秦岭龙之脉

我幻想有一天登上秦岭的最高峰太白山山顶,伸开双臂宣布,我的左手在中国的南方,我的左手在中国的北方。我也幻想有一天可以到秦岭的终南山,寻找那传说中终南山后的活死人墓,看看是否还有神雕大侠和小龙女的后人在练着玉女素心剑法。我更幻想如果可以"穿越",我要回到200万年前的秦岭,游走在那寒冷的第四冰川期,和我们的祖先一起在秦岭的南北间穿行。     

城市抗震防灾规划的研究与展望

抗震防灾规划是提高城镇综合抗震能力的有效措施之一,与城市总体规划一并实施.重点回顾了我国抗震防灾规划工作的发展历程,同时对美国、日本在建立防灾规划方面的情况也进行了介绍.通过编制城市的抗震防灾规划,加强城市的综合抗震防灾能力,在丽江地震中被证明是一个有效的手段.综述了在这个方面的发展与变化,并就未来的可能的发展方向作了总结与展望,以期国内外同仁进一步研究.     

采用Ernst公式计算斜拉桥拉索振动特性的精度分析

斜拉桥拉索的动力特性是建立在斜拉桥的静力分析的基础上的.在静力分析中,几何非线性明显的索经常通过Ernst公式线性化成二力杆,但是,在动力分析中,很少有人研究过Ernst公式的精度.编制了基于弹性悬链线单元的斜拉索的非线性有限元分析程序,该程序可以一根索的任何一个参数值为已知条件来确定索的状态,研究了斜拉索不同张拉阶段索的频率和振型特性,并比较了Ernst公式计算拉索动力特性的精度和适用范围.     

介质的磁化率与包裹体浓度的关系

在第五卷第一期的地球物理学报上,我们曾讨论介质的磁化率与包裹体形状的关系,但是对于介质磁化率与包裹体浓度的关系没有详细讨论。在本文中,将根据巳知的材料,对这个问题加以讨论,作为“介质的磁化率与包裹体形状的关系”一文的补充。     

浅海海洋盐度、温度和深度调查的精确度与海水密度计算的关系

一、本文目的海水密度系海水的盐度、温度和压力的连续函数,而在海水的压力每增加1分巴值深度几增加1米的极近似情况下,海水密度即系海水的盐度、温度和深度的连续函数。在必须精确获知海水密度值的要求下,海水的密度是藉它与盐度、温度和压力三者的函数关系计算而得的。为了要使计算所得的海水密度值有一定的精确度,所以海洋盐度、温度和深度调查的精确度就必须有一定的要求。由於中国海皆系浅海,所以本文仅就浅海海洋盐度、温度和深度调查的精确度与海水密度计算的关系加以论述。     

青海湖表层底泥中放射性同位素137Cs的来源

青海湖是我国环境研究中的一个热点地区,近年来137Cs计年技术已在这一地区得到广泛的应用.已报道的青海湖沉积物中137Cs垂直分布曲线显示,剖面最表层0-1 cm泥沙的137Cs浓度约60 Bq/kg,大致为峰值浓度的2/3,远超过近年来大气沉降137Cs所应带来的沉积水平为查明青海湖表层底泥中放射性同位素137Cs的来源,深入理解湖泊沉积过程,本文对青海湖沉积剖面的137Cs面积活度与137Cs本底值、湖泊表层底泥的137Cs浓度与入湖河流洪水沉积泥沙开展了比对研究.结果表明核爆期间的大气直接沉降是青海湖东南湖湾表层沉积物中的137Cs主要来源,约占4/5,风沙和入湖径流河沙的间接输入的137Cs仅占1/5而最表层0-1 cm的沉积物中137Cs很可能主要来源于底泥扰动,在这样的情况下,利用沉积岩芯开展青海湖环境研究时,分辨率的选取需要慎重考虑这一因素.     

山西代县震群尾波Q值研究

2006年4月至5月间山西代县及邻区发生了一系列小震(本文简称代县震群),依据Sato单次散射模型原理和朱新运等开发的Q值软件,对雁门关数字地震台记录的代县震群波形资料等进行了分析,探讨了其尾波衰减特征.结果表明,代县震群的QC值变化较为稳定,总体上拟合的误差较小,表明该地区当时的构造运动并不活跃,原震区短期内发生破坏性地震的可能性较小.     

海啸初期诱发形成阶段的研究

对近年来有关海啸初期阶段几种激发模式的理论与实验研究的成果做了总体的回顾与阐述,同时对一些存在的问题和前人未给予说明的地方做了些扩充.     

虎跳峡印象

去年暑假,妈妈带我去了向往已久的美丽云南。太多优美的景色让我大饱眼福,太多奇异的风土人情让我大开眼界,但一直让我记忆深刻的还要数虎跳峡了。我们从丽江赶往香格里拉的路上,一直是盘山路,急弯不断,而且海拔不断升高。虽然窗外美景处处,我却开始有晕车的感觉,昏昏欲睡。随着藏族导游的讲解指点,我抬头向窗外望去,一眼就看到了宽阔的金沙江横卧在眼前。别看金沙江有"金"字,江水却是奇妙的红色,缓缓、蜿蜒地向前流动着。不管怎样,这顿时让无精打采的我兴奋起来,猜测着将会有什么到来。     

东湖天蓝喇叭虫(Stentor coeruleus)种群的离散分化

利用筛选的12条10 bp的随机引物对采自武汉市东湖(3个样点)、南湖(3个样点)、月湖(1个样点)和关桥(1个样点)四个水体的天蓝喇叭虫(Stentor coeruleus)种群进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)研究,所得清晰条带显示不同样点样本之间存在着一定的变异,其遗传距离在0.076-0.416之间.用Rapdistance 1.04构建聚类图并探讨不同样点之间的遗传距离远近.结果显示南湖的3样点的遗传距离较近,在聚类图上聚成一枝,应该为同一个种群;而东湖的3个样点可能是由于地理隔离原因,在聚类图上有2个样点聚成一枝,而另1个样点被其他样点所分隔,不属于同一个种群.这种现象的发现从实例上支持了生物地理学关于物种形成的离散假说.更有意义的是本研究可启动水体微生物种群分化和物种形成及过渡的研究,并期望促进种群生态学方面的研究和谱系生物地理学及离散分化生物地理学的发展.     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

中国特有种大型桡足类舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)在广东水库中的分布特征

舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)是我国特有的大型哲水蚤,主要分布在我国华南地区.根据2000年对广东省19座典型大中型水库的2次采样和2002年对流溪河水库和新丰江水库的5次采样,重点测定了流溪河水库、新丰江水库和鹤地水库等3座大型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤个体体长及形态参数,分析了广东省大中型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤的种群与个体大小的分布特征.在对19座水库的2次采样中,11座水库发现该种成体,其中5座水库在丰水期没有出现该种的成体,6座水库在丰水期和枯水期都有该种类成体的出现.丰水期与枯水期舌状叶镖水蚤的平均丰度分别为0.465ind./L和0.996ind./L.舌状叶镖水蚤主要出现在大型水库中,特别是贫营养的大型水库,其丰度主要由食物数量、质量与捕食压力所决定.2002年,流溪河水库丰度和新丰江水库舌状叶镖水蚤全年的平均值为1.308ind./L和0.294ind./L,丰水期高于枯水期.在个体大小和形态特征上,2座贫营养水体——流溪河水库、新丰江水库的舌状叶镖水蚤的体长与第一触角长度均大于中营养水体——鹤地水库,这种形态上的差异是由鱼类捕食方式(滤食或选择性捕食)所决定.     

大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

富营养化湖泊围隔中重建水生植被及其生态效应

水体富营养化导致水生植被衰退、蓝藻水华暴发、水质恶化和水生生态系统崩溃.恢复水生植被被认为是改善受损水体水质和提高其生态系统稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过构建大型围隔,根据水生植物的耐污程度及其对水质和底质等条件的需求,选取几种适宜的水生植物在围隔内进行移栽与群落构建,并以不移栽水生植物的围隔和围隔外水体作为对照.实验期间(2011年4月至2012年6月),围隔内移栽的几种水生植物全部存活,并建立了相对稳定的群落.同时还跟踪监测了3个处理组的水质情况,结果显示,移栽水生植物的围隔内水质明显优于围隔外,与未移栽水生植物围隔相比,也有很大程度的改善,其中移栽水生植物围隔内水体的总氮、铵态氮、总磷、水下消光系数相比于围隔外水体分别低30.55%、44.09%、36.04%和42.13%,相比于未移栽水生植物围隔内水体分别低5.96%、13.40%、6.70%和7.60%,透明度分别比围隔外水体和未移栽水生植物围隔水体高74.59%和8.70%,浮游植物生物量也大大低于围隔外,而浮游动物生物量却明显高于后者.此外,实验后移栽水生植物围隔内沉积物氮、磷含量及其间隙水总氮、总磷、铵态氮浓度明显低于围隔外和未移栽水生植物围隔.研究表明,在富营养化浅水湖泊中通过建立围隔进行合理的群落配置,进而逐步恢复水生植物是完全可行的,而水生植物恢复后加强对其管理和维护至关重要.     

误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现及原因分析

目的:探讨误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现并分析其原因。方法:收集CT误诊为肺癌的40例病灶直径≥1cm的肺结核结节或肿块。回顾性分析病灶的形状、内部特征、强化特点、边缘、邻近肺组织改变及淋巴结并分析误诊原因。结果:①病灶形状及部位,类圆形22例,分叶状10例,不规则8例,上叶18例,下叶12例,中叶10例,②内部特征,密度均匀28例,空洞3例,钙化7例,空洞伴钙化2例,③病灶强化特点,中度欠均匀强化18例,中度均匀强化5例,轻度欠均匀强化6例,无明显强化11例,④边缘特征及邻近组织改变,边缘不光整40例,边界模糊12例,毛刺征18例,卫星灶40例,胸膜增厚及粘连11例,胸膜凹陷征3例,引流支气管管壁增厚5例,⑤肺门及纵隔淋巴结,淋巴结肿大31例,肿大淋巴结均匀强化21例,环形强化4例,无明显强化6例。结论:误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现不典型,结节或肿块周围的卫星灶提示肺结核的可能,但需要组织活检才能明确诊断。     

丹江口水库浮游植物群落时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

研究丹江口水库在完成高水位蓄水期间浮游植物群落的时空动态特征可为丹江口水库的水质保护与生态系统结构优化及健康管理提供一定科学依据。本研究基于2018—2020年的水库浮游植物监测数据,结合同期水库水体的理化参数,分析了丹江口水库浮游植物在不同年度、季度及空间的变化特征,以及影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要环境因子。结果显示该区域共检测出浮游植物7个门类,其中蓝藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门、隐藻门为优势类群。2018—2020年浮游植物年均密度分别为1.96×10⁶、2.55×10⁶和5.07×10⁶ cells/L,呈现出逐年增高趋势。浮游植物季度密度表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,在夏秋季节蓝藻门和绿藻门占优势,春冬季节硅藻门和隐藻门占优势,同时硅藻门在四季中均占据生长优势。空间上库区浮游植物密度明显高于支流,且汉江库区浮游植物密度高于丹江库区,其中蓝藻门和绿藻门主要在库区大量出现,而支流则以硅藻门和隐藻门为主。RDA分析显示,影响丹江口水库浮游植物的主要环境因子是水温,其次为化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷。在不同季节和...     

Bioassessment Techniques for Monitoring of Eutrophication and Nutrient Limitation in Coastal Ecosystems

Bioassesment by the use of the macroalga, Ulva lactuca L., was carried out in the Limfjord, Denmark, to assess the significance of nitrogen and phosphorus as limiting factors for primary production during 1985, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and for the detection of changes in eutrophication levels.

Minimum and critical tissue concentrations for nitrogen and phosphorus in macroalgae were identified. The concentrations of nitrogen were generally below the critical concentration level in June–October in 1985, 1993, and 1995 but in 1994 nitrogen was only limiting for primary production in short periods. Only in early spring in 1985 and 1993 were the tissue concentrations of phosphorus below the critical concentration level, whereas in 1994 up to 3–4 months showed phosphorus limited growth, indicating that significant changes in limitation patterns can occur between different years.

It was concluded that the use of biomonitoring techniques is well suited as a bioassessment method for direct detection and for providing a time-integrated measure of nutrient availability in coastal waters, and thus for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication. It is recommended that biomonitors and the concept of critical tissue concentrations should be used in environmental management and incorporated in future monitoring programmes.     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP>0.1 mgL-1, NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL-1>TP>0.035 mgL-1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplank-ton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP<0.035 mgL-1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.