EN型测风仪故障排除

使用ＥＮ型测风仪 ,给风的观测、记录带来了很大方便 ,避免了手工整理ＥＬ自记记录的诸多麻烦 ,确属测风手段的一大变革。但由于其工作过程是一个“黑箱” ,各个环节的运作情况及某些不正常现象不易被观测员了解和察觉 ,给记录的质量评定、运作监视及故障检测、排除等带来了不便。通过几年的使用 ,我们发现了一些故障现象 ,进行了尝试性的排除 ,效果良好 ,现列举如下 :1　极大风向正常却出现“77” ,而其他记录均正常。按《说明书》介绍 ,风向出现“77” ,表示感应器有故障 ,应检修感应器风向部分。经检查 ,未发现问题。估计可能是仪器精度…     

测风仪维护小经验

ＥＮ型测风数据处理仪在环境温度较低时 ,打印机会出现错打、漏打甚至不打的情况 ;湿度较大时 ,液晶显示屏上的数字模糊不清 ,甚至不显示。遇到这两种情况 ,均可用 60Ｗ左右的台灯对打印机和液晶显示屏进行局部升温和干燥 ,仪器便可恢复正常测风仪维护小经验@李倩倩$孟津县气象局!河南孟津471100     

用“三重制约法”研究三类测风仪的误差

本文采用“三重制约法”研究LSFH(螺旋桨)、EL(电接)、Dyne(达因)三类测风仪的误差标准差。结果表明:LSFH型测风仪误差准标差最小,仅为0.05—0.12之间;Dyne测风仪误差标准羞最大,其值为0.34;EL型测风仪误差标准差在0.16—0.23之间。     

EN型数据测风仪风向出现“77”故障的检修

介绍当EN型数据测风仪出现风向为“77”的故障时如何用简单实用的方法找出故障部位并进行故障修理的做法.     

EN型测风仪大风功能的改进

将一日中大风的出现情况分为四种类型,分别命名为非跨时型、递增型、跨时型和递减型。针对大风在跨时型和递减型两种情况下,ＥＮ型测风仪的大风功能存在的缺限,提出改进建议,用ＢＡＳＩＣ语言编程实现。针对现行ＰＣ－１５００编发大风危险报和重要天气报可操作性不强的问题,提出可直接用ＥＮ型测风仪自动编写大风危险报和重要天气报。     

正视EN型测风仪风向77故障

在EN型测风数据仪所出现各类故障中,属风向77最多。一般是方位块不清洁、进水和电接簧片接触不良,但是有一种故障原因却隐蔽的很深。它表面上也简单表现为风向77,加上观测员对仪器过分依赖,缺少对记录的客观分析,一时难以发觉,那就是“风向信号线断线”。笔者通过测风原理和对实例的统计分析,得出了其在资料上的具体反映及解决此类问题的办法,从而来保证气象数据的“三性”。     

The effect of rainfall on measurements of mean wind speed with cup anemometers in the surface layer at sea

A mathematical model is developed to estimate rain-induced errors in cup anemometer readings. Based upon a two-cup hemispheric model, the indicated wind speed is calculated for a given true wind speed, fall velocities of the drops, and a general drop-size distribution.The results of these computations show that the effect of rainfall is small as expected. The influence on derived profiles of mean wind speed is rather a displacement of the profile to lower velocities than a change in the slope of the profile.The magnitude of these errors is a few percent or less even for heavy rainfall.Now Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, F.R.G.     

乌鲁木齐市近地层风切变指数特征

利用乌鲁木齐市5座100 m气象铁塔2012年6月—2014年4月10层风速观测资料,应用统计学方法详细分析了乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区近地层风切变指数特征,得出以下结果:乌鲁木齐市风切变指数分布范围在-1.5~1.5,基本呈正态分布。风切变指数与风速大小关系密切,当风速1 m/s时,切变指数变化较大;当风速2 m/s时,切变指数变化较小。城区和郊区最大切变指数出现高度差异较大,南郊燕南立交切变指数最大在36~46 m,城区水塔山在60~77m,城区鲤鱼山在13~22 m,近北郊红光山在46~60 m,北郊米东在28~36 m。各层切变指数白天变化幅度大,夜间变化幅度小。切变指数日变化不规律与城市边界层变化的复杂性密切相关。降温幅度大的秋季-冬季时段,易出现切变指数小于0的情况。     

Using measured variances to compute surface fluxes and dry deposition velocities: A comparison with measurements from three surface types

Abstract

Fluxes of temperature, water vapour, O₃, SO₂ and CO₂ were estimated from the measurement of their variances, taken over a wetland region in northern Ontario (Canada) during the summer of 1990 and over a deciduous forest when it was fully leafed during the summer of 1988 and when it was leafless during the winter of 1990. A set of flux‐variance relations was employed, including empirical forms of universal functions that could be adjusted with some constants. Results from the present study show that these constants needed to be adjusted with site‐specific data in order to achieve a closer agreement between estimated and observed fluxes. Best estimates were obtained for the fluxes of temperature and water vapour and it was found that the flux estimates of O₃, SO₂ and CO₂ correlated better with water vapour than with temperature. For these trace gases the flux‐variance method yielded estimates of dry deposition velocities that were either comparable with or larger than those obtained from a resistance analogue model. Both methods yielded values that overestimated the observed dry deposition velocities. The employment of the flux‐variance method in an operational network would require the use of fast‐response sensors and a practical method for reducing the noise level of the measured variances.     

The adjustment of the wind field to small scale topography in a numerical weather prediction model

Numerical experiments are performed to test one reasonably economical method of producing regional forecasts. Starting with initial conditions interpolated from a 20 hour coarse grid Northern Hemisphere forecast, a fine mesh model is integrated for a further period of 4 hours over a limited area. The fine mesh is located over the north‐eastern part of North America and its resolution is sufficient to re‐produce topographic features such as the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Valleys. The resulting forecast at hour 24 is then compared with the coarse mesh prediction for the same time. The comparison reveals how the horizontal and vertical components of the wind are affected by the small scale topography. In particular, the channelling effect of the main valleys is demonstrated.     

利用行星边界层顶上方最邻近标准等压面的实测风推算地面风的方法及其比较

文中提出了一种在实际地形条件下,利用行星边界层顶上方最邻近标准等压面的实测风推算地面风的方法——修正的Taylor螺线法。试算表明,按这种方法和Taylor螺线法推算的地面风场的基本流型均与实测流场相似,但在风速模的均方根误差上,前者较之后者有显著改进.按文中方法推算得到的地面风场所求得的散度场的分布与天气区的配置也较合理,且散度值与实况比较接近.     

On characteristics of wind direction fluctuations in the surface layer

It is shown that the ratio of standard deviation of lateral velocity to the friction velocity, /u _*, and therefore wind direction fluctuations, are sensitive to mesoscale terrain properties. Under neutral conditions, /u _* is almost 40% larger in rolling terrain than over a horizontal surface. In the lee of a low mountain, the fluctuations may be 2.5 times as strong as over horizontal terrain. In contrast, vertical velocity fluctuations are little influenced by mesoscale terrain features.Now with Air Weather Service, Offutt AFB, Omaha, Nebraska.     

Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation

Previous results of non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles as functions of ( = z/L) show systematic deviations between different experiments. These discrepancies are generally believed not to reflect real differences but rather instrumental shortcomings. In particular, it is clear that flow distortion has not been adequately treated in most previous experiments. In the present paper, results are presented from a surface-layer field experiment where great care was taken to remove any effects from this kind of error and also to minimize other measuring errors. Data from about 90 30-min runs with turbulence measurements at three levels (3, 6, and 14 m) and simultaneous profile data have been analysed to yield information on flux-gradient relationships for wind and temperature.The flux measurements themselves show that the fluxes of momentum and sensible heat are constant within ± 7% on average for the entire 14 m layer in daytime conditions and when the stratification is slightly stable. For more stable conditions, the flux starts to decrease systematically somewhere in the layer 6 to 14 m. From a large body of data for near-neutral conditions (¦¦ 0.1), values are derived for von Kármán's constant: 0.40 ± 0.01 and for _h at neutrally, 0.95 ± 0.04. The range of uncertainty indicated here is meant to include statistical uncertainty as well as the effect of possible systematic errors.Data for _m and _h for an extended stability range (1 > > – 3) are presented. Several formulas for _m and _h appearing in the literature have been used in a comparative study. But first all the formulas have been modified in accordance with the following assumptions: = 0.40 and ( _h ) _{= 0} = 0.95; deviations from this result in the various studies are due to incomplete correction for flow distortion. After new corrections are introduced, the various formulas were compared with the present measurements and with each other. It is found that after this modification, the most generally used formulas for _m and _h for unstable conditions, i.e., those of Businger et al. (1971) and Dyer (1974) agree with each other to within ± 10% and with the present data. For stable conditions, the various formulas still disagree to some extent. The conclusion in relation to the present data is not as clear as for the unstable runs, because of increased scatter. It is, however, found that the modified curve of Businger et al. (1971) for _h fits the data well, whereas for _m , Dyer's (1974) curve appears to give slightly better agreement.     

The wind field in the nonlinear multilayer planetary boundary layer

By use of the small parameter expansion method, the nonlinear planetary boundary layer (PBL) is studied in this paper. The PBL is divided into the surface layer and the Ekman layer, which is divided into several sublayers. In the surface-layer, the eddy coefficient K is taken as a linear function of height; in the Ekman layer, different constant K values are taken within different sublayers: these values are determined from O'Brien's formula (O'Brien, 1970) approximately. Under the upper and lower boundary conditions and the continuity conditions of the wind velocities and turbulent stresses at each boundary between sublayers, analytical expressions for wind velocity in all sublayers and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained. A specific example of steady axisymmetrical circular high and low pressure areas is analysed, and some new conclusions are obtained. The results are in better agreement with reality than previous results. This example also shows that the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL caused by friction approaches zero near the center of a high or low pressure system for this model, but attains its maximum absolute values near the center of the high or low pressure area for Wu's (1984) model. This is due to the fact that in our model, the geostrophic wind speed near the center of this specific vortex approaches zero, which causes the wind shear and the friction effect to be very weak. Therefore the wind distribution in the PBL is very sensitive to the type of eddy coefficient.     

The effect of rainfall on the wind in the surface layer

Raindrops falling into a wind-shear zone do not adjust their horizontal speeds immediately to the new wind. Thus, stresses develop which accelerate the air. The effect of raindrops falling into a layer with a logarithmic wind profile is investigated numerically. We find the adjustment of the wind to this situation to be quite small and only barely detectable, even in heavy rain conditions. The effect on the stress distribution is greater. Stress variations of 10–20 % and greater in the lowest 10 m are possible under certain conditions.