吉木萨尔凹陷致密油储层孔隙结构特征研究

采用高压压汞实验对新疆油田吉木萨尔凹陷致密油孔隙结构进行研究,并基于该实验数据,运用K-均值聚类分析法对孔隙结构进行分类。结果表明:储层高压压汞毛管压力曲线呈平台型,孔隙结构属高排驱压力-微纳孔喉结构,储集能力较好而渗流能力较差。孔喉分布复杂,多呈单峰或双峰分布,半径为0.005~9.19μm;Ⅰ类孔喉为0.02~0.57μm,Ⅱ类孔喉为0.01~0.04μm,Ⅲ类孔喉为0.005~0.02μm。利用SPSS软件计算研究区储层不同结构孔隙类型参数分布特征发现:具Ⅰ类孔隙结构特征的储层为致密油优势储层。     

鄂尔多斯靖边气田盒8段砂岩储层特征

根据铸体薄片、物性、岩性、孔隙结构和测井分析及化验资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田盒8段储层特征进行了研究。结果表明,该套储层砂岩主要由石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩等三类岩石构成,储集空间以剩余原生粒间孔、粒间溶孔为主。储层物性较差,裂缝对渗透率的影响不大。排驱压力不高,中值压力较高,最大孔喉半径和中值孔喉半径都很小,且分选性较差,歪度细。溶蚀作用改善储层的孔渗效果不佳,孔隙结构参数总体上较差。储层物性受沉积微相和成岩作用的影响,利用储层物性和孔隙结构参数,将盒8段储层分为四类,其中Ⅱ类储层为该区的主力储层。     

绥靖油田长2油藏储层特征及成岩作用研究

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性、孔隙结构和测井分析等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地绥靖油田长2储层特征进行的研究。结果表明,研究区长2发育河流相沉积,储层以原生粒间孔为主,多属于大孔隙~中孔隙。排驱压力和饱和度中值压力较低、孔喉分选性较差、孔喉体积比较小,储层存储性和渗流性都较好。储层质量受沉积微相和成岩作用的综合影响,多种成岩作用普遍发育,成岩阶段属晚成岩A期。     

鄂尔多斯盆地集义地区山西组砂岩储层孔隙结构特征及其与物性的关系

为科学评价鄂尔多斯盆地集义地区山西组砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征及其对物性的影响,对定量表征储层孔隙结构的主要参数进行了分析,并探讨其与物性的关系。研究表明:研究区山西组主要发育石英砂岩,次为岩屑石英砂岩,平均孔隙度为6.79%,平均渗透率为0.71 m D,总体上物性较差。储层孔隙类型有残余粒间孔、粒间溶蚀孔、格架颗粒内溶孔、微孔隙、微裂缝等。根据砂岩毛细管压力曲线形态和参数特征,将其划分为低排驱压力—粗喉型、较低排驱压力—较粗喉道型、中排驱压力—中喉道型、高排驱压力—细喉道型等4种类型。砂岩孔隙度、渗透率均与排驱压力呈负相关关系,与孔喉半径均值呈正相关关系,与孔喉的分选系数呈正相关关系。低渗、特低渗储层中以偏细喉道为主,发育的较粗喉道能有效提高孔隙度和渗透率。     

松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗砂岩储层物性及微观孔隙结构特征研究

通过岩心观察、镜下薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射、物性和压汞等资料分析,对松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗砂岩的岩石学特征、储层物性及微观孔隙结构特征进行了研究。研究表明,松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩,其次为岩屑长石砂岩,成分和结构成熟度较低,储层物性明显呈现出低孔低渗特征,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和溶蚀孔为主,孔喉半径较小,相对小孔喉所占比率较大,孔喉分选和连通性较差,非均质性强。在总体孔喉较小的背景下,随着较大孔喉半径的增大储层物性变好,而储层物性随着孔喉集中程度的增强而变差。根据经典的孔喉分类标准,将松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段低孔低渗透储层分为4类:细孔细喉型、微孔细喉型、微孔微细喉型和微孔微喉道型。     

昆北油田切12区E_3~1油藏储层孔隙结构及物性特征

为解决昆北油田切12区E13油藏在开发过程中存在的问题,综合利用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、物性以及压汞分析等资料,对该区储层孔隙结构及物性特征进行了综合研究。结果表明:切12区E13油藏以砾岩沉积为主,粒径较大;储层岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩;储层孔隙类型主要为原生粒间孔隙,其次为裂缝(构造缝)以及各类次生孔隙;压汞实验表明该区孔喉半径砾岩最粗,渗透性最好,根据压汞曲线形态可将孔隙结构分为4种类型:粗喉大孔型(Ⅰ)、粗喉小孔型(Ⅱ)、细喉大孔型(Ⅲ)和细喉小孔型(Ⅳ),其中细喉大孔型(Ⅲ)、细喉小孔型(Ⅳ)在区内最发育;研究区储层物性较差,属于低孔特低渗储层,但储层孔渗相关性较好,储层物性受沉积、成岩及构造作用的多重控制。     

致密气储层孔喉分形特征及其与渗流的关系--以鄂尔多斯盆地下石盒子组盒8段为例

选取鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段16块致密砂岩样品进行恒速压汞测试,结合同位样品核磁共振实验,分析了致密气储层孔喉分布特征;在此基础上,运用分形几何原理和方法,开展了致密气储层孔喉分形研究,并表征了分形与储层渗流特征和孔隙结构参数的关系。结果表明:致密气储层有效孔隙被亚微米-微米级孔喉所控制,其中孔隙主要为大孔和中孔,喉道由微喉道、微细喉道和细喉道所组成;致密气储层孔隙分布不具分形特征,而孔喉整体和喉道则符合分形结构,且分别对应分形维数D₁和D₂;基于储层孔喉分形结构与其渗流特征,将盒8段致密气储层孔喉分形结构划分为2种类型:Ⅰ型表现为阶段式分形特征,以进汞压力1 MPa为界,大于1 MPa孔喉具有分形特征,且储层阶段进汞饱和度主要由喉道贡献,反之,孔喉不符合分形特征,其进汞饱和度增量由孔隙贡献;Ⅱ型为整体式分形,进汞饱和度几乎全由喉道贡献。储层孔喉分形维数与渗透率、平均喉道半径和主流喉道半径存在较好的负相关性,与微观非均质系数呈现较明显的正相关性,而与孔隙度、平均孔隙半径和平均孔喉半径比之间没有明显的相关性。     

运用扫描电镜和压汞法研究江汉盆地古新统—白垩系砂岩储层孔喉结构及定量参数特征

通过储集层的孔喉结构来评价储层已广泛运用于油气开发,但目前尚未运用于钾盐储层的评价。本文利用扫描电镜和压汞法获得的大量储层孔隙、孔喉实验数据,研究了江汉盆地古新统—白垩系富钾卤水砂岩储层的孔喉类型和结构、毛细管压力曲线,以及孔喉定量特征参数。研究表明,古新统沙市组砂岩储层以Ⅱ类孔隙结构为主,排驱压力平均值为2.72 MPa,孔隙度平均值为6.32%。而白垩系红花套组砂岩储层以Ⅰ、Ⅱ类孔隙结构为主,Ⅰ类排驱压力平均值为0.28 MPa,孔隙度平均值为16.99%,渗透率为87.79×10~(-3)μm~2;Ⅱ类排驱压力平均值为1.103 MPa,孔隙度平均值为10.02%,渗透率为18.83×10~(-3)μm~2。通过综合分析孔喉定量特征参数(如最大汞饱和度、最大孔喉半径、中值半径、退汞效率等)来评价储层质量,认为古新统沙市组砂岩类型以粉砂岩为主,储层质量较差,属于特低孔低渗储层;白垩系红花套组砂岩类型以细砂岩为主,储层质量较好,属于低孔低渗储层。本研究为该区富钾卤水储层评价以及进一步勘探开发提供了可靠的地质依据。     

陕北斜坡东部上古生界储层评价

为研究陕北斜坡东部上古生界的储层特征,利用薄片、粒度、压汞、物性等资料,对储层的岩石学、孔隙结构、物性等特征进行分析。结果表明:储层砂岩主要为石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩以及二者之间的过渡类型;孔隙类型主要有原生孔隙、残余粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒内孔隙、溶蚀填隙物内孔隙、自生矿物晶间孔隙和少量的微裂缝性孔隙;砂岩总体上孔隙结构较差,储集性能不好;沉积作用对研究区砂岩储层孔隙度、渗透率影响较大,储层成岩作用影响略弱于沉积作用,构造运动影响更为有限;按照毛细管压力曲线建立的储层类型及其总体对应的测井相特征、相带类型和物性资料结合,建立起一套与孔喉结构相关的储层评价指标。     

辽河油田东部凹陷火成岩储层孔隙结构评价

对火成岩储层的核磁共振测井资料和实验室压汞资料进行对比,采用插值法建立地层孔隙流体的横向弛豫时间T_2与压汞曲线的压力P_C之间的关系,发现它们之间满足对数关系,并用T_2谱构造毛管压力曲线。分别利用线性方法和对数方法构造毛管压力曲线,对数方法构造的毛管压力曲线与实验测量的毛管压力曲线更接近。将研究结果应用于辽河油田东部凹陷火成岩储层孔隙结构的评价中,发现分选系数小、孔喉歪度大、最大进汞饱和度高和平均孔喉半径大的毛管应力曲线对应的孔隙结构较好。     

Controlling Effects of Tight Reservoir Micropore Structures on Seepage Ability: A Case Study of the Upper Paleozoic of the Eastern Ordos Basin,China

In this study, the types of micropores in a reservoir are analyzed using casting thin section(CTS) observation and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) experiments. The high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI) and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI) experiments are performed to study the micropore structure of the reservoir. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), gas-water relative seepage, and gas-water two-phase displacement studies are performed to examine the seepage ability and parameters of the reservoir, and further analyses are done to confirm the controlling effects of reservoir micropore structures on seepage ability. The experimental results show that Benxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Shihezi formations in the study area are typical ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Owing to compaction and later diagenetic transformation, they contain few primary pores. Secondary pores are the main pore types of reservoirs in the study area. Six main types of secondary pores are: intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, lithic dissolved pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, micropores, and microfracture. The results show that reservoirs with small pore-throat radius, medium displacement pressure, and large differences in pore-throat structures are present in the study area. The four types of micropore structures observed are: lower displacement pressure and fine pores with medium-fine throats, low displacement pressure and fine micropores with fine throats, medium displacement pressure and micropores with micro-fine throats, and high displacement pressure and micropores with micro throats. The micropore structure is complex, and the reservoir seepage ability is poor in the study areas. The movable fluid saturation, range of the gas-water two-phase seepage zone, and displacement types are the three parameters that well represent the reservoir seepage ability. According to the characteristic parameters of microscopic pore structure and seepage characteristics, the reservoirs in the study area are classified into four types(Ⅰ–Ⅳ), and types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ are the main types observed. From type Ⅰ to type Ⅳ, the displacement pressure increases, and the movable fluid saturation and gas-water two-phase seepage zone decrease, and the displacement type changes from the reticulation-uniform displacement to dendritic and snake like.     

致密砂岩储层与常规砂岩储层成藏动力学特征的差异性:以松辽盆地北部三肇地区扶余油层砂岩储层为例

为了研究三肇地区扶余油层砂岩储层特征,采用三维CT扫描技术和恒速压汞技术,对储层微观孔喉结构特征进行表征。结果表明,常规砂岩储层的孔喉大量发育,连通性好,为微米级孔喉。致密砂岩储层孔喉非均质性强,孤立零散分布,连通性差,以纳米级孔喉为主。微观孔喉特征的差异决定了油气充注、运移、聚集及渗流机理等成藏动力学特征具有差异性。通过对该区扶余油层砂岩储层的高压压汞实验、浮力与毛细管阻力公式计算及岩芯流动实验进行分析,认为油气在常规砂岩储层中初次运移动力是超压,二次运移及聚集的主要动力是浮力,油气以侧向运移为主,断层和砂体的匹配是主要的运移通道,流体流动状态呈达西渗流规律;油气在致密砂岩储层中运移动力为超压,油气以垂向运移为主,流体呈低速非达西渗流现象,以活塞-推挤的方式聚集。由于常规和致密油藏成藏动力学特征的差异,决定了油藏地质特征及分布的差异。三肇地区常规油藏主要是远距离、构造高部位聚集,上油下水规律明显,受构造控制;致密油藏主要是近距离、源下聚集,"甜点区"富集,圈闭边界不明显。     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储集层孔隙结构特征及储渗能力——以四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区灯四段为例

为全面表征缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储集层的孔隙结构特征及储渗能力,借助多种测试技术对四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区灯四段储集层样品进行分析与研究。首先利用铸体薄片和扫描电镜技术定性刻画了储集层的岩性、物性、储集空间和喉道特征,然后根据高压压汞得到的毛管压力曲线对储集层进行分类,最后基于多尺度CT扫描定量表征了3类样品的二维、三维孔隙结构特征。结果表明：研究区储集空间既有受组构控制的粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和晶间溶孔等,又有不受组构控制的溶洞、溶缝和构造缝;喉道以缩颈、片状和管束状为主;根据毛管压力曲线特征,储集层可划分为缝洞型、孔洞型和孔隙型;缝洞型大孔隙与溶洞发育,分布均匀且连通性好,喉道粗大且数量较多,微裂缝与溶洞串接呈串珠状分布,沟通了孤立的储集空间,具有最好的储渗能力;孔洞型多尺度孔隙与溶洞发育,储集能力强,喉道粗大但数量较少,连通性较差,各储集空间无法有效沟通,渗流能力受限;孔隙型细小孔隙发育且分布不均,大部分区域被岩石骨架占据,喉道数量少且连通性极差,储渗能力弱。     

孔隙结构对低渗-特低渗砂岩储层渗流特征的影响段储层为例——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段储层为例

通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察、孔喉图像、毛细管压力、恒速压汞、气水相对渗透率、核磁共振等多种分析实验手段,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储层的微观孔隙结构和渗流特征,探讨了孔隙结构对储层渗流特征的影响。结果表明,孔隙结构特征是影响低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的主要因素。而砂岩的孔隙结构特征主要受砂岩原生矿物组合与成岩演化过程及其产物的控制,盒8段各砂岩类型由于其矿物成分不同导致孔隙结构的差异,也是各砂岩类型储集性能与渗流能力存在差别的直接原因。在孔隙结构参数中,喉道的大小、有效孔隙与喉道的体积及其连通性是决定储层储集与渗流能力的关键。大孔喉对储层渗流能力的贡献更大,中-小孔喉则对储集能力的贡献相对较高。微裂缝是除孔隙结构以外影响砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的重要因素。     

济南岩溶含水介质孔隙结构特征

以济南泉域为例,基于2004-2019年济南岩溶泉域大气降水资料、地下水水位动态监测资料和岩芯的压汞实验结果,采用分形理论中孔隙分形维数法和数理统计的方法,探究含水岩层孔隙结构对泉水位动态的影响。结果表明:（1）炒米店组和三山子组2号样的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能好、储水空间较大;马家沟组北庵庄段的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能差,储水空间小;三山子组1号样和马家沟组东黄山段的孔隙发育不均匀,孔喉分布分散,岩石内部储水空间大;（2）岩层渗透率主要受孔喉分布的影响,济南泉域碳酸盐岩含水层的孔隙储水空间大、储水性能好,济南泉域独特的孔隙结构在维持趵突泉水位动态稳定中起到重要作用。      

Tight Carbonate Microstructure and its Controls: A Case Study of Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member,Central Sichuan Basin

Cast thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were used to examine the microstructure of tight carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic Da’anzhai Member, the central Sichuan Basin. The pore space in the Da’anzhai Member is classified into 2 types and 17 subtypes, with nano-scale pore throats of ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘Z’, and ‘I’ shapes. Poorly sorted pore throats vary greatly in diameter;thus, it is difficult for fluid flow to pass through these pore throats. There are three classes of pore throats in carbonate reservoirs, i.e. isolated pores, pores coexisting with fractures, and large pores and fractures. Isolated pores may provide some pore space, but the permeability is low. Pores and fractures coexisting in the reservoir may have a great impact on porosity and permeability;they are the major pore space in the reservoir. Large pores and fractures have a great impact on reservoir properties, but they only account for a limited proportion of total pore space. The microstructure of Da’anzhai reservoirs, which dominates fluid mobility, is dependent on sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and tectonic process. Pore structure is related to sedimentary environment. The occurrence of microfractures, which may improve reservoir properties, is dependent on tectonic process. Diageneses are of utmost importance to pore evolution, cementation and growth of minerals have played an important role in destroying reservoir microstructure.     

莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组储层微观孔喉特征及对物性的影响

通过恒速压汞实验,结合孔隙度和渗透率的测试,分析了莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组储层微观孔喉特征及其对储层物性的影响。结果表明:东方区黄流组储层以中孔、中-低渗为主,储层物性差异较大;储层孔隙半径分布相对集中,喉道半径及"孔喉比"非均质性较强;物性较差的储层小喉道所占比例较高,"孔喉比"较大,而物性较好的储层大喉道所占比例较高,"孔喉比"较小;喉道大小及其分布是影响储层渗透率大小的关键因素,储层的渗透性主要由所占比例较小的大喉道控制;受沉积作用的影响,莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组储层平均喉道半径小是低渗储层形成的主要原因。     

利用小角中子散射表征页岩闭孔结构与演化

随着页岩孔隙网络结构表征更加精细与定量化,页岩中闭孔含量、结构与演化引起了广泛关注.为研究页岩的闭孔特征,通过小角中子散射、氮气吸附、高压压汞和氩离子抛光—场发射扫描电镜等实验手段对四川盆地威201(W201)井中下志留统龙马溪组页岩、上奥陶统五峰组页岩和下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩中的闭孔含量及孔隙结构进行了测定,同时分析了...