湖南地区晚奥陶世桑比期—凯迪期早期沉积特征及沉积模式*

湖南地区地处扬子陆块和华夏陆块之间,根据沉积地层的岩石学特征、古生物特征及其他沉积特征变化,将湖南地区晚奥陶世桑比期—凯迪期早期的沉积相,划分为开阔台地相、浅海陆棚相、深水盆地相和陆架边缘—斜坡相。开阔台地相以沉积“龟裂纹”灰岩和瘤状灰岩为特征,浅海陆棚相转为沉积砂质板岩,板岩并夹有粉砂岩及泥灰岩透镜体。深水滞流盆地发育黑色碳质页岩及含放射虫硅质页岩,沉积厚度很小,代表了一个相对缺氧还原的欠补偿深水环境;陆架边缘—斜坡相则为岩屑石英粉—细砂岩,长石石英粉—细砂岩及砂质板岩、板岩的韵律互层,沉积厚度超过1000m,具浊流沉积特征。晚奥陶世桑比期—凯迪期早期,湖南地区总体表现为由西北和东南方向往中部逐渐变深,湘中南一带为水体最深地区。     

Specific features of the formation of elementary sedimentary rhythms of rock salt in facies zones of the Permian halogenic basin of the Caspian region

Based on the composition of brine inclusions in halite, the formation conditions of elementary sedimentation rhythms of rock salt were determined in facies zones of the Permian halogenic basin of the Caspian region. The distribution of structural types of halite was analyzed and the rate of brine condensation was estimated by calculating the K⁺ concentration coefficients during the precipitation of 1 m rock salt (K₁ g/l/m) and one elementary rhythm (K₂ g/l/rhythm). It was established that the rock salt of the Karpensk and Lugovsk rhythmic beds (hereafter, rhythmites) at the base and middle part of the halogenic sequence of the Baskunchak structure precipitated in a relatively deep-water lithofacies zone at a constant influx of NaCl-saturated brine and its slow condensation. This is reflected in insignificant variations of the thickness of elementary rhythms. In troughs at the northwestern framing of the depression, rocks salts of the Privolzhsk and partially, Lugovsk rhythmites were precipitated without the condensation of brine owing to the partial dissolution of halite in the coastal zones of the basin. The anomalously thick elementary rhythms (up to 30–40 cm) were composed of coarse-crystalline and water-transparent feather halite deposited at the bottom. A rapid condensation of brine was also noted during the precipitation of rock salt underlying the K-Mg saliferous rocks in the troughs. In this area, the brine experienced density stratification, with the influx of both condensed brine from the central part of the basin and less dense brine from the inlet.     

柴达木盆地西部卤水水化学特征与找钾研究

柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上晚第三纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩.在对柴达木盆地西部第三系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了22件水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,其成因基本属溶滤岩盐卤水、深部循环水以及二者的混合水体,Br-、B3+、Sr2+、Li+等微量离子含量较高,区域差异性较大,出现显著水化学系数异常;相比之下,柴达木盆地西部南翼山坳陷Br-、B3、Sr2+、Li+含量值明显高于昆特依、察汗斯拉图、油砂山、开特米里克、油泉子、油墩子等坳陷区.Br×103/Cl、K×103/Cl等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2倍,Br-、K+出现相对的富积,推测该坳陷成盐原始卤水曾浓缩达到较高析盐阶段或可能有大量深部富钾水体的补给,可作为寻找钾盐矿(富钾卤水)重点区域之一.     

四川成都盆地某深层富钾卤水的地球化学特征及成因

本文报道了四川成都盆地某深层富钾层卤水的化学组成，氧、氢、硫和硼同位素组成以及２５℃等温蒸发析盐过程中，从卤水中获得的固相物质组成。在此基础上讨论了卤水的成因，认为该卤水是蒸发浓缩的海相卤水、非海相卤水以及埋藏成岩过程中封存卤水对地层中海相蒸发盐溶滤作用形成的混合水。     

Reconstructing the rate of accumulation of lake sediment: The effect of sediment focusing

Use of accumulation rates of pollen or minerals to infer regional history is complicated by nonuniform deposition of lake sediment. Sediment focusing, direction of sediment to the deepest part of a basin, can introduce a discrepancy between changes in accumulation rates measured directly from sediment cores and actual changes in influx of sediment or pollen to a lake. This difference depends on values and temporal variation of the ratio of mean depth to maximum depth in a basin as it fills. Several models of sediment accumulation show how measurements from a single core can be transformed to yield basinwide influx rates, and how the distortion due to sediment focusing can be assessed. Basins shaped like hyperboloids or frustums may introduce much greater distortions than basins conforming to ellipsoid or sinusoid shapes.     

热水沉积成矿盆地的热状态及热演化分析与研究思路--热水沉积成矿盆地分析与研究之四

根据对秦岭泥盆纪沉积盆地的构造成盆 -后期构造变形特征研究 ,秦岭造山带泥盆纪热水沉积成矿盆地中构造 -热流体地质事件可初步厘定如下 :1中泥盆世伸展构造成盆 -热水同生沉积成矿事件 (D1)。2晚泥盆世 -石炭纪伸展变形 -深源热流体叠加事件 (D2 )。3印支期挤压收缩变形 -热改造事件 (D3 )。 4燕山期逆冲推覆构造改造 -深源热流体叠加及脆性变形事件 (D4 )。 5喜玛拉雅山期脆性变形 (D5)。从盆地热状态及热演化研究角度看 ,盆地内充填地层体中有机质及矿物可以记录热状态及热演化历史 ,利用盆地内充填地层体中有机质及矿物温度计可以反演盆地内充填地层体形成时盆地热状态和盆地底部热流。认为热水沉积成矿盆地热状态及热演化主要研究方法有主要矿物流体包裹体测温、镜质体反射率 (R0 )法、氧同位素地质温度计法等。     

柴达木盆地大浪滩盐矿床基本特征及形成机理

大浪滩盐矿床已定名的24种盐类矿物中,钾镁盐矿物占13种。光卤石为其中主要钾矿物,已富集成钾矿层。本文在对盐矿物分布规律及沉积物地球化球研究的基础上,阐明了盐湖演化发展规律及钾矿层与其他盐矿物的形成机理。     

Differences in pollen and macrophytic remains in sediments from various depths in a small kettle-hole lake in southern Finland

Stratigraphical analyses from four locations within the same lake revealed differential dispersal of pollen in sediment, and horizontal movement and focusing of sediment, but revealed only slight differences in pollen and macrofossil assemblages. Between 9,000 and 8,000 B.P., organic sediments focused into the central depth of the basin and no sediment accumulated in the littoral sites in water < 7.5 m deep. From around 5,000 to 4,500 B.P., deposition took place more or less continuously at all four sites. After 1,600 B.P., the marked change in lithology is due to a heavy rise in organic and minerogenic input from the unforested watershed. The littoral cores show that not only does the water depth cause rcdeposition and focusing of sediment, but also the morphometry of the basin. The comparison between macrofossils and pollen, both produced primarily by the same vegetation around the lake, confirmed the reconstruction of local environmental short-term changes which occurred after the clearance of forest vegetation by man.     

Carbonate platform depositional sequences, Upper Cretaceous, south-central Pyrenees (Spain)

The Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Maastrichtian) of the south-central Pyrenees shows five carbonate platform sequences where the major parameters are tectonism, relative sea-level fluctuations and inherited depositional profile. Depositional geometries and basin analysis permit an understanding of the depositional history.Five depositional sequences have been recognized: (1) The Santa Fe sequence (Middle-Upper Cenomanian), a ramp to a skeletal rimmed shelf with an escarpment bypass margin. The lower boundary is an angular unconformity and the upper one records a sea-level drop. The platform location of the margin was determined by a listric normal fault. (2) An abrupt sea-level rise drowned the former platform. The Congost sequence (Turonian-Lower Coniacian), a distally steepened ramp with erosional distal deep slope. The depositional model was largely controlled by pre-existing basin morphology. Cessation of platform development was due to a relative sea-level drop. (3) The Sant Corneli sequence (Upper Coniacian-Lower Santonian), a mixed terrigenous-skeletal homoclinal ramp with upright margin, deep slope and dysaerobic basin. The slope results from the backstepping by 24 km of the previous margin and gentle basin tilting. The platform margin remained more or less at the same position, and relief between platform and slope increased indicating continuous relative sea-level rise. The upper boundary is an angular unconformity at the platform margin produced by an abrupt sea-level rise and platform drowning, and by listric normal faulting. (4) The Vallcarga sequence (Upper Santonian-Campanian), a distal-steepened skeletal homoclinal ramp, erosional escarpment and turbidite basin, which corresponds to the Mesozoic maximum marine expansion. A listric normal fault created two depositional areas: a more or less flat footwall block with a north-northwest prograding carbonate ramp.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖含杂卤石地层高分辨率矿物学研究

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖杂卤石资源丰富,是开展现代内陆盐湖杂卤石成因机制研究的良好载体。精细刻画沉积特征对阐释沉积矿床成因具有重要作用。本研究以昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区ZK3608钻孔岩芯14.08-25.48 m段碎屑-杂卤石沉积韵律为研究对象,开展高分辨率矿物学研究,结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成和石盐中微量元素分析,尝试从高分辨率沉积学和矿物学的角度探讨杂卤石的成因。研究结果显示,石盐层产出的杂卤石含量低但分布范围广,为原生矿物;碎屑层中的杂卤石主要为次生矿物。石盐层与碎屑层之间存在一个过渡层位,该层位的杂卤石高度富集且矿物组成复杂,推测是由于原生与准同生杂卤石短时间内先后形成导致的。结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成所代表的古卤水变化特征分析表明,Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水的补给对研究区不同时期杂卤石的形成有重要影响。地球化学特征综合分析指示,石盐层的原生杂卤石由富钾镁的浓缩卤水与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水混合直接生成;而过渡层位的杂卤石受到气候变化与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水补给的共同作用。     

Geochemical variations within a laminated evaporite deposit: evidence for brine composition during formation of the Permian Castile Formation, Texas and New Mexico, USA

The Upper Permian Castile Formation of the Delaware Basin in northwest Texas and New Mexico consists of up to 600 m of evaporites and is subdivided into units of anhydrite overlain by halite. The Castile Formation has commonly been interpreted as a deep-water, deep-basin deposit in which sediments were laid down in several hundred metres of water or brine. Recent textural observations within anhydrite units, in which the thick-bedded anhydrite horizons have been interpreted as being of shallow-water origin, have challenged this assumption. This geochemical study of the oldest anhydrite unit in the Castile Formation (the Anhydrite 1 Member) attempts to resolve some of the problems regarding brine depth and evolution in the basin. The Anhydrite 1 Member has been subdivided into five major cycles on the basis of the distribution of stratigraphic units of thick-bedded anhydrite.

Stable isotopic analyses of sulphur from anhydrite, and oxygen and carbon from calcite show that the basin waters were chemically homogeneous during precipitation of anhydrite, and do not indicate any significant input of meteoric, continental-derived waters. Throughout the section studied progressive enrichment of ¹⁸O upwards within cored intervals indicates continuous evaporation of the water body. Carbon isotopes appear to indicate fluctuations in organic activity within the cycles. Trace elemental analyses of Fe, Mg, Sr, Mn, Al, Ba, Zn, Pb and Cu from the sulphate fraction of the samples show a very high variability. There is a distinct increase in trace elemental abundances at the tops of cycles which may indicate variations in precipitation kinetics. Analyses of texturally defined cycles show that up-core trends for many of the trace elements correlate with changes in δ¹⁸O, indicating a progressive increase in the influence of evaporation. In addition, cyclical variations in trace elemental composition indicate changes in basin conditions with around a 350-year cyclicity. These changes are independent of δ¹⁸O values. The geochemical data do not provide conclusive proof of water depth during deposition of the Castile Formation. The data are interpreted as reflecting small-scale changes in conditions of deposition, despite the fact that water input remained essentially constant in terms of chemical composition.     

内陆湖盆"深水成盐"形成条件和识别标志:以东濮凹陷与现代盐湖为例

位于我国东部的许多新生代盆地,在地质历史时期发育了巨厚的岩盐沉积。尽管这些盆地的成盐模式研究已经历了40多年,但由于缺乏“深水成盐”的现代沉积模式,到底是“深盆-深水”还是“深盆-浅水”成盐,一直难以定论。为了理解“深水成盐”的控制因素,很多现代盐湖开展了水文学和水化学调查,然而这些湖盆的矿物组合各不相同,“深水成盐”的形成条件和控制因素尚不清楚。本文对死海、佛瑞湖等“深水成盐”的现代盐湖以及我国东濮凹陷沙三段的成盐特征进行了解剖,从盐度、水深、湖平面波动以及卤水分层等角度探讨了“深水成盐”的形成条件,对比分析了“深水成盐”的相对位置以及沉积物特征,总结了“深水成盐”的识别标志。研究表明,盐岩层系在岩心和测井资料上显示出多尺度的旋回性。“深水成盐”为水深较大的洼陷中心成盐,与盆缘的“浅水成盐”同盆共存。沉积相对岩盐层系的结构和组成有明显的控制作用,其中洼陷带的“深水成盐”,主要在洼陷带的卤水-湖底沉积物界面附近,析出和增生粗晶的盐类矿物,常与富含有机质和黄铁矿的暗色泥岩共存;而湖滨附近的“浅水成盐”,单层厚度薄,结晶粒度细小,通常含有较多的陆源碎屑。死海为代表的现代盐湖以及东濮凹陷等古代成盐盆地的沉积特征表明,“深水成盐”发生于湖平面的下降期,而且卤水剖面的厚度对蒸发岩的形成分布有明显的控制作用,同时具有“深水”和“深盆”特征的内陆盐湖更容易形成单层厚度大、横向稳定的岩盐沉积。本研究有助于改变人们以往对内陆湖盆成盐机理的认知,尤其是现代盐湖的卤水分层析盐特征,对解读地质历史中的其他成盐事件具有重要启示。基于现代沉积实例的“深水成盐”识别标志,可以为古代岩盐沉积模式的建立提供限定条件。     

四川盆地三叠系液态钾矿成因问题研究

四川盆地液态钾矿以地下卤水形式赋存于地下３０００ｍ的三叠系嘉陵江组及雷口被组碳酸盐储层中。卤水浓度较高，其中Ｋ含量异常高，Ｂｒ，Ｉ，Ｂ，Ｌｉ等已超过综合利用品位。富钾卤水为沉积变质和钾盐溶滤的复合成因。这成为四川盆地寻找液态钾矿资源的重要理论依据，并为该区含钾盐类的存在提供了有价值的线索。     

罗布泊盐湖富钾卤水成因再探讨——碎屑层卤水蒸发实验分析

罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝岩孔隙中蕴藏有超大型规模的卤水钾矿,富钾卤水成因一直备受关注。罗北凹地从统一的罗布泊大湖区中分隔出来后,成盐过程中其湖水仍以南部大湖的补给为主,罗北凹地卤水化学演化与"大耳朵"湖水密切相关。"大耳朵"湖区含石膏碎屑层普遍储藏有卤水,应该是罗北凹地盐湖的"源卤水",钾离子(ρ(K~+)为3.12 g/L左右)已初步富集,平均矿化度为198.83 g/L。为了查明该卤水的化学演化趋势及析盐序列,笔者于2009年、2010年两次采集了大量卤水样品,分别进行室内等温蒸发和自然蒸发实验。蒸发实验结果表明:随着卤水浓缩首先析出(硬)石膏,随后析出大量石盐,最后出现少量钾石盐和光卤石,与EQL/EVP卤水蒸发模型模拟结果相似。将碎屑层卤水蒸发过程中化学组成变化与罗北凹地卤水进行对比,结果显示罗布泊古湖水蒸发至石膏沉积之后,在罗北凹地水化学组成明显发生变化,没有大量石盐沉积,而以钙芒硝沉积为主。推测应是受到深部"富钙水"的持续补给,而"大耳朵"湖起到"预备盆地"的作用,罗布泊古湖水经"大耳朵"湖蒸发浓缩后,钾离子得到初步富集,在流入罗北凹地后与深部"富钙"水混合,强烈蒸发浓缩,大量钙芒硝矿物析出,最后形成富钾卤水。     

川西地区雷口坡组岩相古地理与富钾卤水预测

利用测井、录井、岩芯、薄片、扫描电镜及能谱分析等资料,综合研究川西地区雷口坡组岩相古地理、分析富钾卤水成因并预测有利分布区带。川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组发育蒸发台地相、局限台地相和开阔台地相。地层年代从古到新可分为雷一至雷五共5期,海平面经历了2次变浅→加深的旋回,雷四¹期由于快速海退,广泛发育蒸发台地相,其中成都地区膏盆内发育平落坝、盐井沟及大兴场3个盐盆。认为川西地区雷口坡组富钾卤水是由海水蒸发浓缩而成的海相原生沉积含钾卤水,在晶间卤水、钾盐类溶滤水和陆相径流来源卤水的掺合下,发生高度变质作用而形成的混合型水。富钾卤水遵循"膏盆-盐盆控区、褶皱-断层定带、裂缝-孔隙储卤"的分布特征。在沉积相、岩相古地理、富钾卤水来源与分布特征等综合研究的基础上,提出了"卤水聚钾中心"和"储卤中心"的概念,结合单井卤水层水化学分析数据与富钾卤水的工业开采指标,在川西地区雷口坡组圈定并预测出1个卤水聚钾中心和3个储卤中心;卤水聚钾中心位于平落坝构造区,储卤中心分别位于江油中坝、丹棱大兴场以及彭山盐井沟构造区,可为四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组富钾卤水的勘探指明方向。     

油气微渗漏的色层分馏效应

本文根据鄂尔多斯盆地腹部一深井中有机质的垂向成烃演化及碎屑岩层段（０～３６５０ｍ）酸解烃组成的变化特征，讨论了油气微渗漏的色层分馏效应.结果表明在两个贫有机质层段（０～１０２０ｍ.３０８０～３５６０ｍ井段）内砂岩段相对于相邻泥岩段酸解烃的Ｃ_１/Ｃ_２＋、Ｃ_１/Ｃ_总及ｉＣ_４/ｎＣ_４比值偏小，这主要是由甲烷相对重烃，异构丁烷相对正构丁烷易于通过弱渗透的泥岩遮挡层产生的色层分馆作用所造成。而富有机质层段（１０２０～３０８０ｍ井段）酸解烃组成的变化主要由有机质成烃作用控制，运移的色层分馏效应被成烃所掩盖。     

Sedimentology of Badenian (middle Miocene) gypsum in eastern Galicia, Podolia and Bukovina (West Ukraine)

Primary gypsum is the main evaporite mineral in the middle Miocene (Badenian) of the West Ukraine. The lower part of the gypsum sequence is built of autochthonous gypsum while the upper part is composed of allochthonous gypsum that formed following a major, tectonically induced, change in basin morphology. This change resulted in the destruction of the gypsum deposited on the margins of the basin and formation of redeposition features. Autochthonous gypsum facies were deposited in two main environments: (1) giant gypsum intergrowths precipitated from highly concentrated brines; (2) very shallow subaqueous gypsum deposited in a vast brine pan. The brine pan was characterized by a facies mosaic that reflects an interplay of concentrated brines from the central part of the evaporite basin and diluted brines due to the influx of continental meteoric waters. The facies continuum, microbial gypsum - bedded selenite - massive selenite - sabre gypsum, indicates increasing salinity of the brine with time. This type of facies pattern has been established in recent salinas that are analogous to Badenian gypsum in their lateral facies changes. However, the pattern of facies distribution with respect to the open sea in the Badenian basin is opposite to that found in recent salinas. The pattern of the Badenian gypsum facies in the Ukraine indicates that facies repetition may have been related to climatically controlled salinity changes and not to depth changes, as is commonly used to explain the repetition of sulphate facies in a vertical succession.     

柴达木盆地异常地层压力及其成因探讨

世界范围的一些年轻沉积盆地内.在一定埋深处常发现有异常地层压力。这种异常地层压力往往与油气分布有一定的关系。很多学者认为,异常地层压力是石油从生油岩向储集岩运移的动力,而高压带的压力封闭又使发育异常地层压力的泥质岩成为下伏储集岩的盖层。异常地层压力带常与高地温梯度带相一致,从而有利于油源岩中有机质转化为烃类。因此,研究异常地层压力有助于对沉积盆地的演化、油气的形成作用和形成过程的认识。同时,由于高压力梯度带的钻探成本高,弄清油气分布与异常压力不同梯度之间的关系有利于提高石油勘探的成效。     

青藏高原第一条超深反射地震剖面的数据采集及其处理方法

中美ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ项目第一阶段先导性试验，提供了高分辨率、高信噪比和反射信息非常丰富的近垂直反射剖面。其中主喜马拉雅滑脱界面（ＭＨＴ）和深达７０—８０ｋｍ的Ｍｏｈｏ，清晰可见；Ｍｏｈｏ以下仍有反射信息。事实证明．采用井深５０ｍ、药量５０ｋｇ和５０ｓ超长记录长度３个技术措施后，近垂直反射技术可以取得深部反射信息。在工作中井深和激发岩性是影响记录质量的两个互相依赖的重要因素。资料分析表明．井深大于２５ｍ的单孔爆炸，其记录质量较好，而井深大于２５ｍ组合的炮记录，几乎接收不到深反射信息。钻井所采用的泥浆固井和装炸药后填井等技术措施，对提高记录质量有较大帮助。在地震数据处理工作中，针对激发岩性沿线变化剧烈，我们做了地表子波一致性处理和去噪处理，极大地提高了深反射叠加剖面的质量。     

川西坳陷平落坝构造富钾卤水成因探讨

川西坳陷平落坝构造区是我国目前发现的深层海相碳酸盐岩地层中钾离子浓度最高的构造区,同时伴有B,Br,I,Li等多种元素。从平落4井于20世纪90年代初发现富钾卤水以来,研究人员对富钾卤水的成因先后提出了多种认识,主要认为富钾卤水为原生海水沉积变质作用形成。然而,近年来研究发现有很多无法用沉积变质说解释的现象。为此,在研究过程中,不但追踪卤水中溶剂(水)的来源,还关注卤水中溶质的来源,得出了川西坳陷平落坝构造区富钾卤水属于多来源、多期次成因的结论。研究认为:①卤水中水的来源与古海水和成岩作用中含水矿物脱水有关;卤水中钾具有多源多期次成因特点,主要与原始海水浓缩有关,其次与含钾矿物的溶解有关,同时与二叠纪玄武岩、三叠纪绿豆岩及深部流体活动有关。②富钾卤水的成因模式为:膏盐盆地是富钾卤水形成的基础条件;断层是富钾卤水运移的主要通道;夹持在膏盐岩层之间的碳酸盐岩层是富钾卤水的良好储钾层;裂隙和孔洞是富钾卤水储集的主要空间;构造高点是富钾卤水主要储集场所;温度是富钾卤水品位高低的重要因素;厚度大的膏盐岩层是富钾卤水保存的可靠屏障。