空中、地面雨滴谱特征的观测分析

利用1982年7月9日宁夏银川站的一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了宁夏地区层状云降水过程中地面、空中的雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行对比。结果表明：地面雨滴谱以指数型为主（61.9%）,空中雨滴谱以多峰型为主（86.4%）;对于空中、地面雨滴平均谱,Gamma分布拟合的相关系数更高;地面雨滴谱中小滴较多,空中雨滴谱中大滴较多,可能受到碰并、蒸发、破碎的共同影响。研究地面雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N与雨强I的关系,Z-I关系和W-I关系的相关性很好,而N-I、N0-I、λ-I关系的相关性不是很好。     

春季粤北地区降水微物理特征分析

为揭示春季粤北降水微物理过程,选取2020年2—3月粤北2个站点雨滴谱仪观测资料,统计分析了春季粤北地区层云降水、混合性降水、对流性降水的微物理特征,结果表明：(1)对流性降水过程中大雨滴是影响雨强大小的重要因素;层云降水过程,小雨滴数浓度占比大于90%,平均雨强小于1 mm/h,雨滴数是影响雨强的重要因素。(2)层云性降水雨滴谱呈单峰结构,谱宽小;对流性降水雨滴谱为多峰结构,谱宽最大;混合性降水谱型与对流性降水相似。3类降水峰值均在0.2～0.3 mm范围,均是Gamma分布谱型拟合最优。(3)春季粤北地区对流性降水的Z-I关系为Z=173.9I^1.452,混合性降水的Z-I关系为Z=72.77I ^1.97,层云性降水过程的Z-I关系为Z=194.3I^1.296。     

地面激光雨滴谱仪反演降水参量的特性探究

采用河南省2016—2017年100个日降水资料,对比分析雨滴谱反演回波与雷达回波的差异、雨滴谱反演降水强度与雨量计观测降水强度的差异;进行雨滴谱Gamma拟合,以探究河南省雨滴谱分布及降水云系类型;进行Z-I关系拟合,以探究河南省降水回波与降水强度的关系。结果表明:(1)雨滴谱反演回波、雷达观测回波的变化趋势具有较好一致性。而前者普遍小于后者,其可能原因:一是雷达通过最低仰角观测到的地面雨滴谱仪上方回波与地面雨滴谱仪之间存在一定高度差,二是雨滴下落时的蒸发、破碎过程,使到达地面的雨滴直径减小。(2)雨滴谱反演的降水强度与雨量计观测的降水强度相比,存在一定差异,但无显著偏大或偏小规律性特征。(3)对流云及层积混合云的雨滴谱宽大于层状云,中等尺度雨滴数密度较大。层状云的小水滴数密度较大。河南省大部分降水过程为雨滴谱较窄的层状云降水。(4)河南省降水回波与降水强度的拟合公式:Z=262I~(1.34),层状云拟合公式:Z=219I~(1.30),对流云拟合公式:Z=307I~(1.38)。(5)雨滴数浓度较高月份为6—7月(1500个·m~(-3)左右),降水强度较高月份为8—10月(60 mm·h~(-1)),雨滴最大直径较高月份为4—8月(4.3～4.8 mm),雨滴平均直径较高月份为3—4月(3 mm左右)。雨滴数浓度、降水强度、最大直径、平均直径的月份特征变化无一致性。     

山东三类降水云雨滴谱分布特征的观测研究

利用激光雨滴谱仪2009年8月—2010年10月观测获取的滴谱资料,分析了山东省三类云降水雨滴微结构参量特征及滴谱随降水过程的演变特征。按照降水云系不同分别对各微物理参量进行比较,结果表明,各值由大到小排序依次均为积雨云、混合云和层状云。三类云降水过程中雨强与雨滴数浓度和最大直径间存在较好的相关关系;层状云和混合云降水以直径小于2 mm的雨滴为主,而积雨云降水以1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强贡献最大。层状云降水雨滴谱很窄,呈单峰或双峰型;积雨云降水雨滴谱宽,在大滴端呈多峰结构;混合云降水谱宽介于前两者之间。另外,统计得到该地区三类云降水的Z-I关系式,为雷达定量测量降水提供了一定的参考。     

安宁河谷雨季层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱特征

利用2017年8—10月安宁河谷的激光雨滴谱仪观测数据,对层状云和对流云降水粒子谱的微物理参量、Gamma函数拟合、Z-I拟合关系、降水粒子对数浓度和降水强度贡献率进行了分析。结果表明：层状云雨滴谱较对流云窄,对流云降水粒子总数浓度、降水强度、液态水含量和雷达反射率因子等均显著高于层状云。Gamma函数可以较好地拟合雨滴谱的分布情况,层状云的函数曲线较对流云更加平滑。层状云、对流云降水的Z-I拟合关系均较好,分别为Z=181.90I^1.54和Z=175.59I^1.54。层状云降水强度贡献率的80%集中在直径不超过2 mm的粒子,而对流云的90%集中在直径超过1 mm的粒子,表明降水粒子尺度较浓度对降水强度的影响更大,大尺度降水粒子对降水强度贡献更大。     

黄河上游地区雷达测量降水与雨滴谱的对比分析

本利用1999年7月4日～7月16日期间，由青海省人影办和有关科研单位的人员在黄河上游地区开展地面人工增雨试验获取的711数字化雷达资料、雨滴谱资料和地面降水自记资料，对黄河上游地区云层降水的微物理特征和雷达定量测量降水进行了初步的分析和研究。分析研究表明：黄河上河上游地区其雨滴谱分布以多峰型为主，降水的滴谱较宽，对实施人工增雨催化作业较有利，同时拟合出黄河上游地区层状云降水的Z-I关系，可以作为雷达定量测量层状云降水的参考。     

北京山区和平原地区夏季雨滴谱特征分析

山区和平原地区降水的雨滴谱特征由于下垫面等因素的影响有时存在较大的差别,分析两者的差异有助于深入理解降雨的微物理特征以及对提高不同下垫面雷达定量估测降水的准确性起到重要作用。利用2017—2018年北京地区夏季雨滴谱站和自动站资料,选取延庆站和大兴站分别代表北京山区和平原地区,通过降水分类方法研究了两站不同降水类型雨滴谱分布的特征。研究结果表明,北京地区夏季雨强(R≤5 mm·h~(-1)的降水频次较多(山区和平原站均为86.0%),但对整体雨量贡献较小(山区站为33.0%,平原站为29.0%);而R5 mm·h~(-1)的降水频次较少,却对整体雨量贡献较大。较为深入的研究表明,对流云降水比层状云降水具有更大的质量平均直径(D_m)、标准化参数lgNw和分布谱宽。两站相比,延庆站(山区站)不同降水类型的D_m (lgN_w)均大于(小于)大兴站(平原站),表明北京山区滴谱粒径偏大、数浓度偏低。与国外经典对流滴谱相比,山区(平原)更倾向于大陆性(海洋性)对流滴谱。对D_m-R关系、lgN_w-R关系、μ(谱型)-Λ(斜率)关系和Z-R关系的分析表明,这些关系都符合经典研究结论,但是拟合的参数与其他地区具有一定的差别,体现出北京地区不同下垫面与其他研究结果的差别。延庆站和大兴站的Z-R拟合关系分别为Z=764R~(1.20)和Z=386R~(1.32),其中大兴站的Z-R关系与代表夏季对流云降水的Z=300R~(1.40)较为一致,而延庆站的则与其存在一定差别,体现出北京山区和平原降水的差异。     

基于地理地形因子动态调整的复杂地形区雷达定量估测降水技术

雷达定量降水估测可以提供时间连续、水平分辨率高和覆盖范围广阔的降水产品,目前已成为气象监测的重要手段之一。尽管当前针对不同地区雷达估测降水的方法有了长足的发展,但是复杂地形区的雷达降水估测效果仍需改进。本文针对青藏高原东北边坡复杂地形区雷达降水估测,在固定经验Z-I关系、云分类经验Z-I关系、回波分级统计Z-I关系3种已有算法的基础上,建立了基于准稳定移动窗口的地理地形因子实时动态调整降水估测订正算法,并利用2017-2018年汛期临夏地区降水天气个例开展估测效果评估。结果表明：未经订正算法估测降水值往往较实况观测值偏小,而经过订正后的估测降水平均值与观测实况较为一致;不同算法对于小量级降水估测的累计概率分布（CDF）与观测实况偏差较大,而随着降水量级逐渐增加,估测降水的CDF与实况观测逐渐接近,基于回波分级统计Z-I关系的订正算法估测性能更为稳定;不同算法估测降水量的误差差异较大,未订正算法对所有降水以低估为主,基于回波分级统计Z-I关系订正算法和基于固定经验Z-I关系订正算法的整体估测偏差较小;未经订正算法对对流性降水天气主要降水落区估测较好,但对降水强度估测较差,而订正后估测效果...     

伊宁春季层状云和混合云降水的雨滴谱统计特征分析

利用设在伊宁的激光雨滴谱仪获取的2013年4月的降水资料,对层状云和混合云降水粒子谱的微物理参量平均值和Gamma函数拟合结果以及Z-I关系进行对比分析。计算结果表明,伊宁地区春季降水的微物理参量普遍偏小,小滴对降水浓度的贡献达到92%以上,即降水主要以小滴为主。层状云降水的雨强、雨滴数浓度、雨滴的各类微物理特征参量的平均值均大于混合云降水。函数拟合结果表明,混合云降水的雨滴谱宽大于层状云降水的雨滴谱宽,层状云和混合云降水的雨滴谱都比较符合Gamma分布,在小滴段Gamma分布对实际谱都有一定的低估,在大于1 mm的粒径段,拟合结果有一定的偏差。还讨论了雨滴大小因子Λ和形状因子μ之间的关系以及Z-I关系,Λ-μ关系与粒子尺度有关,根据拟合的二项式得到层状云降水粒子的平均直径大于混合云降水的平均直径。     

暖云雨滴大小和电荷的观测研究

本文对30次暖性阵雨的35000多个雨滴的大小和电荷量进行了测量,并根据阵雨的强度分析了电荷谱的情况。结果表明:带正电雨滴的百分比随雨滴的增大而增大,也随阵雨强度的增强而增加。雨滴电荷的分布是不对称的,正电荷的分布总是比负电荷来得宽,且当电荷值较小时以负滴为主,而当电荷值较大时,则正滴明显占优势。在一部分观测时段中,测站附近的火山爆发。它对雨滴电荷的影响是使电荷分布变窄,带大电荷的雨滴比例下降。本文用暖云中雨滴形成时离子与雨滴的相互作用的起电机制来讨论和解释上述结果。     

THE MICRO-FEATURES OF HEAVY RAIN OVER GUANGZHOU IN FLOODS SEASON

In this paper, the raindrop spectral data collected at the Conghua station in Guangzhou area in June 1994 have been analyzed.It is found that the June rainfall causing great floods damage in southern China has the following features: It has long duration, large intensity, raindrop density and scale, with the largest raindrop diameter and rainfall intensity at 6.5 mm and 155.06 mm/hr respectively.on the other hand, according to weather system and rainfall nature, we divided the rainfall into five types and provided a group of Z-I relationships that can be referenced and used in radar quantitative measurement of rainfall.     

自动激光雨滴谱仪在雷达降水估测中的应用

利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱与地面雨量计对2008年9月9号山西的一次混合降水天气过程进行分析,根据汾阳、介休两站的雨滴谱资料,利用最小二乘法拟合出反射率因子Z与雨强I的关系Zott=159Iott1.5,利用最优化关系法计算出地面雨量计与雷达反射率因子的关系Zrad=200Irain1.2,WSR_88D中默认的关系ZDef=300I1.4,然后分别利用3种Z-I关系对此次降水过程进行估测,计算过程累计雨量,并将估测降水结果与地面雨量计实测结果进行对比.结果表明:利用雨滴谱关系的估测降水效果最好,利用雨量计关系的估测降水结果次之,默认关系计算结果最差;第一者相对第二者提高4％左右,相对第三者则提高近18％左右.     

Landes-Fronts 84: Analyse granulométrique au sol d'une averse de pluie convective

Ground measurements of raindrop spectra have been made during a convective shower. It appears that this shower is likely to be divided in two phases: the first one (growth stage), characterized by large drop spectra with an exponential form is followed by a second one (dissipation stage) with spectra of rather small drops. During the transitory stage, a mean spectrum showing a slope break is observed (spectrum with double slope — Donnadieu, 1985).During the growth stage of the shower, the classic relationship Z = AR^b presents a parameter A which is about twice as large as that obtained during the dissipation stage. For the transitory stage, the two parameters A and b show very uncommon values. At last it is observed that the Z − R points present a time evolution like a loop. These results obtained at ground level are quite comparable to those found by Carbone and Nelson (1978) in raindrop measurements below cloud base during precipitation stages of cloud development and are in agreement with their numerical model.     

Development of giant drops and high-reflectivity cores in Hawaiian clouds: numerical simulations using a kinematic model with detailed microphysics

Cores of high radar reflectivity (>50 dBZ) and raindrops larger than 4 mm in diameter were occasionally reported in warm clouds, offshore from Hawaii. A kinematic numerical model with detailed microphysics was used to study the formation of these cores and the development of the giant drops. The role of collisional and spontaneous breakup of drops was evaluated. Our results show that spontaneous breakup of raindrops restricts the formation of giant drops (D>4 mm). This could be a result of the poor parameterization of the fragment size distribution, and the probabilities of the spontaneous breakup. The inclusion of only binary breakup mechanism explained the observed radar echoes and the drop spectra. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the updrafts in the Hawaiian clouds sort out different size drops in such a way that millimeter size drops are allowed to fall in an environment deficient of smaller raindrops. In this way, the large raindrops continue to grow by collection of small cloud droplets, but have a smaller chance for collisional breakup (the efficiency for this type of breakup is small for collisions with cloud droplets). The collisional breakup of big raindrops was also found to play a significant role in the formation of giant drops. Such drops are formed following collision–breakup of large raindrops in which one of the fragments is larger than the original drops.     

Analysis of the Microphysical Properties of a Stratiform Rain Event Using an L-Band Profiler Radar

This paper investigates spatial and temporal distributions of the microphysical properties of precipitating stratiform clouds based on Doppler spectra of rain particles observed by an L-band profiler radar.The retrieval of raindrop size distributions（RSDs） is accomplished through eliminating vertical air motion and isolating the terminal fall velocity of raindrops in the observed Doppler velocity spectrum.The microphysical properties of raindrops in a broad stratiform region with weak convective cells are studied using data collected from a 1320-MHz wind profiler radar in Huayin,Shaanxi Province on 14 May 2009.RSDs and gamma function parameters are retrieved at altitudes between 700 and 3000 m above the surface,below a melting layer.It is found that the altitude of the maximum number of raindrops was closely related to the surface rain rate.The maximum number of large drops was observed at lower altitudes earlier in the precipitation event but at higher altitudes in later periods,suggesting decreases in the numbers of large and medium size raindrops.These decreases may have been caused by the breakup of larger drops and evaporation of smaller drops as they fell.The number of medium size drops decreased with increasing altitude.The relationship between reflectivity and liquid water content during this precipitation event was Z = 1.69×10~4M~（1.5）,and the relationship between reflectivity and rain intensity was Z = 256I~（1.4）.     

春秋季层状云降水过程Z-I关系计算与讨论

运用最优化方法,按天气系统、降水过程计算层状云降水过程Ｚ－Ｉ关系序列。然后用每 关系得到降雨的雷达估计值,与雨量计实测降雨量比较,对雷达测量降水精度问题进行探讨。     

Cloud drop spectra at different levels and with respect to cloud thickness and rain

Measurements on drop size were made in cumulus clouds over Pune (inland region) during the summer monsoon seasons. In this paper, the measurements of the cloud drop spectra made in non-raining clouds at different levels and for different thickness have been studied. Also, those on the days with rain and with no rain (the rain being observed within the clouds) have been compared. The average spectra broadened with height. The concentration of drops >50 μm (N_L), liquid water content (LWC), mean volume diameter (MVD) and dispersion increased with height. The concentration of drops <20 μm (N_S) and total concentration (N_T) decreased with height. The spectra were broader, while N_S and N_T are smaller and the other parameters are greater for thicker clouds as compared to those for thinner. The spectra were broader, while N_S and N_T are smaller and the other parameters are greater on the days with rain with respect to those on the days with no rain. The distributions were bimodal at higher levels, for thicker clouds and on the days with rain, while they were unimodal at lower levels, for thinner clouds and on the days with no rain. The variations of the cloud drop spectra, preceding rain, at initial stage of rain and following rain are discussed.     

Diurnal Variation in the Vertical Profile of the Raindrop Size Distribution for Stratiform Rain as Inferred from Micro Rain Radar Observations in Sumatra

The diurnal variation in the vertical structure of the raindrop size distribution(RSD) associated with stratiform rain at Kototabang, West Sumatra(0.20°S, 100.32°E), was investigated using micro rain radar(MRR) observations from January 2012 to August 2016. Along with the MRR data, the RSD from an optical disdrometer and vertical profile of precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission were used to establish the microphysical characteristics of diurnal rainfall.Rainfall during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST had a lower concentration of small drops and a higher concentration of large drops when compared to rainfall during the daytime(0600–1800 LST). The RSD stratified on the basis of rain rate(R) showed a lower total concentration of drops and higher mass-weighted mean diameter in 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST than in the daytime. During the daytime, the RSD is likely governed by a riming process that can be seen from a weak bright band(BB). On the other hand, during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST, the BB was stronger and the rainfall was associated with a higher concentration of midsize and large drops, which could be attributed to more active aggregation right above the melting layer with minimal breakup. Diurnal variation in the vertical profile of RSD led to a different radar reflectivity(Z)–R relationship in the rain column, in which Z during the periods 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST was larger than at the other times, for the same R.     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and Southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude.