基于康达效应的海底集矿装置流场与集矿特性试验研究

海底集矿作为深海矿产资源开发的核心技术之一,直接影响到矿石采集效率和海底沉积物受扰动程度。基于康达效应的水力集矿装置因具有结构简单、可靠性高及对海床扰动小等优点,受到广泛关注。针对基于康达效应的水力集矿头模型进行3种类型的试验研究：1)利用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术测得集矿流场速度分布,试验发现流体质点在靠近凸曲面壁处流速和沿法线速度梯度较大,而远离凸曲面壁处则相反;2)通过高速摄像和图像处理获得球形矿粒运动轨迹和速度,试验发现了不同射流流速下5种典型矿粒运动形态;3)分析了射流流量对矿粒采集率的影响,试验得到了颗粒采集率关于射流流量的变化曲线,并根据变化特征划分为增长区、缓变区和跃升区。研究可为新式集矿装置的优化设计与性能分析提供参考。     

深海采矿循环式水力集矿系统设计与数值研究

为使深海采矿作业更为高效、环保,提出了一种用于深海采矿的循环式水力集矿系统设计方案。该系统主要由集矿头、矿-沙分离器、水-沙分离器、水泵以及连接各部件的管道组成。采用基于欧拉法的液固两相流计算模型对该系统的关键问题,即矿-沙分离器和水-沙分离器的泥沙颗粒流动进行数值研究。相间拖曳力采用Richardson-Zaki模型。液相与固相湍流分别采用标准k-ε模型和Tchen湍流响应模型。该模型经验证对于直径0.165 mm与0.27 mm细颗粒具有较高精度。利用该模型,以0.165 mm泥沙颗粒为例,得到了两种分离器的分离效果与入口流速之间的规律,分析了两者颗粒浓度分布与流场特征。结果表明,两种分离器的性能均与入口流速有关,在选取适当入口条件时均可取得良好效果。     

基于UDF的水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转水动力性能研究

针对水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转问题,基于Fluent 17.0,运用UDF(User Defined Function)控制滑移网格对网格进行动态调整,仿真研究水轮机在不同安放角下被动旋转的水动力特性。通过仿真分析,结果表明:潮流能水轮机随着叶片安放角度的增加,尖速比、输出功率、捕能系数都是先增大后减小,叶片安放角为6°时,叶轮前后速度差最大,对潮流能利用充分,且各项性能均达到最佳;通过分析叶片受力,叶尖叶素在安放角为2°时阻力最大,3°时升力最大,升阻比在6°时最大,此时叶尖叶素升阻比C_L/C_D=6.27、攻角α=3.06°。由仿真结果可知水平轴潮流能叶轮的自启动过程由5个阶段组成,即加速度增大的加速运动段—加速度减小的加速运动段—加速度反向增大的减速运动段—加速度反向减小的减速运动段—稳定运行段,这对潮流能水轮机的设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Research on the unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbine

The unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbine are investigated by numerical simulation based on viscous CFD method. The starting mechanism of the turbine is revealed through analyzing the interaction of its motion and dynamics during starting process. The operating hydrodynamic characteristics of the turbine in wave-current condition are also explored by combining with the linear wave theory. According to possible magnification of the cyclic loads in the maximum power tracking control of vertical axis turbine, a novel torque control strategy is put forward, which can improve the structural characteristics significantly without effecting energy efficiency.     

Experimentally validated numerical method for the hydrodynamic design of horizontal axis tidal turbines

Although a lot can be learnt from technology transfer from wind turbines and ship propellers, there have been a few experiments investigating marine current turbines. As a result, a study has been carried out on the power, thrust and cavitation characteristics of 1/20th scale model of a possible 16 m diameter horizontal axis tidal turbine. Cavitation tunnel experiments for different blade pitch settings have been compared with simulations based on a developed blade element-momentum theory. This theory has been shown to provide a satisfactory representation of the experimental turbine performance characteristics. As an example application, the developed theory has been used to design possible horizontal axis tidal turbines for the tidal flows around Portland Bill. The results show that there is a clear balance between design loads and optimisation of energy yields.     

Application of a variational method to the vertical hydrodynamic impact of axisymmetric bodies

The application of a desingularized variational numerical method to the vertical hydrodynamic impact problem of axisymmetric bodies is addressed here within the so-called Generalized von Kármán Model (GvKM). A weak formulation is used and the velocity potential is numerically approximated in a Sobolev space. Trial functions are conveniently written as finite summations of elementary potentials. A main advantage of the proposed technique is the fact that a first-order error in the velocity potential computation implies a second-order error in the added mass value. Good agreement in added mass calculations is verified for a sphere and for an oblate spheroid in comparison with results obtained from WAMIT^®.     

新型动力安装锚水动力学特性模型试验研究

相比于已有动力锚(鱼雷锚、多向受荷锚等),新型轻质动力安装锚借助助推器安装,具有质量轻、埋深大、承载效率高、在海床中下潜容易等特点。良好的水动力学特性(较小的拖曳阻力系数及稳定的下落垂直度)是确保动力安装锚准确、有效地安装到指定地点并贯入到设计深度的前提。通过4组10个工况的模型试验,研究了轻质动力安装锚的终端速度和拖曳阻力系数,及轻质动力安装锚和助推器的组合锚在水中自由下落时的方向稳定性。试验结果表明:优化后轻质动力安装锚的拖曳阻力系数为0.51~0.55,这有助于提高组合锚在水中的下落速度,从而提升组合锚的沉贯深度;增大助推器尾翼展弦比和选用轻质材料制作尾翼能减小组合锚的下落偏角,提高组合锚的方向稳定性。     

波流共同作用下海底子母管线水动力的物理模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验研究海底子母管线分别在规则波加流和不规则波加流作用下的水动力特性。基于Morison方程,采用"等效直径法"分析得到子母管线拖曳力系数C_D,惯性力系数C_M和升力系数C_L(C_D⁺,C_L^-)。试验分别考察了流速比U_c/U_w,母管与海床间隙比e/D及子母管间的相对缝隙G/D对海底子母管线水动力系数的影响。结果表明水动力系数随U_c/U_w的增大而减小;当e/D<0.5时,海床对子母管线受力的影响比较明显,C_D,C_M及C_L⁺均随e/D增大而减小,|C_L^-|随e/D增大而增大;对子母管间的相互影响也不可忽略,C_D,C_M和|C_L^-|均随G/D增大而减小,C_L⁺值随G/D增大而增大。     

波流共同作用下海底子母管线水动力的物理模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验研究海底子母管线分别在规则波加流和不规则波加流作用下的水动力特性。基于Morison方程,采用"等效直径法"分析得到子母管线拖曳力系数C_D,惯性力系数C_M和升力系数C_L(C_D+,C_L-)。试验分别考察了流速比U_c/U_w,母管与海床间隙比e/D及子母管间的相对缝隙G/D对海底子母管线水动力系数的影响。结果表明水动力系数随U_c/U_w的增大而减小;当e/D<0.5时,海床对子母管线受力的影响比较明显,C_D,C_M及C_L+均随e/D增大而减小,|C_L-|随e/D增大而增大;对子母管间的相互影响也不可忽略,C_D,C_M和|C_L-|均随G/D增大而减小,C_L+值随G/D增大而增大。     

基于OpenFOAM的潜堤—双弧板组合结构水动力特性数值研究

鉴于双弧板式透空堤的消浪性能仍不理想,提出了一种潜堤—双弧板组合结构,并基于OpenFOAM软件建立了波浪与该结构相互作用的数值模型,采用试验结果对所建数值模型进行验证。在此基础上,讨论了该新型结构的消浪特性、波压力分布特征以及所受波浪力的影响因素。结果表明,透射系数随相对板宽的增大而减小,反射系数则相反。透射与反射系数随相对潜深的变化较为显著。当结构位于静水位上方（即相对潜深为-0.05）时,透射系数最小而反射系数最大;当结构位于静水位下方（即相对潜深为0.05）时,透射系数最大而反射系数最小。该组合结构两块弧板上下表面的正负压力变化关于横轴近似对称,不同测点处的压力值差异显著。水平波浪力与垂直波浪力的变化趋势大致相似,但垂直波浪力远大于水平波浪力。研究结果可为其工程应用提供理论指导与技术支撑。     

基于模拟退火算法的潜艇结构系统可靠性计算

针对结构系统可靠度计算中重要样本函数选择的困难，提出了应用模拟退火算法的自适应的重要样本法，并根据结构系统可靠性计算的特点，给出了适宜的模拟退火过程的冷却进度表。潜艇耐压结构系统可靠性分析的算例表明，本方法可有效地解决非线性失效方程的工程结构系统可靠度的计算问题。     

A combined method for the hydrodynamic characteristics of planing crafts

The prediction of the total resistance of planing crafts at high speeds is very important. In this paper, a combined method is investigated for determining the hydrodynamic characteristics of planing crafts in the calm water. The study consists of a potential-based boundary element method (BEM) for the induced pressure resistance, the boundary layer theory for the frictional resistance and practical method for the spray resistance. The planing surface is represented by a number of elements with constant velocity potential at each element. The unknown-induced pressure is obtained by using the free surface elevation condition and the Kutta condition at the transom stern. Hydrodynamic-induced resistance and lift are determined by the calculated dynamic pressure distributions. The boundary layer analysis method is based on calculations of the momentum integral equation applied to obtain the frictional resistance. A particular practical approach is introduced to present the region of the upwash geometry for the spray. A numerical program has been developed for the present research and applied to the hull form of the craft. Four different hull forms of Series 62 model 4666 planing craft are presented. It is shown that the present combined method is efficient and the results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.     

海底表层土导热系数变化规律的试验研究

基于热探针法原理,测试了在杭州湾以东陆架区取得的28个海底表层柱状样0.2、1.0和1.8 m处的导热系数,结合激光粒度分析结果,比较了研究区6种土导热系数的大小,发现含砂量大于10%的粗粒土拥有较大的导热系数。土质类型相同时,含水量和干密度对其导热系数影响显著。杭州湾沉积区、混合沉积区,陆架砂质沉积区表层土导热系数的平均值分别是:1.25、1.45 和1.46 W·m^-1·K^-1,呈现出由近岸向外海增大的趋势。而土样导热系数在垂向的变化表明:水深、埋深等空间分布因素对海洋土的热物性没有直接影响。