用不同层次方法分析南海及其北部沿岸的地壳稳定性

论述了地南稳定性的层次,一般从高到低,从大到小可分为３个层次。高层次着重从岩石圈块体运动和大区域的大地构造因素分析岩石圈块体的活动性;中层次着重从地壳块体运动和区域构造因素分析地壳块的稳定性;低层次着重从地壳浅层的新构造运动和地震活动对工程建设的影响程度进行分析。从这个意义来说,地壳稳定性分析从大到小可分大区域、中区域和小区域３个层次,大区域地壳稳定性主人是概略评价,而小区域地壳稳定性评价则是详细     

古华夏块体群的类型及特征

以"中国海陆及邻域大地构造格架图"的编制为契机,块体构造学说被提出。该学说将中国海陆及邻域的地壳演化史分为5个阶段:陆核形成阶段、古全球构造阶段(包括成台过渡和稳化阶段)、中间阶段和新全球构造阶段,在用板块构造理论解释新全球构造阶段构造演化的基础上,将块体和结合带赋予新的定义和内涵,作为板块之下的二级构造单元,用以表示古全球构造阶段的大地构造单元。二叠纪末期,聚合的Pangea大陆在中国及邻域存在3个块体群:劳亚块体群、古华夏块体群以及冈瓦纳块体群。古华夏块体群由众多规模不大,但地壳发育历史复杂的块体组成,蕴含丰富的大地构造信息。通过收集、整理区域构造背景和岩性地层等资料,并对各种体现大地构造演化阶段的测年数据进行详细分析,将古华夏块体群划分为华北、扬子、华南3种类型,对其演化阶段进行了详细的厘定。华北型块体于古元古代末期(约1.8Ga)完成成台过渡;扬子型块体于新元古代初(约800 Ma)完成成台过渡;华南型块体于早古生代末期(约400Ma)完成成台过渡,之后各类块体分别进入稳化阶段,直至早二叠世末一起进入中间阶段,体现了地壳演化中的同序时差现象。印支运动后,又作为欧亚板块的一部分,随板块一起参与到新全球构造阶段的演化旋回中。     

南海中央海盆岩石圈厚度和地壳年代的初步分析

在洋中脊、停止活动的脊岭、深海的岩石圈断裂的裂缝和熄灭的海底火山等4种类型地区,建立3个岩石圈厚度和热传导模型.得到这些模型的解是相同的.求解得岩石圈内和软流圈顶层的温度分布公式、利用热流计算岩石圈厚度和地壳年龄公式;计算中央海盆的地壳年龄和岩石圈厚度;并列表和作出中央海盆岩石圈厚度和地壳年龄图.根据它们的特征,把中央海盆分成3个区,并分别讨论其岩石圈的厚度、地壳年龄和热流分布的特征;分析南海的形成和演化,指出南海经历过三幕海底扩张.     

埕岛海区水下岸坡沉积物不稳定运动的区域差异性

埕岛海区水下岸坡是海底不稳定活动的频发地带,存在着海底差异冲蚀、残留岗丘、沉积物块体运动等灾害地质,对海上工程设施造成极大威胁.通过对海区多波束、声呐、浅剖等声学调查资料的分析,结合前人研究成果,对水下岸坡沉积物块体运动的区域差异性进行了研究.认为埕岛水下岸坡区沉积物块体运动极为发育,受海区波浪诱发因素的控制,岸坡上部水深3～6 m的区域中,海底沉积物块体运动沿坡向深水方向水平运动的趋势明显,对海洋工程设施影响较大;岸坡下部,沉积物块体运动主要表现为向深部地层的扰动和区域性的失水塌陷压实作用.     

块体理论的形成及其在中国海陆构造格架演化研究中的应用

块体理论起源于大陆,通过与大洋板块学说从空间域、时间域、基本构造单元、驱动力等方面的对比分析认为,该理论也可以延伸并推广到全球范围,使得以大陆地壳为主要研究对象的块体学说,与以大洋地壳为主要研究对象的大洋板块学说遥相呼应并互为补充,使得全球构造理论体系趋于完善。块体理论对中国海陆构造格架演化的有效应用是勾画出了"块体构造理论"的最基本框架体系。由此得出块体的主要地学特征:首先是在块体内需要一个可以成为内核的生长中心(一般是年代古老的块体核心——元古代甚至是太古代),其后是在古老内核周边出现岩浆活动以及活化的造山带,两者逐渐依附于或是粘贴在块体核心部位的外围,使块体在后来的演化过程中体量不断增长,直到出现新的崩裂(形成新的块体)或是与其他块体一起汇聚于未来的超级大陆。其次是明确了块体的边界有3种基本类型:对区域构造有控制作用的深大断裂、主动型大陆边缘和被动型大陆边缘。块体的一般地质构造演化阶段也可以分为胚胎期、幼年时期、成长发育时期、衰亡期4个主要阶段,这4个阶段构成了块体地质演化的一个完整的生命周期。     

斜坡堤护面块体安放过程及稳定性数值模拟

利用基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)数值方法的开源软件DualSPHysics进行数值试验,模拟斜坡式防波堤上扭王字护面块体的安放过程,研究护面块体的稳定性。首先以DualSPHysics为平台开发了护面块体的安放功能模块,并对护面块体的安放效果进行评价,实现了按指定安放密度进行块体安放。块体安放完成后,在数值波浪水槽中研究护面块体在规则波作用下的运动及受力响应,并分析护面块体失稳的典型形式和失稳标准,通过系统化的参数分析,探讨波浪要素及块体安放等因素对块体稳定性的影响。结果表明,扭王字块体稳定性系数的取值范围为21.64~26.20,是规范推荐值的1.5倍左右。块体鼻轴方向的相对位置主要影响单个块体的上举脱出失稳,鼻轴方向在坡面上赤平投影图越分散,护面块体层整体上越稳定。坡面坡度变缓时,护面块体层整体下滑趋势减弱,但更易发生上举脱出失稳;单个块体缺失会加大周围块体的上举失稳概率。     

近海人工岛稳定评价方法体系的研究

选取地壳稳定性(构造特征、地震、沉降)、海床稳定性(地形、海床液化、海底冲刷)、地基稳定性(持力层性质、工程软弱层、埋藏古河道)和海洋环境稳定性(风暴潮、海流、波高、水深)四大类13个因素作为评价指标,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,采用模糊综合法对人工岛工程地质环境稳定性进行定量评价,建立了一套用于人工岛安全...     

南海区域岩石圈的壳-幔耦合关系和纵向演化

南海区域岩石圈由地壳层和上地幔固结层两部分组成。具典型大洋型地壳结构的南海海盆区莫霍面深度为９～１３ｋｍ,并向四周经陆坡、陆架至陆区逐渐加深;陆缘区莫霍面一般为１５～２８ｋｍ,局部区段深达３０～３２ｋｍ,总体呈与水深变化反相关的梯度带;东南沿海莫霍面深约２８～３０ｋｍ,往西北方向逐渐增厚,最大逾３６ｋｍ。南海区域上地幔天然地震面波速度结构明显存在横向分块和纵向分层特征。岩石圈底界深度变化与地幔速度变化正相关;地幔岩石圈厚度与地壳厚度呈互补性变化,莫霍面和岩石圈底界呈立交桥式结构,具有陆区厚壳薄幔—洋区薄壳厚幔的岩石圈壳－幔耦合模式。南海区域白垩纪末以来的岩石圈演化主要表现为陆缘裂离—海底扩张—区域沉降的过程,现存的壳－幔耦合模式显然为岩石圈纵向演化产物,其过程大致可分为白垩纪末至中始新世的陆缘裂离、中始新世晚期至中新世早期的海底扩张和中新世晚期以来的区域沉降等三个阶段。     

南海的岩石圈结构与均衡模型

本文用四种方法计算了南海的岩石圈厚度,并建立了南海海盆的岩石圈均衡模型。在此基础上,分析了南海海盆的岩石圈结构特征:即从海盆中部向南、北两侧,层3厚度、地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度逐渐增大,与地壳年龄呈正向关系。这表明,南海海盆有如大洋(大西洋)一样的形成演化机制—由正常的裂谷和扩张过程发育而成。     

琼东南盆地岩石圈伸展模拟探讨——以测线1为例

在挠曲悬臂梁模型的基础上,利用二维正、反演相结合的方法,对琼东南盆地近垂直于盆地走向、过陆架、陆坡的测线1岩石圈不同圈层的伸展因子进行计算。其中,上地壳伸展因子是通过统计地震剖面上断层水平伸展量获得,介于1.678~2.238之间;全地壳伸展因子则采用拉伸前后地壳厚度之比的方法,分布在1.251~2.468之间;岩石圈伸展因子利用剖面二维反演回剥和正演伸展模拟得到的,分布在1.062~2.647之间。沿剖面方向不同圈层的伸展因子综合对比分析表明,琼东南盆地岩石圈发生了随深度变化的伸展,但并非简单的随深度增加,而可能与岩石圈不同层次的流变学特征及伸展前岩石圈流变性的不均匀性有关。     

A preliminary analysis on lithospheric thickness and crustal ages in central basin of South China Sea

The models about lithospheric thickness and thermal conduction inside the lithosphere and the top layer ofthe asthenosphere have been proposed in this study for four type regions: the midoceanic ridge, the extinct spreading ridge, the lithospheric fault fissure and the mouth of the extinct submarine volcanoes which are in deep sea bottom. The solutions of the models are found to be the same. The formulas of temperature distribution inside the lithosphere and the top layer of the asthenosphere, the lithospheric thicknesses to the heat flow and the crustal ages to the heat flow are obtained. The crustal ages and the lithospheric thicknesses of the central basin are calculated. And they are used to draw the lithospheric thicknesses and crustal ages maps of the central basin (in this paper both the central basin and the basin are the central basin of the South China Sea). According to their characteristics, the central basin is divided into three regions. The lithospheric thicknesses, crustal ages and heat flow distribution characteristics are discussed respectively. The formation and evolution of the South China Sea are analysed and it is thought that the South China Sea has undergone three episode-seafloor spreadings.     

大陆岩石圈在张裂和分离时的变形模式

通过对南海南北共轭边缘地壳剖面的对比研究,发现大陆岩石圈的物理性质是分层的：上、中地壳呈脆性,下地壳表现出塑性,而岩石圈上地幔则仍呈脆性。因此,在它受张性应力场作用时,其变形和破裂分离方式也是分层进行的：上、中地壳能发生犁式断裂,产生的断块沿断面转动在地表产生一系列半地堑,并使地壳厚度减薄;如拉张应力继续作用时,上、中地壳将沿犁式断裂被拉开,从而形成上、下板块边缘,并彼此分开。下地壳则发生塑性变形,使地壳厚度减薄,并最终将其拉断。岩石圈上地幔亦可产生陡倾断裂,形成的断块沿断面转动亦使其厚度减薄,并最终沿陡倾断裂被拉断。这就是我们称之为岩石圈变形和破裂分 离时的分层变形及分层破裂分离模式。     

新构造期鲁南地区地壳垂向运动特征

本文主要介绍了新构造期以来鲁南地区的地层、层状地貌及断陷盆地的演化,并以此分析讨论了本区地壳垂向运动及其强度的时空变化特征。     

南海北部及邻区岩石圈地幔特征与深部作用过程初探

对新生代火山活动携带到地表的超镁铁岩捕虏体岩石的主元素、微量元素和同位素特征的研究表明，南海北部及邻区岩石圈地幔组成和空间变化与大地构造分区有密切联系；区域上的岩石圈地幔经历过多重地幔交代作用，而与南海北部陆缘活化和陆缘扩张更为密切相关的地幔交代作用可能主要为高温型富Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ交代作用；软流圈热物质上升是引起大陆地壳活化的重要的深部作用因素。     

Structural style and evolution of the Gulf of Lion Oligo-Miocene rifting: role of the Pyrenean orogeny

The Gulf of Lion margin results from the Cligo-Aquitanian rifting and Burdigalian crustal separation between continental Europe and Corsica-Sardinia. Immediately before the onset of extension, the area of the Gulf of Lion was affected by the Pyrenean orogeny which controlled the structural style of the evolving margin. During extension, the foreland of the Pyrenean orogen was affected by extensional thin-skinned tectonics. The décollement level ramped down into the basement, in areas where the latter was thickened during orogeny. In this intermediate part, the margin was extended by several crustal-scale low-angle faults, which generated small amounts of syn-rift sedimentation compared with the accumulation of post-rift sediments. However, more than 4 km of syn-rift sediments were deposited in the Camargue basin, which is located at the transition between thin- and thick-skinned extensional systems. Kinematic restorations and stratigraphy suggest a pre-rift surface elevation above sea-level of at least 1 km in the intermediate part of the margin, which is in agreement with reduced syn-rift sedimentation. The slope area extends seaward of the North Pyrenean Fault, a terrane boundary inherited from the Pyrenean collision. This part of the margin was stretched by seaward dipping low-angle block tilting of the upper crust, and antithetic lower crustal and sub-crustal detachment. The lithospheric structures inherited from the Pyrenean orogeny exerted a strong control on the kinematics of the rifting and on the distribution and history of subsidence. Such parameters need to be integrated in the definition of pre-rift initial conditions in future basin-modelling of the Gulf of Lion.     

一个热带气旋移向变化的判据

本文对热带气旋移向突变进行了动力学分析,得到影响路径变化的主要因子,并在此基础上设计了一个诊断气旋移向稳定性的判据,经两百多次计算检验,证实其准确率达84％强。     

Rifting of oceanic crust at Endeavor Deep on the Juan Fernandez microplate

The development of an anomalously deep rift appears to be a common characteristic of the evolution of microplates along the East Pacific Rise, including the Galapagos, Easter, and Juan Fernandez microplates. We investigate crustal rifting at Endeavor Deep on the Juan Fernandez microplate using bathymetry, gravity and side scan sonar data. An initial phase of lithospheric extension accompanied by extensive subsidence results in the formation of a very deep rift valley (up to 4 km of relief, 70 km long and 20 km wide). Morphological observations and gravity data derived from GEOSAT satellite altimetry show the subsequent initiation of crustal accretion and development of a mature spreading center. Recent models of the kinematics of microplate rotation allow the amount of opening across Endeavor Deep over the past 1 m.y. to be quantified. We develop a simple mechanical model of rifting involving block faulting and flexural response to explain the gravity signature over the rift valley. The Bouguer gravity anomaly is asymmetric with respect to the surface topography and requires that a shallow-dipping fault on the western wall of the valley dominate the extension at Endeavor Deep. Consideration of three similar microplate rift valleys leads us to suggest that asymmetric rifting is the characteristic process forming microplate deeps.     

Gravity field derived from the altimetric geoid and its implications for the origin,driving force and evolution of microplate-type marginal basins in the southwestern Pacific

The thickness anomaly of lithosphere in the North Fiji Basin, Lau Basin and the surrounding area was obtained from gravity data derived by satellite altimetry, using crustal thickness determined by available seismic refraction studies. It was revealed that the North Fiji Basin is an isolated asthenospheric dome and that the lithospheric thickness is about 50km less than that of the surrounding area. Such a lithospheric structure and surface topographic feature suggest a plume-like mantle upwelling beneath these basins. The result of numerical simulation shows the possibility of opening of the back-are area and change of subduction polarity which occurred at the first stage of the evolution of the North Fiji Basin. As the lifetime of the southwestern Pacific marginal basins is limited to some 10 million years in most cases, the heat source (plume) which initiates these marginal basins might be sporadic, and their expansion will end when the heat source is wholly consumed.     

Distribution of crustal extension and regional basin architecture of the Albertine rift system, East Africa

By applying a kinematic and flexural model for the extensional deformation of the lithosphere, and using a recently available EROS Data Center topography DEM of Africa in conjunction with new and previous gravity data from Lakes Albert, Edward and George, we have determined the distribution, amplitude, and style of deformation responsible for the formation of the Albertine rift system, East Africa. Further, we have been able to approximate the three-dimensional architecture of the Albertine rift basin by analyzing a series of profiles across and along the rift system for which we also estimate the flexural strength of the rifted continental lithosphere and its along-strike variation. Previous modeling studies of the Lake Albert basin either overestimated the flexural strength of the extended lithosphere and/or underestimated the crustal extension. The single most important factor that compromised the success of these modeling efforts was the assumption that crustal extension was limited to the present-day distribution of the rift lakes. The style of deformation appears to have changed with time, beginning with a regionally distributed brittle deformation across the region that lead progressively to the preferential growth and development of the major border faults and antithetic/synthetic faults within the collapsed hangingwall block. Minor fault reactivation within the footwall block appears to be related to the release of bending stresses associated by the flexural uplift of the rift flank topography. By simultaneously matching the observed and modeled topography and free-air gravity across the Albertine rift system, we have determined a cumulative extension ranging from 6 to 16 km with the maximum extension occurring in the central and northern segments of the basin. Crustal extension is not constrained to the lake proper, but extends significantly to the east within the hangingwall block. Effective elastic thickness, T_e, varies between 24 and 30 km and is unrelated to either the amount of extension or the maximum sediment thickness. The variation of T_e relates possibly to small changes in crustal thickness, heterogeneities in crustal composition, and/or variations in radiogenic crustal heat production. Maximum sediment thickness is predicted to be 4.6 km and occurs within the central region of Lake Albert. Low bulk sediment densities, correlating with the location of major lake deltas, may be indicative of present-day sediment overpressures. Our results show that basin geometry is strongly dependent on the cumulative (and distribution) of lithospheric extension and the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere. Thus, in order to determine the total amount of extension responsible for the formation of a basin system, it is necessary to independently constrain the flexural strength of the lithosphere both during and after extension. Conversely, in order to determine the rigidity of extended lithosphere using the stratigraphy and/or geometry of rift basins and passive margins, it is necessary to independently constrain the cumulative extension of the lithosphere.     

Tectonic subsidence history and thermal evolution of the Orange Basin

The Orange Basin offshore southwest Africa appears to represent a classical example of continental rifting and break up associated with large-scale, transient volcanism. The presence of lower crustal bodies of high seismic velocities indicates that large volumes of igneous crust formed as a consequence of lithospheric extension.