考虑受压侧岩体反力非线性作用的锚杆抗剪理论

针对锚杆受压侧岩体或砂浆体反力非线性作用及结构面的剪胀效应问题,基于经典梁理论推导锚杆轴力与轴向变形及横向剪切力与横向变形的理论公式,建立了锚杆抗剪力计算公式。通过加锚结构面直剪试验验证理论计算有效性,并分析结构面剪胀系数、围岩强度、锚杆安装角（倾角）对锚杆变形和抗剪力的影响。结果表明：锚杆抗剪理论计算与室内试验结果吻合较好;结构面剪胀系数越大,越能较快调动锚杆抗剪作用,相反锚杆塑性强化特征越不明显,改善加锚结构面的阻滑抗剪作用,主要依靠结构面固有抗剪强度;随着围岩强度降低,锚杆需经一定变形才能发挥较大抗剪作用,而随着围岩强度增大,锚杆将迅速达到屈服状态,并且锚杆由轴向张拉破坏逐渐转为拉剪破坏;锚杆最优安装角随结构面内摩擦角增大而增大,依据实际工程中结构面内摩擦角取值范围,可估算锚杆最优安装角为30°～68°。     

节理岩体锚杆的综合变形分析

在总结国内外对节理岩体中锚杆加固机制的试验研究和理论探讨基础上,综合考虑锚杆的切向和轴向变形能力,建立节理锚固锚杆在剪切荷载作用下的变形模型,将节理锚固锚杆的变形区划分为弹性变形段和挤压破坏段,引入表征挤压破坏段长度的变量,对锚杆与岩体的相互作用机制进行理论分析,推导了剪切荷载与剪切位移和轴向荷载与轴向位移的关系。通过分析锚杆的屈服破坏形式,得到了确定挤压破坏段长度的方法。最后,通过算例分析了挤压破坏段长度与锚杆直径、岩体强度、锚固角度等参数的关系,得到了以下结论：（1）节理锚固锚杆抗剪作用的实质是锚杆调动岩体的抗压强度抵抗节理切向荷载。在抗压强度较高的硬岩中,挤压破坏段局限于节理面附近,锚杆影响范围小;而在抗压强度较低的软岩中,挤压破坏段较大,而且会产生较大的剪切变形,锚杆影响范围较大。（2）锚杆屈服破坏形式与岩质和锚杆直径有关。硬质岩体发生剪切屈服,而较软岩体中容易发生弯曲屈服;小直径锚杆一般直接剪切屈服,而大直径锚杆可能发生弯曲屈服。锚杆屈服破坏后出现塑性铰,挤压破坏段范围在节理一侧约为直径的1～2倍,继续增加剪切荷载,挤压破坏段长度不再增大。（3）随岩质的不同,锚杆锚固节理的最优锚固角变化较大。岩质较硬时,最优锚固角度较小,反之则较大。     

锚固节理直剪力学行为的颗粒流数值分析

为探究锚固节理在直剪加载作用下的细观力学响应,利用颗粒流数值计算方法建立不同锚固角度下的锚固节理数值模型,并进行不同法向荷载下的直剪试验。之后,通过分析和对比剪切-位移曲线和峰值剪切强度来对锚固节理宏观力学性质进行研究。与此同时,基于微裂纹分布规律,从细观角度揭示了剪切荷载下不同锚固角度的岩石节理面的破坏特征;研究结果显示。（1）不同于非锚固节理,锚固节理的剪切-位移曲线在剪切后期呈现出一定的增长趋势,且粗糙度不同曲线变化特征存在一定的差异。（2）不同锚固角度下,锚固节理的破坏模式存在着较为明显的差异。当锚固角为90°时,锚固节理模型的破坏主要集中于锚杆与上下节理面接触位置,且破坏主要为挤压式破坏。随着锚固角度的减小,接触位置的破碎区域不断减小,节理破坏主要表现为沿着锚杆的轴向拉伸变形破坏及内部的拉伸破坏。（3）锚固角度的变化对锚固节理的抗强度的影响程度与节理面的粗糙度存在一定关联。具体而言,较为平直节理抗剪强度随着锚固角度的增大,增长趋势明显,而粗糙节理面随着锚固角度的增大峰值抗剪强度的变化趋势相对较为平缓。     

锚杆支护圆形隧洞的等效强度参数及可靠性分析

通过采用均匀化方法,研究了圆形隧洞的锚杆支护特性,将高密度支护模式下的岩石和锚杆复合体考虑成均匀、连续、强度参数增强的等效材料,简化了岩石和锚杆间复杂的力学耦合问题。通过定义锚杆密度参数来反映不同支护模式的特性,建立锚杆密度参数与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则中主要参数之间的关系,推导出等效弹性模量、等效黏聚力和等效内摩擦角的表达式,并分析比较了隧洞在支护前后的位移情况。结合可靠性理论,采用容许极限位移量作为失稳判据,分析了隧洞在支护前后的可靠性指标与破坏概率,结果表明,文中提出的方法简单可靠,锚杆支护对隧洞的位移限制效果明显,可显著提高隧洞的可靠性。     

Analytical model for the mechanical behaviour of bolted rock joints subjected to shearing

Summary This study proposes a new analytical model for the prediction of the contribution of bolts to the shear strength of a rock joint. The main characteristics of this model are the accounts for the interaction of the axial and the shear forces mobilised in the bolt, as well as the large plastic displacements of the bolt occurring during the loading process. The complete curve of the bolt contribution as a function of the displacement along the joint can be computed, and the maximum bolt contribution is obtained by dissociating the bolt cohesion and the confinement effects. The comparison of the performances of this analytical model with test results shows its capacity to describe the observed phenomena. The effects of the most important parameters such as bolt inclination, mechanical properties of bolt material, rock strength and joint friction angle are clearly established and discussed.     

顺层岩质边坡锚杆拉剪作用力学性能

锚杆能够显著增强顺层岩质边坡的稳定性.基于顺层边坡结构效应,应用锚杆加固顺层边坡的力学模型,根据结构力学理论和变形协调关系,建立拉剪作用下全长粘结型锚杆加固顺层边坡抗剪计算的理论分析方法.与相关试验数据进行了比较验证,结果表明顺层边坡锚固抗力模型计算结果与试验结果比较一致,验证了理论模型的合理性.讨论了锚杆倾角、锚杆直径、灌浆体强度、结构面内摩擦角、剪胀角等对加锚顺层岩体抗剪性能的影响.分析表明:锚杆锚固抗力模型能够较好地反映锚杆轴力及横向剪切力对顺层岩质边坡的抗剪作用.锚杆倾角越大,锚杆总的抗力呈减小趋势,而锚杆抗力随剪胀角增大而增加;当锚杆倾角等于内摩擦角时,锚杆抗力达到最大;锚杆抗力随锚杆直径增加而增大;当锚杆直径不变时,锚杆抗力随灌浆体抗压强度增大而有所减小.      

简谐振动荷载下锚杆加固岩质边坡的受力分析

基于块体动力学方法,考虑简谐振动地震波作用,根据Pseudo-static分析原理建立动力荷载下的锚杆支护边坡简化模型,采用解析方法对求得谐振作用下沿滑移面滑移的边坡破坏运动解以及锚杆内力解的表达式,在此基础上,提出可适用于抗震设计的锚杆受力解答。通过锚杆支护边坡的参数影响分析表明,地震波的频率对破坏体的滑动位移幅值有较大影响,在锚杆加固边坡设计中应避免免引起共振现象;锚杆间距对位移振动幅值影响也较大,随着间距的增大,位移幅值也增大;当锚杆间距一定时,随着坡高的增大,边坡滑动位移幅值增大幅度相较其他参数影响较小;随着边坡岩石边坡角度的增大,位移幅值也随之增大,下边坡角度从60°增大到90°时,位移幅值由7 cm增大到25 cm;上边坡坡度超过25°时,位移幅度急剧增大,在设计和施工中应当引起重视。     

输电线路节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔力模型试验研究

针对输电线路注浆锚杆基础特点,根据相似理论设计了节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔模型试验,模型设计中考虑了岩石弹性模量、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长、节理倾角、锚杆埋深5个因素的变化,选择5因素4水平的正交试验方法进行了模型试验研究。结果表明,岩石弹性模量对注浆锚杆基础抗拔力的影响最大,其次为锚杆埋深、节理倾角、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长。试验过程中以剪切破坏和开裂破坏为主,并以此分析了注浆锚杆的传力机制,得出浆体与锚杆和岩体之间的黏结强度是控制试验结果的主要因素,影响着锚杆的极限抗拔力和破坏状态,在施工过程中应注意质量控制。     

玄武岩纤维与钢筋锚杆锚固性能现场对比试验研究

玄武岩纤维（BFRP）锚杆具有抗拉强度高、耐腐蚀性能好等优点,是岩土锚固结构中钢筋的良好替代品,近年颇受业界关注。通过在黄土地层中开展4组?25 mm BFRP锚杆和钢锚杆的现场拉拔试验,初步研究两种材质锚杆的破坏模式和锚固性能差异。研究结果表明：对于诸如?25 mm类较大直径土层锚杆,拉拔过程中锚固体系的灌浆体内外界面破坏迹象共存,但最终破坏模式受控于灌浆体与土层界面（第二界面）,且BFRP锚杆与砂浆内界面（第一界面）破坏程度明显高于钢锚杆;两种材质锚杆的极限承载力相近,界面黏结强度均随锚固长度的增大而减小;受两种材质锚杆本身的加工工艺和材料力学性能影响,试验中钢锚杆与灌浆体的黏结性能优于BFRP锚杆;相同荷载水平,相同位置处,BFRP锚杆杆体轴力大于钢锚杆,轴力衰减速率略小于钢锚杆;峰值剪应力BFRP锚杆小于钢锚杆。     

超前支护下隧道掌子面稳定性极限上限分析

软弱围岩隧道施工中,常采用超前支护确保隧道施工的安全。为了评价超前支护下隧道稳定性,建立了超前支护作用下截锥体、对数螺旋线共同破坏模型,基于极限分析上限法和综合强度折减法并考虑初期支护未支护段的影响,推导出了隧道稳定安全系数的目标函数,并利用Matlab编制程序求解该函数以此判断隧道稳定性。与模型试验结果和已有理论研究成果对比分析,验证了计算方法的合理性,同时分析了影响隧道稳定安全系数的各个因素。研究结果表明：围岩黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加,掌子面锚杆、拱部超前支护的施作对提高围岩稳定性有显著的作用,而初期支护未支护段长度、开挖高度的增加不利于围岩的稳定;在围岩内摩擦角较小时,分台阶开挖降低开挖高度提高隧道稳定性的效果更好;在围岩内摩擦角较大时,掌子面锚杆加固强度的增加对隧道稳定性提高的作用更显著。最后给出了超前支护的施工设计建议图,可为工程中初步确定超前支护参数和施工方法提供参考。     

深部构造应力区煤巷肩角锚杆破断机制及控制

针对深部构造应力作用下煤巷“肩角锚杆破断”问题,建立肩角锚杆力学分析模型,分析煤帮沿顶板滑移对锚杆的作用,得到肩角锚杆的受力、变形特征,揭示深部构造应力区煤巷肩角锚杆破断机制,即在煤帮沿顶板的滑移剪切力作用下,杆体发生弯曲变形,且构造应力越大,弯曲变形越严重;肩角锚杆在煤岩层交界面处受到的剪力最大,而使得锚杆在交界面处易被剪断。针对深部构造应力区煤巷肩角锚杆破断问题,提出“控让耦合支护”围岩控制技术,并成功应用于工程实践。     

加锚岩石抗弯特性试验研究

采用煤层顶板岩石作为加锚基体,用钢丝模拟锚杆,薄钢片模拟钢带,对加锚体进行了三点弯试验,并与常规试件进行对比分析。结果表明,因岩石抗压与抗拉性能的差异,试件在弯曲过程中,下表面拉应变的增长速度大于上表面压应变的增长速度,裂纹最先在下表面产生并逐渐向上发展。加锚试件,因锚杆改善了锚固区域岩石的力学性能,且钢带与锚杆共同承担了一定的拉应力,锚固试件抗弯能力有所增强。试件截面应力状态可以结合破坏过程分为3个阶段,第1阶段为弹性阶段;第2阶段为裂纹产生与扩展阶段,岩石承载能力逐渐劣化,拉应力逐渐向钢带转移,岩石裂纹发展受限,试件抗弯能力有较大提升;第3阶段为破坏阶段,锚杆失黏,挠度持续增加而试件承载能力趋于稳定。     

Dynamic Response of Machine Foundation on Layered Soil: Cone Model Versus Experiments

This paper presents the experimental validation of analytical solution based on cone model for machine foundation vibration analysis on layered soil. Impedance functions for a rigid massless circular foundation resting on a two layered soil system subjected to vertical harmonic excitation are found using cone model. Linear hysteretic material damping is introduced using correspondence principle. The frequency-amplitude response of a massive foundation is then computed using impedance functions. To verify the solution field experiments are conducted in two different layered soil systems such as gravel layer over in situ soil and gravel layer over concrete slab (rigid base). A total 72 numbers of vertical vibration tests on square model footing were conducted using Lazan type mechanical oscillator, varying the influencing parameters such as depth of top layer, static weight of foundation and dynamic force level. The frequency-amplitude response in general and in particular the resonant frequencies and resonant amplitudes predicted by cone model is compared with the results of experimental investigation, which shows a close agreement. Thus the cone model is reliable in its application to machine foundation vibration on layered soil.     

动力扰动下全长黏结锚杆的力学响应特性

深部岩体工程中,锚杆在围岩变形后处于高承载应力状态,受到爆破振动、矿震等动载荷作用后极易失效,因此,亟待研究动力扰动下锚杆的力学响应机制。基于SHPB试验平台,自行研发了一套研究锚杆动力响应的试验装置,开展动力扰动下全长黏结锚杆的力学响应特性研究。结果表明：初始动载荷作用下锚杆滑移量随着入射能的增加而增加,锚杆中应力波的波峰值随着传播距离的增加而逐渐减小,当应力波传播至锚杆最里端时,应力波峰值衰减较大;第2次动载荷后锚杆SG1处与SG2处应力波峰值差明显比第1次减小,表明动载荷下锚固界面从锚杆外端开始损伤;锚杆失效与锚固界面损伤有关,锚杆承载后初次受到动载荷的影响导致锚固界面产生损伤,损伤锚固段又受到外部载荷（如二次冲击、岩体挤压）作用时会进一步劣化,其不能抵抗围岩的变形而失效。研究结果为揭示锚杆支护失效行为,采取合理的设计与施工提供新的思路。     

A Study on Truss Bolt Mechanism in Controlling Stability of Underground Excavation and Cutter Roof Failure

The truss bolt reinforcement system has been used in controlling the stability of underground excavations in severe ground conditions and cutter roof failure in layered rocks especially in coal mines. In spite of good application reports, working mechanism of this system is largely unknown and truss bolts are predominantly designed based on past experience and engineering judgement. In this study, the reinforcing effect of the truss bolt system on an underground excavation in layered rock is studied using non-linear finite element analysis. Different indicators are defined to evaluate the reinforcing effects of the truss bolt system. Using these indicators one can evaluate the effects of a reinforcing system on the deformation, loosened area, failure prevention, horizontal movement of the immediate layer, shear crack propagation and cutter roof failure of underground excavations. Effects of truss bolt on these indicators reveal the working mechanism of the truss bolt system. To illustrate the application of these indicators, a comparative study is conducted between three different truss bolt designs. It is shown that the design parameters of truss bolt systems, including tie-rod span, length, and angle of the bolts can have significant effects on the reinforcing capability of the system.     

让压锚杆在大变形隧道支护应用中试验研究

锚杆在支护大变形隧道工程时常因变形过大而发生拉断破坏,为推广可延伸性锚杆在大变形隧道中的应用,提出了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆,通过挤压并拉伸锚杆杆体来消耗高地应力引起的围岩形变能量,实现让压功能;通过调整挤压套的位置、握裹力,可以依据具体大变形隧道工程的围岩特性,调节让压锚杆的让压荷载、最大让压量。通过室内试验,证明了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆让压装置可靠性,获得了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆力学特性。以兰渝线毛羽山隧道为应用工程,试验结果表明：让压锚杆在大变形隧道工程中可以保证可靠的让压效果;在软弱不良大变形隧道工程中,宜采用注浆等手段以保证让压锚杆的有效支护性能;让压锚杆可以有效控制围岩变形,保证大变形隧道中围岩的收敛效果。     

Effect of anchor plate on the mechanical behavior of prestressed rock bolt used in squeezing large deformation tunnel

Anchor plate is a necessary component of the prestressed rock bolt, which plays a decisive role in actively resisting the rock mass deformation and improving the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock. In this paper, in order to investigate the effect of anchor plate on the mechanical behavior of prestressed rock bolt used in squeezing large deformation tunnel, a series of numerical, field and laboratory tests were performed. The mechanical characteristics of anchor plate with different shapes and sizes were systematically analyzed. Based on the Muzhailing Tunnel in Gansu Province, China, which is a typical deep-buried soft rock tunnel and suffered from serious squeezing large deformation disaster, the field verification was carried out. Meanwhile, the influences of spherical washer on the mechanical behavior of bolt shaft and anchor plate were also investigated. The result shows that the bowl-shaped plate has much better performance than the flat one, while the rounded bowl plate performs slightly better than the squared bowl plate. With the increase of plate thickness or plane size, the anchor plate has the better bearing capacity, while the stress transfer effect will be worse. Furthermore, the non-uniform deformation will gradually increase with the decrease of plate thickness or increase of plane size. Therefore, it is advised to increase the plate thickness rather than the plane size under the condition of better bearing capacity. The bending-induced stress of the anchor plate increases rapidly with the increase of the inclination angle between bolt shaft and anchor plate. Whereas the installation angle is unavoidable in practice, the spherical washer which has great effects on reducing the bending-induced stress could be a necessary component of the prestressed rock bolt system.

     

加锚岩石力学性质及破坏特征试验研究

采用煤矿煤层顶板岩石作为加锚基体,用钢丝模拟锚杆,对由二者组成的加锚岩石进行了巴西劈裂、单轴压缩和压剪试验研究。结果表明,当加锚试件岩石基体出现塑性屈服裂纹开始扩展后,锚杆逐渐取代岩石基体成为外荷载的承载主体,试件的破坏特征由脆性向延性转变。加锚试件劈裂过程中,圆盘中心出现裂缝后,部分试件仍具有一定的承载能力,其抗拉强度提高了51.1%;另有部份试件则表现为迅速破坏并丧失承载能力,其抗拉强度提高了91.6%。单轴压缩试验中,加锚试件的破坏形式可分为两类:一类为裂纹平行锚杆轴向发展;另一类为裂纹垂直锚杆轴向发展,加锚试件的抗压强度提高了34.6%。加锚试件剪切过程中,其承载能力出现了明显的二次劣化现象,回归试验结果可得加锚试件的内摩擦角基本不变,而凝聚力提高了22.9%。     

Anchorage behaviour of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure under uniaxial loading: a particle mechanics approach

Particle flow code (PFC^2D) software was adopted to investigate the anchorage behaviour and the characteristics of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure (RSCSF). The microscopic parameters of the specimens in the numerical simulation were first validated by experimental outcomes of intact specimens, while the microscopic parameters of the rock bolts were validated based on the results of the RSCSF tests. Then, the mechanical parameters as well as the failure modes in the physical experiments were compared with those derived by the numerical simulation; the results showed good agreement between the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties and failure modes and those obtained in the laboratory experiments. The peak strength, number of cracks and the failure mode varied considerably as the anchorage angle α and fissure angle β increased. Three types of stress–strain curves, types I to III, were obtained from the RSCSF. Shear cracks were observed for all three categories of curves, but the tensile cracks were dominant. The number of cracks and the rate of bond failures decreased as the curve changed from type II to type I to type III. RSCSF failure can be classified into three failure modes: (1) tip crack propagation mode, (2) midpoint crack propagation mode and (3) rock bolt crack propagation mode. These failure modes are primarily differentiated by relations between α and β, and the ratio UCS_S/UCS_I between the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS, σ _max) of the RSCSF (UCS_S) and the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact specimen (UCS_I).     

锚固岩石边坡地震稳定性拟动力分析

地震易发地区的锚固岩石边坡,需要研究其地震稳定性。对于锚固典型岩石边坡,在考虑水平与竖向地震力、张裂缝积水深度、坡顶超载、锚索倾角、锚索位置、锚索拉力及静水与动水压力等的条件下,运用拟静力和拟动力方法分别推导了不同工况条件下其抗滑和抗倾覆地震安全系数。分析表明,竖向向上地震力有利于锚固岩石边坡的抗滑稳定,而竖向下的地震力有利于锚固岩石边坡的抗倾覆稳定;在相同工况条件下,当岩体放大系数等于1.0时,拟动力与拟静力方法所得锚固岩石边坡地震安全系数相差无几,但是,当岩体放大系数逐渐增大时,拟动力方法所得地震安全系数越来越明显地小于拟静力方法所得地震安全系数。因此,在抗震设计当中适当的考虑岩体放大系数,将会有利于锚固岩石边坡的安全设计。