基于信噪比质控的优化迭代反演非规则数据重构方法

压缩感知地震勘探技术可以在相同成本投入的情况下,增加地震数据道密度,有利于提升地震成像质量,越来越受到业界的关注．非规则数据重构是压缩感知地震勘探技术的核心．本文优化了常规基于稀疏域迭代反演的非规则地震数据重构方法,通过引入信噪比质控因子,设计了基于信噪比质控的优化迭代反演非规则数据重构方法．该方法可以针对不同信噪比数据采取不同的信噪比质控因子进行数据重构．在低信噪比地区,该方法可以在重构缺失数据的同时提高地震数据的信噪比．在高信噪比地区,该方法在恢复缺失数据的同时可以保护有效信号的能量．通过数据测试验证了该方法的有效性．     

高速铁路地震监测系统中降低信号远程传输失真的技术探讨

当前信号远程传输方法,没有实现传输通道能量与传输通道信号并行,导致信号远程传输失真性较高。为提高地震信号远程传输的效率,提出新的高速铁路地震监测系统中信号远程传输技术。采用信号传输通道中地震信号能量的并行方法,通过信号传输通道中信号并行传输结构,实现信号在传输通道中双向传输;利用高频阻波电路阻断信号的高频载波通过谐振补偿电容,确保传输通道能量传输不受干扰;根据通道能量传输结构与信号传输过程,实现传输通道能量、信号并行,完成高速铁路地震信号远程传输中的失真控制。实验结果表明,所提方法丢包率较低,均值约为3%,远程传输时延仅为0.9s,是一种低误差、高效率的高速铁路地震信号远程传输方法。     

基于压缩感知理论的地震数据降噪方法

针对地震数据在采集处理过程中存在的随机噪声,本文从压缩感知的角度,给出了一种地震数据降噪方法.其基本思路是:首先对含有随机噪声地震数据通过离散余弦变换进行稀疏表示,然后选取随机高斯矩阵为测量矩阵,并计算出传感矩阵,在地震数据重构阶段,采用正交匹配追踪算法对地震数据进行重构;通过实验方法对比,本文方法的降噪效果在峰值信噪比、信噪比、均方误差指标上均优于对比方法,证明了本文方法对地震数据中的随机非平稳噪声有较好的压制效果,提高了地震数据的信噪比.     

Mallat算法在数字地震信号压缩中的应用

地震台站多、数据采集量大,日产出数据量庞大,研究数字地震信号的压缩方法成为行业热门课题。尝试将Mallat算法应用于数字地震波形数据压缩。选取不同的小波分解函数,对不同类型的数字地震信号进行3—5层的小波分解,将得到的小波系数进行分层硬阈值重构运算,对原始信号和处理信号进行压缩。分析可知,Mallat算法压缩比更高,与原始信号相比,重构信号不失真、能量保留系数高。     

一种快速收敛的抗噪POCS地震数据重构方法（英文）

地震数据重构是地震数据处理的重要步骤之一,重构算法的精度、效率与抗噪性是地震数据重构技术的核心研究内容。研究针对傅里叶域凸集投影(POCS)算法,在定义的最优阈值评价标准基础上,提出了反比例阈值模型,该模型具有在大系数区间比指数模型更快下降速率、而在小系数区间比指数模型更慢下降速率,从而在保证弱反射信号重构精度的同时有效提高POCS地震数据重构算法计算效率。为提高反比例阈值对不同地震数据特点的适应性,在地震数据谱能量分布差异性特征分析基础上,研究提出了在反比例阈值模型分母上增加适应地震数据谱能量特征的因变参数,通过调节该因变参数获得适应不同地震数据特点的最佳阈值曲线,进一步提高算法的计算精度与计算效率。为了实现重构过程中随机噪音的自适应衰减,提高重构后地震数据信噪比,研究提出了数据驱动的加权回加系数计算策略,利用每次迭代对应数据驱动阈值占阈值区间的百分比获得加权回加系数。研究将新方法应用于模拟三维数据和实际三维地震数据,分析结果表明反比例阈值相对传统阈值在提高数据重构计算效率和精度方面具有明显的优越性,新提出的加权回加系数计算策略能有效提高重构数据的信噪比。     

利用数字图像处理技术提高地震剖面图像信噪比

提出了利用数字图像处理技术提高地震剖面信噪比的新方法，首先根据数字图像处理要求的格式，对地震剖面数据进行转换，得到地震剖面图像，分析了地震数据特点和初步地震图像的实验结果后，设计了新的预处理方法——“二维沿层滤波”，在此基础上，利用可以计算帧间运动速度及其变化都较大的改进的光流分析技术，计算出多幅地震剖面对应点的偏移量，然后应用图像积累技术对这多幅地震剖面进行积累，实现对三维地震数据体提高信噪比的处理，该方法充分利用了三维地震信息，不但可以提高整个数据体的信噪比，而且可以减少信号能量的损失，并保持原来的信号能量关系，使地震剖面的质量得到明显提高，为地震解释奠定良好的基础。     

压制地震勘探随机噪声的分段时频峰值滤波方法

提高勘探资料信噪比是地震勘探的主要内容之一.本项研究利用短时能量将记录分成能量均衡的若干段,获得减少尺度变换误差的分段时频峰值滤波方法,并运用端点拓展和与地震信号特征匹配的多级时窗参数改进时频峰值滤波精度.理论模型和共炮点资料处理结果表明,分段时频峰值滤波很好地消除了尺度变化误差引起的信号波形阶梯状畸变,能够在压制强随...     

基于小波变换的结构地震响应与能量计算分析

多分辨分析可将地震信号分解到不同的频段。本文推导了运用多分辨分析计算多自由度体系地震响应的基本公式,讨论了各频段地震信号及结构响应的能量分配。最后,通过多自由度体系的算例验证了弹性体系在原始地震作用下的动力响应可以由该地震作用在时域的各小波分量的动力响应叠加而得,同时将高频抑制后的重构信号应用于近似模型的计算,并利用能量分析明确了地震信号与结构响应在各频段的能量分配。     

基于重构激发信号的电磁式可控震源相关检测参考信号方法研究

针对电磁式可控震源地震数据的相关检测,研究发现,在地下结构复杂、基板-大地耦合不佳时,常规方法——基于震源控制信号或基板附近信号作为参考信号检测得到的地震记录中,存在子波到时误差和虚假多次波问题.本文分析了上述问题的理论原因,并提出基于重构激发信号的相关检测参考信号方法(Correlation Detection Reference Signal Based on the Reconstructed Excitation Signal,CDRSBRES).首先,利用直达波与其他地震波到时不一致的特点,从震源基板附近信号中分离、提取直达波.然后,利用直达波重构震源激发信号并作为参考信号对地震数据进行相关检测.最后,应用谱白化技术提高检测结果质量.数值模拟研究表明,重构激发信号与理想激发信号的相关系数为0.9869,达到高度线性相关,CDRSBRES方法检测的地震记录在子波到时和波形特征上均与模型相符.随后,在某金属矿区开展了可控震源对比实验.与液压式可控震源MiniVib T15000检测结果相比,电磁式可控震源PHVS 500的检测结果中:基于震源控制信号的检测结果存在子波到时误差约0.012s,对应垂向精度误差约11.16m;基于基板附近信号的检测结果部分区域出现虚假多次波,信噪比降低;而CDRSBRES方法的检测结果子波到时误差约0.001s,对应垂向精度误差约0.93m,波形特征一致,相同区域无虚假多次波.综上,本方法适用于电磁式可控震源地震数据的高精度检测,尤其对于地下结构复杂区域的高分辨率地震勘探具有重要意义.     

改进的小波分频重构算法在石油地震勘探中的应用

在地震资料处理过程中,为了提高信号的信噪比以及保留数据的可靠频段,通常采用频率域滤波的方法.但是,传统的频率域滤波方法是基于傅里叶变换,在窗口与窗口之间的接合部位会出现假异常.且在滤除噪声的同时,很可能同时也将有用信息一起滤除掉. 本文针对上述问题,将小波域分频处理与重构的方法应用到石油地震勘探数据处理中.在提高信号信噪比的同时又可兼顾其它频段信息,使处理出的地震剖面信噪比提高,频带有所拓宽,从而达到最佳重构.文中先后给出了小波变换及其逆变换的数值计算方法以及最佳小波和最佳重构系数的求取方法.最后通过实例分析,其结果表明,该方法在理论上是正确的,实际应用效果也是成功的.     

Mechanical analysis of en echelon structure and its significance of controlling earthquakes

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Mechanical analysis of en echelon structure and its significance of controlling earthquakes

The paper deals with the mechanical origin and rules ofen echelon folds and their secondary fractures by means of elastic stability theory and nonlinear fracture criterion. Obtains the quantitative relations amongen echelon angles ofen echelon folds, ratios of boundary stresses anden echelon pitches of shear zone under an action of general boundary forces (tension shear, pure shear or compression shear). As an applied example, the paper researches the displacement field, stress field, distortion energy distribution, state of secondary fractures and energy released by fracturing ofen echelon fold structure developed at the east foot of Taihang Mountain. The results of research show that maximum principal (compressive) stresses, maximum shear stresses, high value area of distortion energy are in the nuclear parts ofen echelon folds. In these parts compressive fractures were easily developed in approximately parallel with fold axis. So it is verified that the secondary fracture ofen echelon folds is a mechanism controlling a strong earthquake.     

Mechanical analysis ofen echelon structure and its significance of controlling earthquakes

The paper deals with the mechanical origin and rules ofen echelon folds and their secondary fractures by means of elastic stability theory and nonlinear fracture criterion. Obtains the quantitative relations amongen echelon angles ofen echelon folds, ratios of boundary stresses anden echelon pitches of shear zone under an action of general boundary forces (tension shear, pure shear or compression shear). As an applied example, the paper researches the displacement field, stress field, distortion energy distribution, state of secondary fractures and energy released by fracturing ofen echelon fold structure developed at the east foot of Taihang Mountain. The results of research show that maximum principal (compressive) stresses, maximum shear stresses, high value area of distortion energy are in the nuclear parts ofen echelon folds. In these parts compressive fractures were easily developed in approximately parallel with fold axis. So it is verified that the secondary fracture ofen echelon folds is a mechanism controlling a strong earthquake.     

Geometric harnessing of precipitation records: reexamining four storms from Iowa City

Complex geometries often present in hydrologic data sets such as precipitation records have been difficult to model in their totality using classical stochastic methods. In recent years, we have developed extensions of a deterministic procedure, the fractal-multifractal (FM) method, whose patterns share fine details and textures of individual data sets in addition to the usual key statistical properties. This work discusses our latest efforts at encoding four geometrically distinct storms gathered in Iowa City with parameters found running a modified particle swarm optimization procedure. The results reaffirm the capabilities of the FM method as all storms are closely fitted within measurement errors. All sets may be encoded with a compression ratio exceeding 350:1, have a maximum error in cumulative distribution less than 2.5 %, and closely preserve the autocorrelation, power spectrum, and multifractal spectrum of the records.     

SOURCES OF ERROR IN A SEISMIC DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM*)

The use of digital recorders and computers in seismic exploration promises major enhancement of the quality of final documents available to interpreters. The ultimate objectives of recording and processing remain what they always have been: 1 Record the reflection wavelet as a function of time; this requirement has been met with satisfactory accuracy for a number of years. 2. Record the reflection wavelets with sufficient fidelity to permit the interpreter to recognize them. Various factors affect our ability to achieve this second objective. Certain recording errors are associated with digital recording systems. However, an understanding of the sources of error will enable the operator to use his system properly and to estimate the noise level or inaccuracy of field recordings. Field operations do not require rigorous error analysis; in most cases a satisfactory approximation can be obtained from simple calculations. Three types of “noise”–seismic, instrument and power line–introduce errors. Factors which contribute to over-al recording system error include specifically input noise, power supply ripple, crosstalk, A-D conversion error, quantizing noise, aliasing, distortion. Examination of each component of a recording system, permits the determination of its ultimate effect on the over-all noise level–or error level–of the entire system. Many of the error sources produce statistically independent noise which is not correlative. Where this is true, error voltages from various sources may be combined by taking the square root of the sum of the mean square noise voltages, giving a result slightly greater than the largest single voltage if one source is much greater than any other source. This simplification can be used to estimate over-all system noise levels. Distortion and crosstalk depend on signal amplitude and should be added algebraically in each category. Each final sum should be used as a statistically independent noise source with respect to other system noise sources. Using the foregoing examples and simplified system for estimating over-all system noise, and assuming that much of the distortion (which limits signal/instrument noise ratio to 54 db) can be removed by filtering, we determine that the combined effect of all sources of error is to reduce the system S/N ratio to approximately 74 db. With proper care digital field recording systems can produce very good field records, and exotic computer processes can enhance signal and reduce various forms of noise. However, one always must recall that the level of confidence which one can place in an interpretation of seismic data must be dependent on a knowledge of the accuracy of the basic data.     

利用地倾斜固体潮汐资料提取异常的新方法

地倾斜固体潮分析中根据固体潮汐的畸变、趋势、上升、下降、转折等变化特征,提取地震前兆异常信息。本文基于地倾斜固体潮汐可计算的特点和时程变化特征,提出一种新的地倾斜异常提取定量方法和指标。经过对延庆地倾斜固体潮观测资料的初步分析表明,预测误差比特征参量在中强地震前存在明显的前兆变化,说明预测误差比特征参量的计算模型是合理的,结果是有意义的。     

钢筋混凝土抗震框架柱截面尺寸控制因素分析

通过大量算例分析，探讨了轴压比、层间弹性位移角、最大纵筋配筋率、最小抗剪截面等因素对抗震框架柱截面尺寸的影响规律，并比较了新旧规范间截面尺寸控制因素的差别。     

Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and ground‐based image networks

High resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly produced from photographs acquired with consumer cameras, both from the ground and from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, although such DEMs may achieve centimetric detail, they can also display systematic broad‐scale error that restricts their wider use. Such errors which, in typical UAV data are expressed as a vertical ‘doming’ of the surface, result from a combination of near‐parallel imaging directions and inaccurate correction of radial lens distortion. Using simulations of multi‐image networks with near‐parallel viewing directions, we show that enabling camera self‐calibration as part of the bundle adjustment process inherently leads to erroneous radial distortion estimates and associated DEM error. This effect is relevant whether a traditional photogrammetric or newer structure‐from‐motion (SfM) approach is used, but errors are expected to be more pronounced in SfM‐based DEMs, for which use of control and check point measurements are typically more limited. Systematic DEM error can be significantly reduced by the additional capture and inclusion of oblique images in the image network; we provide practical flight plan solutions for fixed wing or rotor‐based UAVs that, in the absence of control points, can reduce DEM error by up to two orders of magnitude. The magnitude of doming error shows a linear relationship with radial distortion and we show how characterization of this relationship allows an improved distortion estimate and, hence, existing datasets to be optimally reprocessed. Although focussed on UAV surveying, our results are also relevant to ground‐based image capture. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

高轴压比下圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

通过2根圆钢管普通混凝土柱与5根圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱在高轴压比下的水平低周反复加载试验,研究圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱的轴压比、钢管壁厚、钢渣砂替代率和长细比对其破坏形态、滞回耗能能力、骨架曲线、延性及耗能、刚度退化的影响规律。研究结果表明:钢渣混凝土试件破坏过程和破坏形态与普通混凝土试件基本相同,主要表现为钢管底部鼓曲的压弯破坏;所有试件滞回曲线饱满,无明显“捏缩”现象;高轴压比试件存在明显承载力突降现象,合理的径厚比（钢管直径/钢管壁厚）对高轴压比试件承载力突降有明显改善作用;低轴压比试件延性系数大于4.0,高轴压比试件延性系数介于1.57～3.76之间,轴压比增大,试件延性下降;试件破坏时等效粘滞阻尼系数ξ_eq介于0.259～0.437之间;建议采用《钢管混凝土混合结构技术标准》（GB/T51446－2021）或《钢管混凝土结构技术规程》（DBJ/T13－51－2010）计算地震作用下钢管钢渣混凝土柱压弯承载力,但高轴压比钢管钢渣混凝土柱计算结果需乘以折减系数0.8。