我国粮食产量气象分量的周期波动初探

本文应用功率谱、周期图和方差分析等方法探讨了全国及部分代表省(区)粮食单产中气象分量的中短周期波动。发现各地气象分量的谱分布基本相似,普遍存在4—6年及其倍数的周期波动。同时,各地表现又略有不同,由南往北周期逐渐变长。通过与农业气象热量因子以及粮食产量增减产年历史演变的周期波动的比较,似可初步推理为,热量因子的周期波动影响了气象产量的周期波动,从而导致作物产量的周期演变。这一初步推理为我国粮食产量的气象预测预报的基础研究和实践应用提供了参考依据。     

农作物成熟、收获动态预报和农产品交售、收购资金计划调度初探

在具体分析农作物成熟，收获和农产品交售，收购过程的基础上，根据历年农产品收购进度资料，初步探讨了农作物成熟，收获动态预报和农产品交售，收购之间的动态变化关系，建立了农作物成熟，收获动态预报模型，为农产品交售，收购资金合理计划，调度提供了科学依据。     

近九十年吉林省松辽平原作物生长季气温变化的小波分析

利用功率谱、小波分析及突变分析方法分析了以长春站为代表的吉林省松辽平原作物生长季（５～９月）平均气温近９０ａ的变化,结果表明其存在３ａ左右的甚低频振荡,１５ａ和６０ａ左右两个主要长周期振荡,从本世纪２０年代初期到５０年代初期处于暖阶段,从５０年代初期到７０年代末期为冷阶段,从７０年代末期至９０年代中期又处于暖阶段内。预计现在所处的暖阶段将持续到２０１０年左右。由突变分析结果表明,吉林省松辽平原作物生长季平均气温具有明显的阶段性变化,其各冷暖阶段同小波分析的结果具有很好的一致性,在作物生长季内月平均气温的变化有突变发生。在近期气温变化呈上升趋势。     

基于气候适宜度的玉米产量动态预报方法

夏玉米是河北省主要粮食作物之一, 其生长发育及产量形成受气象条件影响很大, 开展玉米产量动态预报对河北省农业生产和粮食安全具有重要意义。该文结合夏玉米生理特性, 建立了夏玉米气候适宜度模型, 利用此模型借助于SPSS统计软件, 计算了1972—2005年河北省8个市夏玉米生育期内逐旬气候适宜度, 以此为基础, 建立了河北省8个市夏玉米不同时段产量预报模型。结果表明:夏玉米气候适宜度与产量相关显著; 1972—2005年历史预报检验和2006—2007年预报试验平均准确率分别为88.8%和96.8%, 能够满足业务服务需要。     

Temperature thresholds and crop production: a review

Temperature thresholds for a range of crops from cereal crops to horticultural crops and to legum crops were identified through an extensive literature review. Identification of temperature thresholds provides a basis for quantifying the probability of exceeding temperature thresholds which is a very important aspect of climate change risk assessment. The effects of extreme temperatures on yield and yield components were then reviewed and summarised. Through these processes, critical phenophases were defined based on the sensitivity of crop yield and/or yield components to extreme high temperatures which were imposed on various phenophases. Information on the direction and degree of the impact of extreme temperature on yield/yield components can contribute to the improvement of crop models in which the effects of extreme temperature on crop production have not been adequately represented at this stage. Identification of critical phenophases at which crops yield and/or other economic characteristics are sensitive to extreme temperatures will help scoping appropriate adaptation options.     

A new approach to identifying the weather-crop yield functionals for assessing climate change consequences

A new approach to identifying the weather-crop yield functionals is suggested. It is shown that elimination of crop yield trends using the difference regression (the first and second orders) makes it possible to substantially increase the accuracy and reliability of estimates of climate change (variation) influence on the agriculture productivity. The methodology suggested for assessing a climate change influence is realized for the grain crops in two regions of the Russian Federation with contrast climate conditions. At the same time, it is found that short-term (up to 2–3 years) crop yield trends taken into account and related to changes in the soil effective fertility promote a noticeable increase in the quality of long-term crop yield forecasts.     

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)设计与实现

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)是基于C/S架构,研发的面向国家级和省级农业气象服务的业务工作平台,主要包括农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、灾害监测评估、农用天气预报等子系统,是农业气象业务的基础性软件。系统融合现代信息技术和农业气象业务技术,实现了全部子系统数据管理、模型运算、产品制作等业务流程的一体化。系统采用大型关系型数据库规范了农业气象各类业务数据,基于插件技术集成各项业务功能,实现多元数据、多指标、多模型在农业气象监测、评价、预报等领域的综合应用,提高了农业气象产品的定量化、精细化、客观化水平。系统于2012年投入业务应用,基于该系统制作的农业气象情报、作物产量气象预报、农业气象灾害影响评估、关键农时农事气象保障等服务产品,在指导全国农业生产和防灾减灾中发挥了重要作用,明显提高了农业气象业务能力和业务工作效率。     

Determining optimum tilt angles of solar surfaces in Sakarya,Turkey

Climate change constitutes a major challenge for high productivity in wheat, the most widely grown crop in Germany. Extreme weather events including dry spells and heat waves, which negatively affect wheat yields, are expected to aggravate in the future. It is crucial to improve the understanding of the spatiotemporal development of such extreme weather events and the respective crop-climate relationships in Germany. Thus, the present study is a first attempt to evaluate the historic development of relevant drought and heat-related extreme weather events from 1901 to 2010 on county level (NUTS-3) in Germany. Three simple drought indices and two simple heat stress indices were used in the analysis. A continuous increase in dry spells over time was observed over the investigated periods from 1901–1930, 1931–1960, 1961–1990 to 2001–2010. Short and medium dry spells, i.e., precipitation-free periods longer than 5 and 8 days, respectively, increased more strongly compared to longer dry spells (longer than 11 days). The heat-related stress indices with maximum temperatures above 25 and 28 °C during critical wheat growth phases showed no significant increase over the first three periods but an especially sharp increase in the final 1991–2010 period with the increases being particularly pronounced in parts of Southwestern Germany. Trend analysis over the entire 110-year period using Mann-Kendall test revealed a significant positive trend for all investigated indices except for heat stress above 25 °C during flowering period. The analysis of county-level yield data from 1981 to 2010 revealed declining spatial yield variability and rather constant temporal yield variability over the three investigated (1981–1990, 1991–2000, and 2001–2010) decades. A clear spatial gradient manifested over time with variability in the West being much smaller than in the east of Germany. Correlating yield variability with the previously analyzed extreme weather indices revealed strong spatiotemporal fluctuations in explanatory power of the different indices over all German counties and the three time periods. Over the 30 years, yield deviations were increasingly well correlated with heat and drought-related indices, with the number of days with maximum temperature above 25 °C during anthesis showing a sharp increase in explanatory power over entire Germany in the final 2001–2010 period.     

面向Internet的农业气象产量动态预报

针对信息时代Internet网上用户对产量预报动态查询的需求 ,探讨了面向Inter net的农业气象产量预报的解决方案。试验结果表明 ,由于作物生长发育和产量形成是一个光、温、水、土条件长期、综合作用 ,生物量长期累积的过程 ,因此利用积分回归方法 ,考虑全生育期光、温、水气象因子的综合影响 ,根据已出现的天气实况 ,在假定后期天气条件正常的情况下 ,有可能预测出未来产量的趋势。随着天气实况的逐一出现 ,后期的预报结果可望逐步接近实际值。统计检验和试报结果误差均在允许范围内。     

基于SPI的1961－2020年昌吉地区作物生长季气象干旱时空特征研究

基于昌吉地区7个气象站1961－2020年降水量资料，计算昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数（SPI-7）。运用趋势分析法、M-K突变检验法和小波分析法探究了昌吉地区作物生长季SPI-7指数的年际和年代变化特征；在此基础上分析了作物生长季干旱的站次比和干旱强度的年际变化,并结合该区实际发生的旱灾对SPI进行了验证。结果表明：1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率呈微弱的正趋势（变湿），在年代变化趋势中呈现出变干-变湿-变干的变化波动, 1981年标准化降水指数由低到高突变；干旱强度呈增加趋势，干旱发生的区域面积有轻微减少的趋势；干旱强度在全区范围内主要为轻旱和中旱等级，并表现为全域性干旱和区域性干旱；空间分布上看干旱率最高区域在东部地区，轻旱主要集中在东部，中旱、重旱和特旱集中在西部地区，干旱强度大的区域大致分布在西部地区；在周期性变化方面，SPI指数存在着6年、9年、16年周期震荡；历史旱灾与SPI指数干旱评价结果吻合率较高，SPI指数在昌吉地区作物生长季的干旱监测与分析中具有较好的实用性。