海底天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素

天然气水合物在未来能源、环境及海洋地质灾害等方面有重要意义,是当前研究的热点。海底沉积物中含有大量的天然气水合物资源。天然气水合物稳定带厚度可用于水合物资源量的预测,在水合物资源评估中有重要意义。研究了不同因素对海底天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响,结果表明:海水深度、地温梯度、孔隙水盐度及组成和气体组分对水合物稳定带厚度的影响不同。水合物稳定带厚度随着海水深度的增加而增大,与地温梯度呈指数递减关系;随着孔隙水盐度的增加水合物稳定带厚度减小并呈良好的线性关系,不同盐类对水合物稳定带厚度的影响程度不同;混合气体中的C2H6、CO2及H2S会使水合物稳定带厚度增加,而N2使水合物稳定带厚度减小,并且含量越大对稳定带厚度的影响越明显。     

琼东南盆地深水区天然气水合物稳定域分布特征与预测

天然气水合物的形成与温度和压力密切相关,低温高压稳定域直接决定了水合物的分布特征及展布规模。根据波诺马列夫经验公式,依据琼东南盆地水合物稳定域形成的关键参数（天然气组分、地温梯度及水深等）,计算了琼东南盆地深水区水合物稳定域厚度,并初步分析了水合物稳定域分布特征。研究表明：水深（压力）越大、地温梯度越小,水合物稳定域厚度越大,当研究区水深达334.1 m时,深水海底浅层即具备了形成甲烷水合物稳定域条件;同时,水合物稳定域分布整体上具有南北薄、中间厚,自西向东逐渐变厚的趋势,主体厚度分布介于200～300 m,最大厚度可达400 m。     

布莱克海脊底辟处与天然气水合物稳定带有关的甲烷圈闭与运移—来自地震资料的新发现

Bkake脊底辟位于Carolina海槽沿海线一系列盐底辟的最南面，底辟引发上覆沉积物断裂，使得流体和气体向海底运移。通过分析位于天然气水合物富集区的Blake脊底辟处的地震反射资料，得知底辟中心的天然气水合物稳定基底非常浅：底辟处海底向上挠曲了近100m，由2300m左右变为2200m左右。由BSR指示的天然气水合物稳定基底BGHS在底辟两侧约为4.5s，中心上升为4.15s。底辟上部BGHS至海底以下0.05s(40-50m)出现一系列垂向断裂，这一断裂系列分化成一些陡的小断裂，成为通向海底的裂口，它覆盖了大约700m的直径范围。另外还有一些由主断裂及位于底辟中心BGHS附近的分化的次生断裂。气体及其它流体可以沿这些断裂向上运移。本文做了复杂的示踪分析比较不同反射面的反射强度及瞬时频率。底辟中心的低频异常显示强烈的地震衰减，是由流体沿断裂通道（可能是甲烷）的运移引起的。气体（主要是甲烷）沿天然气水合物稳定带的运移目前还无法解释其原因。我们推断断裂中的孔隙流体温度及盐度太高以至不能形成天然水合物，即使在远离底辟的天然气水合物稳定深度。另外天然气水合物可能堵住断裂墙以至水的供给太少不能将所有的气体转化为天然气水合物。BSR变浅反映出底辟增加的热流要么由下伏盐的高热导率引起，要么是由流体的热对流引起。孔隙水的高盐度降低天然气水合物的稳定性，对BSR变浅也起到重要作用。通过调查发现BSR变浅理论上是由于底辟处盐度增加，虽然地质学上似乎难于理解。这一发现表明高盐度的孔隙水对盐结构以上BSR深度的侧向变化起到重要作用。     

天然气水合物物理化学状态平衡及其在冲绳海槽的应用

根据自由能优化算法计算了气、水、盐、水合物的平衡态（稳定态）条件，建立了天然气水合物的状态方程和（水合物、液态溶液和气体）相平衡模型，编制了计算天然气水合物稳定带厚度的计算机软件；并针对研究内容收集了冲绳海槽和东海陆坡的热流、地温梯度、地形（水深）、地貌等资料，根据这些资料模拟计算预测了该区天然气水合物稳定带厚度、分布有利区带和BSR底界深度，进而编绘了相关图件。     

在沉积物搬运过程中气体水合物的自然赋存作用

自然界中赋存的气体水合物在海底沉积物是处于半固结状态,具有储存大量的气体和水的潜能。当水合物的平衡条件被打破时,能释放出气体和水。因此,水合物能给巨大的沉积物搬运提供潜在的形成机制。在海底低水温和正常静水压力条件下,大部分陆坡和所有海隆、深海平原在靠近海底沉积物的孔隙不处在饱和或近饱和状态下,烃类气体将形成水合物。水合物的气体既可能是原地微生物成因气,也可能是来自较深部沉积物的热解气。稳定水合物沉积物的平衡条件可能遭到破坏,例如由连续沉积或者海平面下降所引起,其中任何一种情况出现使部分固体气－水混合物开始分解。释放出气体和水的体积超过水合物自身的体积,如果大量水合物分解,那么其内部压力能猛烈地骤增,原来部分稳定的沉积物转化为富含气体和富含水的低密度泥岩。当内部压力由于气体压缩或者浮力作用变得非常大时,其上覆沉积物隆起甚至破裂,而非致密的气侵泥岸可以向上运移。与水合物有关非常大时,其上覆沉积物隆起甚至破裂,而非致密的气侵泥岸可以向上运移。与水合物有关的这些现象可以引起泥底辟、泥火山、泥滑坡或浊流,这取决于沉积物的结构和海底地形。     

深海沉积物中气体水合物的聚积

气体水合物的聚积很大程度上取决于孔隙水中气体溶解度的空间变化。在海底气体水合物稳定带内,在向海底表面方向上,随着温度的下降,水中甲烷的溶解度明显降低。气体水合物可以从向上渗出的甲烷饱和水中沉淀,也可以从与上升流和生物化学甲烷刘生产速率区域有关的扩散晕内的散播气体和分凝孔隙水中聚积。水合物更易在孔隙水相对淡的及孔隙较大的沉淀物中形成。温不合物稳定带是碳氢化合物气体从沉积物迁移进入海水的地球化学障。无     

陆缘气体水合物稳定性及其热流评估

陆缘气体水合物的一个显著特征是似海底反射(BSR)。该反射通常与预测的气体水合物稳定区域的底部相一致。因为气体水合物的出现受到温压条件的控制，有人认为BSR标志着一个等温面，所以可以用它来估计陆缘热流。关键参数有BSR深度的温度、海底温度以及BSR与海底之间的热导率结构。然而，这些所需参数通常难以得到，必须用气体水合物稳定性模型和地震速度得出热导率的经验方程求取。在本文中．使用了钻穿气体水合物区域的l0个ODP站位的井下温度、热导率、孔隙度和测井数据来研究估计值的质量。我们对巴基斯坦马克兰陆缘的约束条件的分析和应用如下：(i)尽管毛细作用力、化学杂质或不平衡条件会降低(或升高)BSR深度的温度，但是该温度依然可以用海水一甲烷体系近似算出。倘若能对热探针测量加以校准，则地温梯度的误差会小于10％，否则可出现高达20％或者更高的不确定性。此外．因必须考虑底部水温的季节性变化．这又可对温度梯度的影响造成达近10％的误差；(ii)一定数量的低热导率气体水合物对体积热导率的影响可以忽略；(iii)BSR与海底之间的热导率剖面通常可以用平均值近似算出；(iv)应该用海底测量代替经验方程，因为经验方程会产生5—30％的误差。除了需要高质量的地震数据以外，一个先决条件是要有大量的热导率数据和海洋学数据。推荐使用热探针来测量地温梯度，这可使热流测量值的不确定性是其估计值降低到5—10％。如果不使用这些数据，则误差／不确定性可以达到计算值的50—60％。     

气体水合物储集层中原地甲烷含量的直接测定

气体水合物储集层中原地甲烷含量的直接测定ＧｅｒａｌｄＲ．Ｄｉｃｋｅｎｓ等某些气体能与水结合形成在高压和低温条件下稳定的固体—气体水合物。许多有甲烷来源的海洋沉积物中存在着适合气体水合物形成的条件。大陆边缘的地震反射剖面表明，在海底沉积物上部几百米中，...     

断裂对天然气水合物成藏的控制作用

为了探讨断裂对天然气水合物成藏的控制作用,通过查阅研究大量国内外文献得出以下结论：断裂可作为烃类气体由深部运移至水合物稳定带的通道;当断裂所形成的裂隙达到一定规模时,可以直接为天然气水合物的成藏提供聚集空间;而晚于水合物稳定带形成的断裂则在一定程度会破坏水合物的稳定性。     

AVO反演在琼东南海域天然气水合物识别中的应用

为了更好地研究天然气水合物展布形态和赋存情况,利用AVO反演技术对琼东南海域天然气水合物进行了识别。首先通过对不同地层模型下天然气水合物和游离气的AVO属性特征进行了正演模拟分析,获得了天然气水合物AVO属性的响应特征。研究表明,天然气水合物饱和度不同时,其BSR处AVO属性特征也不同。当天然气水合物饱和度较高时,BSR处的AVO属性特征为：截距为负值,梯度为正值,截距×梯度为负值,流体因子为负值;当饱和度较低时,受游离气的影响,其BSR的AVO属性特征为：截距为负值,梯度为负值,截距×梯度为正值,流体因子为负值且幅值较大。鉴此,根据正演分析结果,重点对琼东南海域地震资料进行了天然气水合物AVO属性异常分析,判识确定该区具有高饱和度水合物的AVO属性特征,其天然气水合物勘探潜力大。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.