地核界面波在微城仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度     

地核界面波在微震仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到的地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度。     

核面反射波ScP在短周期仪器上的记录特征

核面反射波ScP在短周期仪器垂直分量上有清楚记录,佘山台在DD-1仪器上,P和ScP记录的到时差为T_(SOP-P)=6~m±30.0~9左右。在此范围内震源深度不同,震中距差别也较大,从△=26°到40°左右。它的周期与P波相似,震源深度越深,ScP震相越尖锐,地动位移比(ScP/P)也相对越大。初分者有可能错分为另一次地震的P波,发生在海洋地区的地震记录ScP震相比较多。     

核幔边界反射P波对接收函数影响的研究

远震P波接收函数是探测壳幔结构的有效方法,它采用平面波入射假定,将入射波视为具有相同射线参数的单一震相.然而,在一定震中距时,核幔边界反射P波(如PcP震相)会进入接收函数提取窗口,其射线参数与直达P波相差较大,可能导致提取的接收函数存在偏差.本文理论测试了不同震源机制,震中距以及震源深度等情况下核幔边界反射P波对远震P波接收函数的影响,并结合实际观测资料进行对比分析.测试结果显示,与走滑断层产生的PcP震相对接收函数影响较小不同,倾滑断层产生的PcP震相会使接收函数出现虚假震相并降低直达P波及后续震相的振幅,从而干扰壳幔间断面(如410 km和660 km间断面)的识别,并导致反演的台站下方S波速度降低达到5%.进一步分析倾滑型地震对接收函数波形影响发现,当震源深度小于300 km时,PcP震相导致接收函数直达P波振幅要低于4%.在震源深度在300～450 km、震中距为50°～60°、断层倾角在大约30°～60°,以及震源深度大于450 km、震中距为50°～60°、断层倾角大约25°～65°情况下影响可达20%.接收函数叠加方法可以有效压制结果中PcP震相导致的虚假信号,但是仍然无法完全去除PcP对接收函数振幅的影响,叠加后直达P波振幅降低仍然能够达到4%.本文结果表明,在计算接收函数时,剔除掉产生较强PcP的特定震源机制、震中距和震源深度的地震事件有助于反演精确的壳幔结构.     

河北红山台宽频带地震记录区域叠加研究

可靠的震相走时是地震预警技术中精确测定震源位置和发震时刻的基础,本文运用STA/LTA震相识别技术,针对单台（河北红山台）2009-2021年共计12年积累的地震记录进行叠加计算,得到了红山台记录到的区域地震各震相走时曲线。结果显示,震中距0°～50°范围内红山台共成像7种震相的走时曲线,分别为P、S、PP、SS、PcS、ScS以及R面波震相,且随着组合参数变化,叠加成像的震相种类、震中距范围、清晰度均有所不同。此外,通过绘制各震相走时曲线发现,震中距0°～15°范围内,P波、S波及R波走时曲线基本呈线性变化,震中距0°～15°范围内计算得到红山台区域地震P波传播速度为7.5 km/s左右,S波传播速度为4.2 km/s左右,R波传播速度为3.5 km/s左右,介于P波和S波之间存在一个震相的走时痕迹,波速为5.4 km/s左右。本工作对于提升红山台震中距≤1 000 km的地震预警定位精度有指导意义。     

福建省南平台记录吉林7级地震震源深度分析

用南平台模拟地震记录和数字观测记录 1 999年 4月 8日吉林东部 7级地震的不同深震震相来测定其地震深度 ,结果为南平台用地核界面波测定的震源深度与中国地震台网所测定的深度接近 ,用震中附近反射转换波定震源深度与中国地震台网所测定的深度有一定的误差。对此 ,本文进行了讨论。     

SsPmp震相地壳探测方法

SsPmp波是远震S波经地表反射转换的P波在莫霍面发生反射后被地表台站接收得到的震相.震中距在30°~50°之间的远震S波震相经地表反射转换的P波射线参数较大,在莫霍面发生全反射,使得台站接收的SsPmp波具有较强的能量,能够从地震记录中清楚地识别出来,为探测台站附近的莫霍面形态提供新的途径.本文通过合成理论地震图分析了SsPmp震相与地壳厚度、射线参数和Pn波速度之间的关系.结果表明:对于水平界面,地壳厚度只影响SsPmp与Ss波之间的相对到时差;Pn波速度只影响SsPmp的相位;射线参数既对SsPmp波的相对到时有影响,也会引起SsPmp波的相位变化.对于复杂的界面,SsPmp反映的深度与速度梯度最大的深度接近,而反映的Pn波速度与实际的Pn波速度一致.     

2010年智利Ms8．8地震震相特征分析

对昆明地震台数字地震仪记录的2010年2月27日智利Ms8．8地震的震相进行分析,与格尔木、高台、呼和浩特、成都、银川、兰州、西妥等7个地震台记录进行对比,提出智利地震的记录特征、分析难点,并将JB表中Pdif波走时曲线的截止距离从150°延伸到177．8°。     

地震转换波测深中二次反射波震相的识别和利用

二次反射波震相的识别和利用对于进一步发展地震转换波测深法有重要意义。本文利用合成地震图方法,分析研究了短周期远震三分量初始30秒记录中主要震相的运动学和动力学特征。文中集中分析了PPP和PPS型二次波震相的振幅、波形和到时差等特征,及其与震中距、界面两侧波速差、界面结构和介质吸收等因素的关系。讨论了综合利用PS波和二次波震相的到时差资料测定介质速度参数的方法,并介绍了应用实例。     

银川地震台地震波记录特征

通过对银川台具有代表性的１００个典型地震记录图的震相分析,按震中位置不同分区展示了银川台地震波记录的“影区不影”、灵武地震方位异常,东北方向的近震ＰＮ波缺失以及极远震的ＳＮＫＳ波记录,文章还分区概述了银川台对全球不同地区发生的地震所记录的地震波的记录特征。     

Structural heterogeneity of an ultra-low-velocity zone beneath the Philippine Islands: Implications for core–mantle chemical interactions induced by massive partial melting at the bottom of the mantle

An ScP phase reflected and converted at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands shows clear pre- and postcursors, recorded on short-period seismic networks in Japan. These waveform variations can be explained by interaction of the ScP wavefield with thin layers at the CMB. The results of forward modeling of double-array stacks reveal two different structural heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands. One of the structures represents a decreased velocity, and increased density across the reflector at the lowermost ～10 km of the mantle, with P- and S-wave velocity reductions of 5–10% and ～30%, respectively, and an increase in density of 5–10%. Another structure consists of a pair of reflectors at ～10 km and ～5 km above the CMB, both of which are characterized by reduced P- and S-wave velocities. The upper reflector is the interface of a low-velocity zone in which P- and S-wave velocities decrease of 10% and 30%, respectively, accompanied by an extremely large increase in density (20–25%). The lower reflector is characterized by a 25% reduction in S-wave velocity relative to the above low-velocity layer, as well as a 5% decrease in P-wave velocity and no change in density. The nature of the low-velocity zone detected locally at the CMB is comparable with that of ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZs) observed by various seismic probes in the South Pacific and Central America. Extensive observations of the ULVZ beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands indicate massive partial melting at the bottom of the mantle. Low-S-velocity basal layer partly detected within the ULVZ may be resulting from core–mantle chemical interactions, driven by massive partial melting.     

Research on the scatter features of the PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio and the inner core boundary density contrasts beneath Northeast Asia

Quantifying the density contrasts of the Earth's inner core boundary(ICB) is crucial to understand core-mantle coupling and the generation of the geodynamo. The PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is commonly used to obtain the density contrast at the ICB, but its applications are limited by scattered observed data. In this study, we selected the PKiKP and PcP phases reflected at the same region of inner-core and core-mantle boundaries beneath Northeast Asia from different earthquakes for the first time, and the observations suggested that the PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is widely scattered. We also compared the PKiKP and PcP amplitudes, which demonstrated that the scatter cannot be attributed only to ICB anomalies but might also arise from raypath differences and heterogeneities throughout the crust and mantle. By fitting the observed PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio, we obtained a density contrast of approximately 0.65 g cm~(-3) and a compressional velocity contrast of approximately 0.87 km s~(-1) at the ICB beneath Northeast Asia. The larger contrast values indicate the possible occurrence of local crystallization occurring at the inner core surface.     

Teleseismic body waves extracted from ambient noise cross correlation between F-net and ChinArray phase II

The vertical-vertical noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs) between two seismic arrays, the Japan F-net and ChinArray phase II, are calculated using continuous recordings during 2013–2016. After array interferometry to obtain bin stacked NCFs, clear body waves are retrieved at different period bands. Teleseismic direct P waves for distance 15–40 degrees are observed between short period 3–10 ?s while core reflected PcP/ScS waves are more obvious for longer period 30–60s. The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the short period P waves reaches its highest point with bin widths around 20 ?km while SNRs of PcP and ScS increase slowly with bin width. All those body waves demonstrate clear directivity with strong signals traveling from the east. The time-lapse SNR variations for the PcP and ScS show correlation with the occurrence of major earthquakes, while the P-wave SNR demonstrates seasonal variations with additional contribution from major earthquakes. The present results suggest teleseismic body waves can be retrieved through bin stacking, though further processing is still necessary to obtain finer waveforms such as P wave triplications.     

Amplitudes of long-period PcP and the core-mantle boundary

The amplitudes of the core reflection PcP are sensitive to the wave velocities and densities in the neighborhood of the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We study the amplitude ratio of the long-period phases PcP and P from two South American deep-focus earthquakes with favorable fault-plane solution, depth and magnitude, as recorded by WWNSS and CSN stations in North America.Comparison is made with long-period PcP/P amplitude ratios, derived from theoretical seismograms for a variety of CMB models. Models from previous studies, which were mainly derived from short-period PcP observations and which are characterized by discrete layers above the CMB, are almost all inconsistent with the long-period data. The data also discriminate against low nonzero S velocities below the CMB. Simple first-order-discontinuity models of the CMB, for instance according to the Jeffreys-Bullen earth model or according to recent models based mainly on free oscillations, explain the data reasonably well.Model improvements are attempted by varying the P-velocity gradient above the CMB. The best amplitude fit is obtained for a rather strong decrease in P velocity with depth in this zone which, however, gives no acceptable traveltime fit for PcP. The scatter in body-wave amplitudes is considerable even for long-period waves and may prevent the correct assessment of that part of the amplitude variation of a phase with distance that is due to the variation of velocities and densities with depth alone.     

Observations of explosion generated PcP spectra at near-normal incidence

Short period recordings of PcP at the SRO station ANTO have been observed at epicentral distance of 13.5° from presumed underground explosions in western Kazahk, USSR. The core reflections are narrow band (0.6 to 2.4 Hz), short duration (3 sec) signals. Comparison of these near normally incident reflections to P waveforms observed at greater distances reveals that the PcP spectra are peaked with respect to the more representative P-wave spectra. The 1.2 Hz spectral peak is also observed for PcP waves recorded at 50 degrees. Corrections for frequency independent mantle Q attnuation models only increase the high frequency deficiency of the PcP spectra at frequencies above 1.2 Hz. A plausible explanation calls for finer structural features of core-mantle boundary (CMB) than hitherto suggested. The influence of small scale lateral heterogeneities, however, cannot be completely ruled out. (Mantle-core boundary, near normal PcP reflection.)     

Is there a first-order discontinuity in the lowermost mantle?

In 1983, Lay and Helmberger [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 75 (1983) 799–837] reported the detection of a precursor to the seismic phase ScS. They attributed this precursor to a sharp seismic discontinuity located several hundred kilometers above the core–mantle boundary. Such a lowermost mantle discontinuity implies the existence of a sharp phase change or a chemical boundary. Precursors to ScS and, less frequently, PcP have since been observed in numerous locations, but are not a global phenomenon. Frequently, PcP precursors are weak or absent when ScS precursors are observed in the same location, and vice versa. There can be significant variations in the amplitude and arrival time of the precursor relative to the main phase. The presence or absence of these precursors has led to speculations about the nature of the lowermost mantle. Here we demonstrate that ScS or PcP precursors may be produced by gradients in seismic wave speed associated with large-scale lowermost mantle heterogeneity. Rather than a phase or chemical boundary with substantial topography, such gradients require lateral variations in temperature and, close to the core–mantle boundary, composition.     

A test of new Earth models against PcP and PmKP travel times

PcP and PmKP travel times are computed for three simple or parametric Earth models, based on free-oscillation and travel-time data B₁, PEM-A and HB₁ and compared with PcP and PmKP travel times from different sources. This comparison is made only for the region above and below the core-mantle boundary and is of interest because of the current search for a standard Earth model. The comparison shows that only model B₁ does not need a correction for its PcP travel times. For the PmKP travel times for the three models, corrections of the form Δt = a + bm were obtained. The models need the following corrections for b: ?1.3 for B₁, 2.8 for HB₁ and 0.6 for PEM-A. The corrections a are shown to be equal to the observed corrections for PcP at large epicentral distances. The inversions of free-oscillation data to obtain Earth models are most successful when body-wave phases that interact with the core are included.     

Core mantle boundary topography from short period PcP, PKP, and PKKP data

We use a total of 839,369 PcP, PKPab, PKPbc, PKPdf, PKKPab, and PKKPbc residual travel times from [Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88 (1998) 722] grouped in 29,837 summary rays to constrain lateral variation in the depth to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We assumed a homogeneous outer core, and the data were corrected for mantle structure and inner-core anisotropy. Inversions of separate data sets yield amplitude variations of up to 5 km for PcP, PKPab, PKPbc, and PKKP and 13 km for PKPdf. This is larger than the CMB undulations inferred in geodetic studies and, moreover, the PcP results are not readily consistent with the inferences from PKP and PKKP. Although the source-receiver ambiguity for the core-refracted phases can explain some of it, this discrepancy suggest that the travel-time residuals cannot be explained by topography alone. The wavespeed perturbations in the tomographic model used for the mantle corrections might be too small to fully account for the trade off between volumetric heterogeneity and CMB topography. In a second experiment we therefore re-applied corrections for mantle structure outside a basal 290 km-thick layer and inverted all data jointly for both CMB topography and volumetric heterogeneity within this layer. The resultant CMB model can explain PcP, PKP, and PKKP residuals and has approximately 0.2 km excess core ellipticity, which is in good agreement with inferences from free core nutation observations. Joint inversion yields a peak-to-peak amplitude of CMB topography of about 3 km, and the inversion yields velocity variations of ±5% in the basal layer. The latter suggests a strong trade-off between topography and volumetric heterogeneity, but uncertainty analyses suggest that the variation in core radius can be resolved. The spherical averages of all inverted topographic models suggest that the data are best fit if the actual CMB radius is 1.5 km less than in the Earth reference model used (i.e. the average outer core radius would be 3478 km).     

利用前临界PcP-PKiKP资料研究中国东部内核边界性质

前临界内核边界反射震相PKiKP与核幔边界反射震相PcP构成组合,能有效压制浅部结构及震源因素的干扰,提供了对内核边界精细结构的直接约束. 本研究从华北克拉通西北部密集流动地震台阵一年观测资料中筛选出8个地震事件,得到共计 73对PcP-PKiKP组合,覆盖了从朝鲜半岛到我国东北及华中地区下方的内核边界. 本文系统分析了走时残差和振幅比数据,结果显示:(1)密集台阵资料有助于前临界PKiKP震相拾取,而浅源地震亦可提供高质量的PcP-PKiKP观测资料.(2)走时残差呈现了自西北向东南从正常到负异常的迅速变化(沿内核边界70 km范围内>0.5 s), 限制了研究区域内核界面不超过3 km的起伏. (3)相对振幅比变化表明了研究区内核边界密度差北西-南东向的系统增加, 揭示了内核结晶环境的小尺度扰动.     

Analytical expressions for Fresnel volumes and interface fresnel zones of seismic body waves. Part 2: Transmitted and converted waves. Head waves

Summary Fresnel volumes and interface Fresnel zones of transmitted and head waves are studied. The relation derived for transmitted waves may also be used for converted reflected waves. Considerable attention is devoted to the penetration of Fresnel volumes across structural interfaces, particularly for head waves.