (1σ) for δ³⁴S.The in situ fluorination of sulfides with a KrF excimer laser (λ = 248 nm) was validated by comparison of measurements of side-by-side laser craters and powders excavated from drill holes. Powders from drill holes were analyzed with the CO₂ laser. In situ laser craters and drill hole powders give the same δ³⁴S_V-CDT and δ³³S_V-CDT values within 0.2‰. The δ³⁴S_V-CDT and δ³³S_V-CDT values of both powders and in situ analyses are independent of F₂ gas pressure over a range of 15 to 65 torr. No dependence of δ³⁴S_V-CDT and δ³³S_V-CDT values on UV laser energy fluence has been observed. Mineral-specific fractionation of sulfur isotopes in analyzing pyrite, sphalerite, galena, troilite, and chalcopyrite has not been observed with a KrF excimer laser (λ = 248 nm). Test analyses with an ArF excimer laser (λ = 193 nm), however, gave fractionated sulfur isotope ratios.A range of Δ³³S anomalies of from - 1.5 to +3.0‰ in Archean samples from the North Pole district, Pilbara Craton, Australia, and from black shale of the Lokamonna Formation, South Africa, were verified by in situ analysis of individual pyrite grains with a KrF excimer laser. These results show that a combination of high-accuracy, high-precision analyses with improved spatial resolution permits locating and analyzing host minerals of non-mass-dependent sulfur isotope anomalies.     

柴达木盆地鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造新近系沉积环境演化及物源分析

鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造为柴达木盆地大型构造之一,其中仅新近系下油砂山组圈闭面积即可达470km²。运用近3年来在该构造东西高点钻探的鄂深1、鄂深2及鄂7共3口探井的最新资料,通过岩石学、古生物学及地球化学等综合分析,对鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造沉积环境演化和物源方向进行了系统研究,取得了不同于前人的新认识。鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造新近纪沉积环境自上干柴沟期(N₁)到狮子沟期(N₂³)是一个湖进、水体不断加深的沉积演化过程,与前期所认识的湖泊收缩、水体不断变浅的结论不同。鄂博梁Ⅲ号构造新近系沉积碎屑主要来自于阿尔金山物源区,自下而上具有较强的继承性,浅部地层受冷湖方向物源的影响而具有混源的特点。该研究取得的新成果为该区进一步勘探部署提供了理论依据,并取得了一定的勘探成效。     

Stable sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of the Świętokrzyski National Park spring waters generated by natural and anthropogenic factors (south-central Poland)

This paper presents the results of an isotopic study of spring waters in ?wi?tokrzyski (Holy Cross Mountain) National Park (?NP), south-central Poland. The δ³⁴S_V-CDT and δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW of soluble sulfates (n = 40) varied from 0.5‰ to 18.1‰ and from 3.5‰ to 12.2‰, respectively. The average δ³⁴S values are closely similar to those of rainwater, soils and rocks (comprising scattered pyrite). This suggests that soluble sulfates in the springs originated from mixing of recent and historic deposition, sulfates derived from pyrite oxidation, and CS-mineralization in soils and debris. An additional anthropogenic sulfur input (inorganic fertilizer) occurs in the water of spring S-61 located in the ?wi?tokrzyski National Park buffer zone. The δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW of spring waters (n = 4) were in the range of −10.6‰ to −10.2‰ indicating that they are derived from vadose groundwater in ?NP. This was the first isotope study of spring waters in the national parks of Poland. It enabled the determination of sulfur pathways and discrimination between natural and anthropogenic sources of this element in a relatively pristine area.     

Sulfur isotope signatures in gypsiferous sediments of the Estancia and Tularosa Basins as indicators of sulfate sources, hydrological processes, and microbial activity

In order to reconstruct paleo-environmental conditions for the saline playa lakes of the Rio Grande Rift, we investigated sediment sulfate sources using sulfur isotope compositions of dissolved ions in modern surface water, groundwater, and precipitated in the form of gypsum sediments deposited during the Pleistocene and Holocene in the Tularosa and Estancia Basins. The major sulfate sources are Lower and Middle Permian marine evaporites (δ³⁴S of 10.9-14.4‰), but the diverse physiography of the Tularosa Basin led to a complex drainage system which contributed sulfates from various sources depending on the climate at the time of sedimentation. As inferred from sulfur isotope mass balance constraints, weathering of sulfides of magmatic/hydrothermal and sedimentary origin associated with climate oscillations during Last Glacial Maximum contributed about 35-50% of the sulfates and led to deposition of gypsum with δ³⁴S values of −1.2‰ to 2.2‰ which are substantially lower than Permian evaporates. In the Estancia Basin, microbial sulfate reduction appears to overprint sulfur isotopic signatures that might elucidate past groundwater flows. A Rayleigh distillation model indicates that about 3-18% of sulfates from an inorganic groundwater pool (δ³⁴S of 12.6-13.8‰) have been metabolized by bacteria and preserved as partially to fully reduced sulfur-bearing minerals species (elemental sulfur, monosulfides, disulfides) with distinctly negative δ³⁴S values (−42.3‰ to −20.3‰) compared to co-existing gypsum (−3.8‰ to 22.4‰). For the Tularosa Basin microbial sulfate reduction had negligible effect on δ³⁴S value of the gypsiferous sediments most likely because of higher annual temperatures (15-33 °C) and lower organic carbon content (median 0.09%) in those sediments leading to more efficient oxidation of H₂S and/or smaller rates of sulfate reduction compared to the saline playas of the Estancia Basin (5-28 °C; median 0.46% of organic carbon).The White Sands region of the Tularosa Basin is frequently posited as a hydrothermal analogue for Mars. High temperatures of groundwater (33.3 °C) and high δ¹⁸O(H₂O) values (1.1‰) in White Sands, however, are controlled predominantly by seasonal evaporation rather than the modern influx of hydrothermal fluids. Nevertheless, it is possible that some of the geochemical processes in White Sands, such as sulfide weathering during climate oscillations and upwelling of highly mineralized waters, might be considered as valid terrestrial analogues for the sulfate cycle in places such as Meridiani Planum on Mars.     

海相石膏的硫同位素

海水硫酸盐参与许多发生在海洋水中和海相沉积物中的氧化还原作用,并且是多种沉积物和矿床中硫的来源。海水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成与海相环境中各种含硫化合物的硫同位素组成有着直接或间接的成因联系。在很大程度上,海水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成提供了海相环境中硫同位素演变的起点。找到这一起点才能正确阐明同时代海相沉积物中硫同位素之间的关系,进而探寻其演变规律。目前,对确定古海洋硫同位素组成最方便的研究对象是海相石膏。     

TECTONIC FEATURES AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN QAIDAM BASIN

TECTONIC FEATURES AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN QAIDAM BASIN     

柴达木盆地路乐河组古地理特征及其演化

通过对柴达木盆地盆地钻井岩心的详细分析,在地层划分对比基础上,结合前人研究成果,将盆地古-始新统路乐河组沉积划分为五种沉积相类型,并结合测井相、地震相的识别,对路乐河组沉积特征进行了详细研究。研究表明：该区板块运动控制了盆地的沉积,古近纪初期,由于印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞俯冲,使柴达木盆地在路乐河组沉积期处于板块挤压阶段,在中生代边缘断陷的基础上周边老山继续隆升,盆地开始下沉,该期成为湖盆的发生、发展时期。由于整个沉积区受到了不同物源供给量以及古气候、古地貌不同,路乐河组沉积期大部分地区主要以红色碎屑沉积为主,大面积发育河流相和洪积相;而由暗色岩系组成的湖泊沉积主要分布在昆仑山和阿尔金山附近,这一带是坳陷湖盆的形成区,相对沉降较快,在狮子沟和七个泉等地发育了深湖相沉积。     

柴达木盆地西部新生代沉积特征及其对阿尔金断裂走滑活动的响应

柴达木盆地西部新生代沉积的发育受昆仑山(及青藏高原)崛起和阿尔金断裂的走滑活动控制。基于对该地新生界尤其是下油砂山组沉积环境的剖析,并与邻区的索尔库里北盆地进行对比,对阿尔金断裂的新生代的活动提出以下认识。1)古近纪为右行走滑,中新世起变为左行走滑,在盆地北缘伴随走滑发生的冲断作用,早期向北东扩展,晚期向南西扩展。2)阿尔金断裂的斜冲作用在始新世和上新世表现尤为明显,控制了下干柴沟组上段和狮子沟组异常高的沉积速率和沉积中心自西向东迁移。3)中新世是阿尔金断裂的松弛期,在次级北东向正断层的联合作用下可能在柴西形成拉分盆地,因而盆地发育特征明显不同于邻区的索尔库里北盆地。4)新近纪阿尔金断裂在左行走滑的大背景下经历了一个陆内的拉张—挤压旋回。