1-5μm红外背景条件下的Sunyaev-Zel’dovich效应与富星系团中热电子密度、温度及哈勃常数的测定

本文以Coma星系团为例,研究了富星系团中热电子对红外背景的Sunyaev-Zel′dovich效应。对Carr等人所提出的红外背景的近黑体辐射解释作了比较细致的讨论,其结果是:红外背景畸变(ΔI_ν/I_ν)～10~(-3)—10~(-4)。此外,我们还得到了畸变与波长以及星系团参数τ、θ的关系。因此,通过对畸变的观测,可以确定富星系团内电子的密度和温度以及哈勃常数H_0。     

VMOs电离宇宙对3K背景辐射的Zeldovich效应

本文假设星族Ⅲ是由大质量恒星VMOs组成,VMOs的高光度辐射将使背景宇宙重新获得电离。我们讨论了宇宙热电子对宇宙微波背景的康普顿散射效应。结果表明,VMOs时期的电离宇宙将使3K背景辐射产生一个畸变,在低频的瑞利一金斯频率范围,温度偏差为:凸T_0/T_0～10~(-3)—10~(-5),一旦这个量被观测到,将是对VMOs现象进行确证。     

大质量黑洞吸积盘的径向自引力

本文研究了大质量黑洞吸积盘的自引力,用薄盘位形上积分的方法计算了吸积盘自引力的径向与垂向分量,着重讨论了径向自引力。主要结果为:对于大质量黑洞(M～10~8—10~(10)M_⊙)吸积盘,在(R/R_g)～10~5—10~4的距离上,径向自引力会超过中心天体引力。在这个距离上,吸积盘的动力学结构完全不同于开普勒盘。提出了径向自引力不稳定扰动作为一种能源机制。本文还得到吸积盘自引力与中心天体引力量级比较的两个判据,并由此得到大质量黑洞吸积盘外半径的近似解析估计。本文结果可用于类星体和星系核吸积盘。     

奇妙的引力透镜(二)

引力透镜阿贝尔2218(Abell 2218),是哈勃空间望远镜在1999年12月修复后所发现的巨型引力透镜。Abell 2218是一个富星系团,由成千上万个星系组成,位于天龙座,距地球约30亿光年。它的极其强大的引力把处在它后面比星系团远5～10倍的星系放大、增亮和扭曲,形成一段段的圆弧,大约共有120段。     

弱引力透镜形变信号及其图像精确处理

弱引力透镜形变信号的测量需要精确的图像处理,因为信号本身非常弱,椭率变化大小只有千分之几的强度,是其星系本身的内禀椭率形状噪音的几百分之一,需要叠加至少约1000幅图像才能从星系图像中得到信号。此外,观测设备的光学效应、大气扰动和CCD的像素化效应(点扩散函数)是图像处理的首要系统误差。怎样改正点扩散函数(PSF)的系统误差是弱引力图像处理的第一步,也是最重要的一步。首先详细介绍了引力透镜的基础理论和弱引力透镜作为其分支领域的特点。其次,介绍了基于重高斯化和圆化卷积核方法的图像处理管线的建立,利用Mandelbaum等人的图像模拟软件,将COSMOS的高分辨率空间图像变成低分辨率地面SDSS图像。最后,检验结果表明,对于一个椭率约为0.05的可加PSF系统误差,经过修正后,只有10~(-4)量级的残余;而PSF的另一个可乘系统误差则修正到1%以下。     

金星和水星的内部结构模型

本文采用空间探测获得的金星和水星的质量和半径测定值,通过求解Emden方程分别建立了4个金星和水星的内部结构模型,图1至图3绘出了内部密度和压力分布曲线。计算出无量纲惯性矩C/MR~2后,导出了动力学扁率(C-A)/C的可能的取值范围:金星为(1.68～1.83)×10~(-5);水星为(5～6)×10~(-4)(上限值)。     

星系团内物理过程对宇宙微波背景辐射的影响

观测表明,富星系团内存在着大量的高温热电子.它们将与微波背景光子相互作用.本文考虑了星系团集合使微波背景辐射产生的畸变.我们的理论估计表明,富星系团集合的高温热电子散射背景光子,使背景辐射谱偏离黑体辐射谱.在背景谱的维恩区,畸变小于2.74K黑体峰值强度的1％,这个结果与最近COBE卫星的探测结果是一致的.没有得到Matsumoto所探测到的在700μm附近有相当于黑体谱峰值强度10％的重大畸变.星系作为微引力透镜,对背景辐射的影响不可能探测得到.星系团内热电子的轫致辐射在微波波段更弱.     

惯性耦合对黄赤交角长期变化率的影响(摘要)

过去二百多年的观测表明,黄赤交角在以47.″13±0.″03/世纪的速率在减少。但由摄动理论求得黄赤交角变化率为-46.″84/世纪。观测值与理论值之间有-0″.30的差异。青木信仰(Aokj 1967)认为,△ε可能是由于地幔与地核之间耗散性耦合效应所引起的。他采用了最简单的地球模型,设球形地核外面包有一个地幔球壳,他们之间仅存在粘性耦合。Aoki取△ε=-0.″32/世纪,求得粘滞性耦合系数λ=6.8×10~(27)焦耳·秒。这比其他人的估计值大一个数量级。由此求得地球自转速度减速率为6.7×10~(-7)/世纪,比观测到的地球自转减速率10~(-3)/世纪大得多。因此Aokj的理论还难以得到人们的承认。     

一种极为重要的恒星核合成过程

经典的恒星核合成理论(B~2FH理论)有8个过程:H-、He-燃烧,α-、e-、s-、r-、p-和x-过程。 本文认为还有一种极为重要的恒星核合成过程,原因是: (1)r-过程需要的中子数密度n_n～10~(24)—10~(28)(个/cm~3),至今尚未解决; (2)元素稀土峰A～155—165)的增强主要来自超重元素,n_n～10~(28)—10~(30)(个/cm~3); (3)宇宙线实验发现同位素丰度有较大反常,富中子同位素较多,如:Ne~(22)、Mg~(26) Si~(30)、Fe~(60)、……; (4)宇宙线中z<83的元素丰度比太阳系元素丰度高一个数量级; (5)宇宙线元素丰度CR比太阳系元素丰度S,作(CR/S)—A的关系在A～l-100呈直线变化,A=1时CR/S≈0.1,而A=100时(CR/S)≈10;A>100增长停止,但有波动,(CR/S)～5—10。 本文将作者曾提出过的元素起源的第三种途径,使理论具体化,提出了一个框架工作。     

非平衡热力学中恒星结构稳定性的研究——Ⅲ.质量耗损情况下的PPI反应

恒星是开放系统.本文以非线性非平衡热力学中超熵产生判据来研究质量耗损(dρ/dt=- ε/c~2,ρ为总质量密度,ε为单位体积的产能率,c为光速)下,PPI反应所决定的太阳型恒星结构的稳定性问题。结果表明:时,恒星结构肯定稳定.式中X、Y分别为氢、氦丰度,A_1、A_3分别为H~1和H_e~3的原子量,β～10~(-4)—10~(-5)(当8×10~6K≤T≤1.5×10~7K时),(ρ_1为H’的质量密度),(N_A为阿佛伽德罗常数,Q_1=-1.442 MeV,Q_2=5.493 MeV,Q_3=12.859 MeV).     

基于Shapelets基函数的引力透镜质量重构方法

引力透镜效应是探测星系团物质分布的有效方法之一.目前,利用引力透镜数据重构星系团质量分布的主流方法可以分为两大类,即参数法和非参数法.在实际研究工作中,受限于质量模型假设和计算分辨率等方面的影响,现有的重构算法仍有诸多亟需解决的问题.基于Shapelets基函数的引力透镜质量重构方法通过基函数来实现引力透镜质量重构,使用Shapelets基函数分解引力透镜势,以引力透镜中多重像的位置和背景星系椭率畸变为限制条件来迭代求解基函数系数从而得到透镜体的质量分布.通过拟合一个模拟的NFW (Navarro,Frenk and White)透镜系统测试了新方法的可行性,结果表明新方法可以在整体上重构出透镜体的质量分布,并拟合出接近真实的源位置,能够为星系团质量测量提供一套灵活且高效的重构算法.     

Double galaxies in galactic clusters

We have identified 127 galactic pairs in six of Abell's rich galactic clusters. We have established positive correlations between certain parameters of the components of the pairs. We conclude that, despite the gravitational influence of other members of the cluster, a subsystem of double galaxies exists in rich clusters as a structural element of these structures.Translated fromAstrofizika, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1994.The author is grateful to L. V. Mirzoyan and A. R. Petrosyan for helpful remarks.     

Arc(let)s in clusters of galaxies

Summary The discovery of giant gravitational arcs and arclets in rich clusters of galaxies is one of the major events of the last decade in observational cosmology. High resolution imaging in subarcsecond seeing conditions of giant arcs gives information on the cluster potential and the matter distribution within the inner regions of clusters. Ultra-deep photometry of the clusters reveals numerous arclets with an orthoradial orientation from which one can infer the projected mass profile at large distance and the redshift distribution of the faintest distant background galaxies which are unobservable with standard spectroscopic techniques. Thanks to the strong magnification factor, the spectroscopy of giant arcs is possible and we can therefore observe with great detail a few very distant galaxies. Individual redshifts of arcs give the total mass of the lens, whereas the spectroscopy of a large sample of arcs also gives information on the redshift distribution of distant galaxies. It is obvious that cluster lenses play an important role as large natural telescopes for probing the distant universe. Finally, observations of multiple-arc configurations due to different sources may even constrain the cosmological parameters. We are now confident that gravitational lensing will be an essential tool within the next decade for observing very high redshift galaxies and the weak shear generated by the largest structures of the universe.In this review we summarize the present status of gravitational arc(let)s surveys with particular emphasis on the most important issues which have arisen during the last years and on the prospects for the future, regarding the rebirth of the Hubble Space Telescope, the coming of a new generation of Very Large Telescopes, and the development of large CCDs in the optical and the infrared.     

On Einstein clusters as galactic dark matter haloes

We consider global and gravitational lensing properties of the recently suggested Einstein clusters of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) as galactic dark matter haloes. Being tangential pressure dominated, Einstein clusters are strongly anisotropic systems which can describe any galactic rotation curve by specifying the anisotropy. Due to this property, Einstein clusters may be considered as dark matter candidates. We analyse the stability of the Einstein clusters against both radial and non-radial pulsations, and we show that the Einstein clusters are dynamically stable. With the use of the Buchdahl type inequalities for anisotropic bodies, we derive upper limits on the velocity of the particles defining the cluster. These limits are consistent with those obtained from stability considerations. The study of light deflection shows that the gravitational lensing effect is slightly smaller for the Einstein clusters as compared to the singular isothermal density sphere model for dark matter. Therefore, lensing observations may discriminate, at least, in principle, between Einstein cluster and the other dark matter models.     

Redshift evolution of angular diameters and surface brightness: how rigid are galactic measuring rods?

The effect of a cosmic time variation of Newton’s constant on galactic angular diameters, linear size, apparent magnitude, and surface brightness is investigated. The redshift scaling of the gravitational constant is proportional to the Hubble parameter, derived from the constancy of a moderate dimensionless ratio of fundamental constants, and manifested in galactic linear-size evolution. The latter is demonstrated by fitting the angular size–redshift relation to spectroscopically and photometrically selected samples of high-redshift rotators. The intrinsic luminosity evolution of the rotators and their magnitude–redshift and surface brightness–redshift relations are studied. The galactic luminosity scales with a power of the Hubble parameter, and the scaling exponent is inferred from a moderate dimensionless ratio involving the gravitational constant, the Galactic luminosity, and the velocity of the Galaxy in the microwave background. The fits are performed with a cosmic expansion factor derived from paleoplanetary surface temperatures. This expansion factor is tested by comparing the corresponding redshift evolution of the angular-size distance to the distance estimates of two samples of galaxy clusters.     

An SZ temperature decrement–X-ray luminosity relation for galaxy clusters

We present the observed relation between Δ T _SZ, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature decrement due to the Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) effect, and L , the X-ray luminosity of galaxy clusters. We discuss this relation in terms of the cluster properties, and show that the slope of the observed Δ T _SZ– L relation is in agreement with both the L – T _e relation based on numerical simulations and X-ray emission observations, and the M _gas– L relation based on observation. The slope of the Δ T _SZ– L relation is also consistent with the M _tot– L relation, where M _tot is the cluster total mass based on gravitational lensing observations. This agreement may be taken to imply a constant gas mass fraction within galaxy clusters, however, there are large uncertainties, dominated by observational errors, associated with these relations. Using the Δ T _SZ– L relation and the cluster X-ray luminosity function, we evaluate the local cluster contribution to arcmin-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropies. The Compton distortion y -parameter produced by galaxy clusters through the SZ effect is roughly two orders of magnitude lower than the current upper limit based on FIRAS observations.     

Sunyaev–Zel'dovich distortion from early galactic winds

We consider the distortion in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) resulting from galactic winds at high redshift. Winds outflowing from galaxies have been hypothesized to be possible sources of metals in the intergalactic medium, which is known to have been enriched to 10^−2.5 Z_⊙ at z ∼3. We model these winds as functions of mass of the parent galaxy and redshift, assuming that they activate at a common initial redshift, z _in, and calculate the mean y -distortion and the angular power spectrum of the distortion in the CMB. We find that the thermal Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect resulting from the winds is consistent with previous estimates. The distortion arising from the kinetic SZ (kSZ) effect is, however, found to be more important than the thermal SZ (tSZ) effect. We find that the distortion resulting from galactic winds is an important contribution to the power spectrum of distortion at very small angular scales ( l ∼10⁴). We also find that the power spectrum resulting from clustering dominates the Poisson power spectrum for l ≤(4–5)×10⁵. We show explicitly how the combined power spectrum from wind dominates over that of clusters at 217 GHz, relevant for PLANCK . We also show how these constraints change when the efficiency of the winds is varied.     

Polarization of the CMB Photons Crossing the Galaxy Clusters

In this paper, I investigate a local effect of polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in clusters of galaxies, induced by the Thomson scattering of an anisotropic radiation. A local anisotropy of the CMB is produced by some scattering and gravitational effects, as, for instance, the Sunyaev Zel‘dovich effect, the Doppler shift due to the cluster motion and the gravitational lensing. The resulting anisotropy ΔI/I depends on the physical properties of the clusters, in particular on their emissivity in the X band on their size, on their gravitational potential and on the peculiar conditions characterizing the gas they contain. By solving the Boltzmann radiative transfer equation in presence of such anisotropies I calculate the average polarization at the centre of some clusters, namelyA2218, A576 and A2163, whose properties are quite well known. I prove that the gravitational effects due to the contraction or to the expansion have some importance, particularly for high density structures; moreover, the peculiar motion of the cluster, considered as a gravitational lens, influences the propagation of the CMB photons by introducing a particular angular dependence in the gravitational anisotropy and in the scattering integrals. Thus, the gravitational and the scattering effects overally produce an appreciable local average polarization of the CMB, may be observable through a careful polarization measurements towards the centres of the galaxy clusters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gravitational wave bursts from collisions of primordial black holes in clusters

The rate of gravitational wave bursts from the mergers of massive primordial black holes in clusters is calculated. Such clusters of black holes can be formed through phase transitions in the early Universe. The central black holes in clusters can serve as the embryos of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. The expected burst detection rate by the LISA gravitational wave detector is estimated.