中国汉代记载的五星运动精度考查

五星运动的观测与研究是古代历法重要内容之一,也是检验历法疏密的主要方法之一,因此深受古代天文学家重视.《汉书·天文志》和《续汉书·天文志》记载有具体时间和位置的五星运动约160条.利用现代天文计算方法,对诸条进行计算、验证、分析与研究,并将正误结果用图和表反映出来.结果表明:160条记录中绝大多数是准确和比较准确的,占77.5%.错误的仅有36条,占22.5%.此外,160条行星运动记录中,其中有3种典型的或者说特殊的运动形态,即"守"、"合"、"犯"的运动分别占总数9%(14条),14%(22条)和29%(46条).对这3种特殊的运动形态进行了深入细致的分析研究,结果列于图表中.研究表明:汉代的行星运动记录为观测实录,至于36条错误记录,错误原因是多方面的,但主要是后人对观测资料加工、整理、编辑和出版时造成的.     

授时大统历法五星推步的精度研究

用元明授时大统历步五星术和现代天文计算方法分别计算大明嘉靖十年(1531)五星每日夜半位置.利用比较法,对两种计算方法得到的五星会合周期、逆行段和合冲(或上下合)角速度进行比较,通过行星平运动和实运动的比较,分析研究授时大统历步五星精度,给出定量分析结果,探讨了授时大统历步五星误差原因.     

论我国史籍中记录下半夜观测时所用的日期

为了确定我国史籍中记录下半夜观测的日期是上一天还是下一天,从正史645条月掩五星列宿的记录中选取了事件发生在阴历18日以后的139条。对此,利用现代的五星月亮方位表重算了事件发生的日期、地方时和当时的太阳地平纬度等等。总的结果是:85％的记录用的是上一天,15％用的是下一天;但在公元300—550(南北朝)和1000—1250(宋朝大部)两段期间,用下一天的相对特别少。在别的年代,用下一天的事件绝大多数出现于地方时3时以后,或太阳地平纬度高于-35°的时候,详情见图2。     

《授时历》五星推步的精度研究

着重考察了《授时历》的步五星术,考校、复原了其推步方法.(1)推步了1299年木星历,并与已有研究进行比对,从而确认恢复方法的正确性.(2)得出《授时历》在1280～1650年间推步五星黄经的精度,木星、火星、土星、金星和水星的误差的绝对值平均分别为0.49°、1.91°、0.70°、2.82°和5.01°,木星、土星的精度较高.(3)指出将现代天文方法获取的《授时历》五星参数(周率、历率、度率、合应及历应)精确值代入《授时历》推步模型,木星、土星的推步精度并未提高,误差分别为1.83°和1.21°,而水星、金星和火星的误差却大幅加大,结果分别为30.04°、54.86°和10.82°.说明某些重要参数的修正并不能改善推步结果.     

诗词说天 回首戊子冬月天象

二．题解与句注。 南斗狗旁二昊合月桂：南斗,即斗宿。也称斗木獬。28宿之一,为人马座一部分。狗,中国古星名,在斗宿区域内。二昊,指大昊和少昊,大昊是木星的古星名,少昊是金星的古星名（可见天文古籍《五星占》）。     

基于SLR精密轨道的天文定位精度分析

利用全球卫星激光测距服务系统(ILRS,International Laser Ranging Service)标准点资料对Ajisai卫星进行精密定轨,残差均方根(RMS)优于3 cm,得到该星的精密轨道.进而对长春站40 cm空间碎片光电望远镜获得的Ajisai卫星的天文定位资料进行精度分析,外符合精度约3″左右.单独利用天文定位数据进行轨道改进,内符合精度优于3″.改进轨道的x、y、z坐标3分量在观测数据覆盖范围内的精度在100 m之内.同样地对Jason-1卫星作数据分析,结果和Ajisai卫星精度相当.分析各个弧段的精度变化,发现定标星个数减少,会导致天文定位精度下降.据此提出可以把最少定标星比例作为评定数据质量的参考指标之一.     

诗意的星河——古诗中的五星

古人对行星的称谓 古人很早就发现,在满天的繁星中,有5颗星非常与众不同：第一,它们不象其他星星那样“恒定”（保持着相对不动的位置）,而是在众星中游动;第二,它们都很亮,多数情况下亮度都超过或仅暗于天狼星,而且亮度不断发生变化。随着社会的进步,文明的发展,我们的先辈为这5颗特别的星星起了名字,大约在商、周时期,这5颗星分别被称作辰星、太白、荧惑、岁星、镇星（填星）,这就是今天肉眼可见的五星：水星、金星、火星、木星、土星。     

＜隋书．天文志＞天象记录选注

以占卜为主要目的的天象记录在中国历代官定史书中占有重要位置，同时也是读史者的障碍．现代天文方法可以推算有史以来的大多数天象记录．这些计算结果与古代记录比对，可借以校正文字，考察古人的观测方法和制度，体验其星占心态，对历代天文志中占主要篇幅的天象记录有一个较深刻的认识．作为例子，本文计算了＜隋书＞天文志中梁、陈两代六十余年的天象记录，并与其它史籍中的有关记载作了比对和考校．对文中涉及的天象也尽可能作出科学的解释．     

适用于大视场的快速星像匹配算法

基于CCD图像的天文观测中,星像匹配是一项基本的任务。提出一种基于k-d树和k-means聚类算法的星像匹配算法,应用三角形不变性元组对相似三角形进行盲匹配,算法可以间接计算CCD图像的比例尺。三次使用k-d树优化计算,并使用k-means聚类算法对图像进行分割,提高星像匹配的精度。使用云南天文台1 m望远镜拍摄的稀疏星场和2.4 m望远镜拍摄的密集星场进行了星像匹配算法的测试。实验结果表明,该方法能较好地自适应图像比例尺的微小变化,同时提高星像匹配的精度。     

六月的星空

一、昏中星角宿、亢宿和氐宿六月的昏中星是角宿、亢宿和氐宿。黄道进入秋分点以后,一路下行。角、亢、氐这三个星宿,均位于赤道以南,横跨黄道的两边。角宿二星,南北而立。亢宿四星和氐宿四星均呈圆弧状。若将亢宿四星视作小半弧,氐宿四星为大半弧,将二者合起来,再靠近一些,便成为一个闭合的圆形。在这三个星宿中,角宿一为1等大星,其余均为3～5等小星。     

2000—2049年行星天象（一）

本文给出 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 4 9年行星天象的一部分 ,包括水星、金星的东、西大距 ,留及上、下合日 ;金星最亮和最接近地球 ;外行星冲日、最接近地球、合日、留 ;地球和外行星过远近日点计1 5个表     

夏商周断代工程及其天文学问题

《夏商周断代工程》由文献,考古,古文字,碳14测年和天文学待方面的专家联合攻关,致车于推进我国早期年代学研究的发展,天文学在五星聚合,三代大火,国外天象,仲康日食,夏小正,禹伐三苗,甲骨文天象,武王伐纣,天再旦,金文历谱,周代历法,计算中心等专题中起了主要或重要作用,天文方法确定的宾组月食,武王伐纣和天再旦年代被作为断代工程结论而采用,成为夏商周年的重要支撑点,铜器铭文中的朋相记录也是西周列王年代的重要依据。     

Automated design of gravity-assist trajectories to Mars and the outer planets

In this paper, a new approach to planetary mission design is described which automates the search for gravity-assist trajectories. This method finds all conic solutions given a range of launch dates, a range of launch energies and a set of target planets. The new design tool is applied to the problems of finding multiple encounter trajectories to the outer planets and Venus gravity-assist trajectories to Mars. The last four-planet grand tour opportunity (until the year 2153) is identified. It requires an Earth launch in 1996 and encounters Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Venus gravity-assist trajectories to Mars for the 30 year period 1995–2024 are examined. It is shown that in many cases these trajectories require less launch energy to reach Mars than direct ballistic trajectories.Assistant Professor, School of Aeronautics and AstronauticsGraduate Student, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics     

In Situ Biological Contamination Studies of the Moon: Implications for Planetary Protection and Life Detection Missions

NASA and ESA have outlined visions for solar system exploration that will include a series of lunar robotic precursor missions to prepare for, and support a human return to the Moon, and future human exploration of Mars and other destinations, including possibly asteroids. One of the guiding principles for exploration is to pursue compelling scientific questions about the origin and evolution of life. The search for life on objects such as Mars will require careful operations, and that all systems be sufficiently cleaned and sterilized prior to launch to ensure that the scientific integrity of extraterrestrial samples is not jeopardized by terrestrial organic contamination. Under the Committee on Space Research’s (COSPAR’s) current planetary protection policy for the Moon, no sterilization procedures are required for outbound lunar spacecraft, nor is there a different planetary protection category for human missions, although preliminary COSPAR policy guidelines for human missions to Mars have been developed. Future in situ investigations of a variety of locations on the Moon by highly sensitive instruments designed to search for biologically derived organic compounds would help assess the contamination of the Moon by lunar spacecraft. These studies could also provide valuable “ground truth” data for Mars sample return missions and help define planetary protection requirements for future Mars bound spacecraft carrying life detection experiments. In addition, studies of the impact of terrestrial contamination of the lunar surface by the Apollo astronauts could provide valuable data to help refine future Mars surface exploration plans for a human mission to Mars.     

2000—2049年行星天象（二）

本文给出２０００ － ２０４９ 年行星天象的第二部分,包括外行星纬度最南、最北的时刻及纬度,外行星过升、降交点的时刻;金星、火星赤纬最南、最北的时刻及赤纬和其它外行星经过赤道时刻及赤纬最南、最北的时刻及赤纬;行星之间相合,行星与恒星相合的时刻、赤纬差及它们与太阳的距角（ 冥王星除外） 。     

Inhomogeneities in the internal structure of Mars and the Moon from data on their gravity fields

The interpretation of planetary anomalies in the gravity fields of Mars and the Moon in relationship to their inhomogeneous internal structure is considered. The Martian and lunar gravity field models up to order and degree 20, three-layer (crust, mantle, core) model parameters, and planetary parameters have been used as input data. Models of the three-dimensional density distribution have been constructed for Mars and the Moon. The maps of horizontal density inhomogeneities at depths of 50, 100, and 1700 km for Mars and 60, 100, and 1400 km for the Moon are interpreted.     

Coronal Density Structures and CMEs: Superior Solar Conjunctions of Mars Express, Venus Express, and Rosetta: 2004, 2006, and 2008

Coronal radio-sounding experiments were carried out using the S-band (2.3 GHz) and X-band (8.4 GHz) signals of the ESA Mars Express, Venus Express, and Rosetta spacecraft during five superior conjunctions occurring in 2004, 2006 (3×), and 2008/2009. Differential frequency and propagation delay (ranging) observations were recorded during these opportunities over the better part of a solar cycle, yielding information on the large-scale structure of the coronal electron-density distribution and its variations, including fluctuations on time scales from seconds to hours. These results concern primarily regions of slow solar wind because the radio propagation path is generally confined to the low heliolatitude regions by the conjunction. The mean frequency fluctuation and total electron content are determined as a function of heliocentric distance, and, with a few exceptions caused by streamers and CMEs, are found to be consistent with previous results from experiments on Ulysses. Dense coronal streamers and several coronal mass ejection (CME) events were identified in the radio-frequency data, some of which were observed in white light by the LASCO coronagraphs onboard SOHO. For those events with sufficient mutual coverage, good correlations are found between the electron-content fluctuations and structure imaged by the LASCO instrument.     

Far-infrared spectral observations of Venus,Mars, and Jupiter

Spectra of Venus, Mars, and Jupiter between 45 and 115 μm have been obtained at a resolving power of ～10, observing from the NASA Lear Jet at an altitude of 13.7 km. The results are calibrated with lunar observations, and show Mars and Venus to have relatively constant brightness temperatures over this wavelength region, with Venus appearing somewhat warmer at longer wavelengths. The brightness temperature of Jupiter decreases slightly toward longer wavelengths.     

The evolution of the moon

The thermal evolution of the Moon as it can be defined by the available data and theoretical calculations is discussed. A wide assortment of geological, geochemical and geophysical data constrain both the present-day temperatures and the thermal history of the lunar interior. On the basis of these data, the Moon is characterized as a differentiated body with a crust, a 1000-km-thick solid mantle (lithosphere) and an interior region (core) which may be partially molten. The presence of a crust indicates extensive melting and differentiation early in the lunar history. The ages of lunar samples define the chronology of igneous activity on the lunar surface. This covers a time span of about 1.5 billion yr, from the origin to about 3.16 billion yr ago. Most theoretical models require extensive melting early in the lunar history, and the outward differentiation of radioactive heat sources.Thermal history calculations, whether based on conductive or convective computation codes define relatively narrow bounds for the present day temperatures in the lunar mantle. In the inner region of the 700 km radius, the temperature limits are wider and are between about 100 and 1600°C at the center of the Moon. This central region could have a partially or totally molten core.The lunar heat flow values (about 30 ergs/cm²s) restrict the present day average uranium abundance to 60 ± 15 ppb (averaged for the whole Moon) with typical ratios of K/U = 2000 and Th/U = 3.5. This is consistent with an achondritic bulk composition for the Moon.The Moon, because of its smaller size, evolved rapidly as compared to the Earth and Mars. The lunar interior is cooling everywhere at the present and the Moon is tectonically inactive while Mars could be and the Earth is definitely active.