温度-湿度-荷载综合作用下路基冻融过程试验研究

为了研究季节冻土路基内部温度场、水分场及应力场综合效应的变化特性,基于自主研发的温度-湿度-荷载综合模型试验测试系统,进行室内路基模型的冻结与融化循环试验,分析了冻融循环过程路基内部土体水、热及力学性能的变化特性.试验表明:冻结过程中,初期温度变化大,温度梯度从顶端向底部逐渐递减;路基顶冻结后,0℃冻结锋面不断往下移动,0℃分界线两段内温度梯度差异大;路基含水率分为冻结区未冻水含量似稳定段、过渡区未冻水快速相变段、未冻结区含水率减小段.融化过程中,温度变化先大后小,未冻结水含量与温度大小相关,路基内部含水量呈现中间增大,两端减小的情形.水热综合作用下,应力场表现:冻融过程中,路基回弹模量随着冻结深度的增大呈线性增加,随融化深度的增加而减小;路基回弹模量随冻融循环次数增加而衰减,当达到6次时,衰减趋于稳定.结果表明,土体水热耦合作用是影响路基土体力学性能的关键因素.     

Study of moisture migration in clay soils considering rate of freezing

The paper presents some methods of numerical modelling and a study of moisture changing in frozen clay soils considering rates of freezing in the foundation. An impact assessment of moisture changes in clay soils affecting strength characteristics during thawing was carried out in stability tests.     

季冻土路基永久变形现场监测与分析

利用光纤光栅开展了为期两年的季冻土路基永久变形现场监测,考虑了不同场地、不同时段、不同轴载组合对永久变形的影响。监测结果显示：（1）受气温影响,路基温度在正冻期和正融期随时间呈振荡线性变化,在一个冻融循环内,市区监测场地埋深30 cm和75 cm位置,地温变化范围分别为-9.0～14.4 ℃和-1.9～15.4 ℃,且随深度增加地温对气温的响应逐渐减弱,滞后性增强;（2）两个监测场地,当路基处于完全冻结状态时,车辆作用下的永久变形均较小,但在正融期,同样车重作用下路基永久变形增大,最大变形是冻结期的4.5倍,是融化期的4.2倍;（3）路基经历了两次冻融循环后,变形仍未稳定,在重载车辆作用下其永久变形仍不可忽视;（4）以轴重40 kN车辆引起的路基最大永久变形为基准,轴重80 kN及250 kN车辆引起的实测永久变形分别增大17倍及215倍,永久变形与轴重非线性关系明显;（5）冻融和重载叠加作用会产生最不利组合,放大路基永久变形,对此需特别关注。     

Deformation properties of frozen soils

This paper gives a brief account of the results of a series of oedometer tests and triaxial creep tests on frozen soils.

The oedometer tests are performed on artificially frozen sand, silt and clay. The tests also include ice as a reference material. The results are given by parameters describing the tangent deformation modulus and the time resistance against creep.

The triaxial creep tests are carried out on the artificially frozen clay, and on a permafrost clay from Spitsbergen. The data are interpreted in accordance with Hult's theory. The artificially frozen clay shows much higher creep resistance than the permafrost clay.

In addition to deformation moduli and creep parameters the routine data of the materials tested are also included.     

Soft-sediment deformation during thawing of ice-rich frozen soils: results of scaled centrifuge modelling experiments

The origin of periglacial involutions remains uncertain, largely because of the difficulties of field monitoring in modern permafrost regions. This paper describes an alternative approach, in which process studies are based on scaled centrifuge modelling of thawing ice-rich soils. Centrifuge scaling laws allow similitude in self-weight stresses between the model scale and the prototype (field) scale to be achieved. In these experiments, 120- to 130-mm-thick frozen models comprising a sand unit overlying ice-rich kaolinite clay (three models) or ice-rich silt (one model) were thawed under an acceleration of 20 gravities. The models were therefore equivalent to 2·4–2·6 m of frozen sediments (permafrost) at the prototype scale. Temperature profiles and porewater pressures during the thawing of each model are described. Porewater pressures significantly in excess of hydrostatic were not observed in the sand/silt model. In the sand/clay models, however, excess pressures developed rapidly after thawing, and observed fluctuations in pressure were interpreted as water-escape events. After thawing, careful sectioning of the models revealed small-scale deformation structures at the clay–sand interface, resulting from loading of the upper sand layer into very soft fluid-like clay and injection of clay upwards into the base of the sand. It is concluded that these experiments provide analogues for some Pleistocene involutions. Such involutions therefore mark phases of permafrost degradation when high porewater pressures caused loading and injection along sedimentary boundaries.     

提速条件下粉土铁路路基动态稳定性研究

路基的动态响应及稳定直接决定了提速列车运行的舒适度和安全性。通过室内循环三轴试验,模拟了路基在湿度变化与提速列车动荷载作用下的动态特性。根据试验结果,结合既有线提速路基的动应力变化规律发现：在最优含水率附近,当压实系数为0.90,提速情况下路基可保持稳定状态;若压实系数为0.85,在动应力不超过70 kPa时,路基稳定性较好,但随着动应力水平增加和加载频率增大,路基的累积变形加剧并产生动强度破坏。列车提速使路基的弹性变形增大,但对路基的回弹模量影响较小。路基湿度增加导致临界动应力、回弹模量显著降低,而回弹应变、循环累积应变迅速增加,有可能导致路基产生动强度破坏,因此,雨季时应限速行车。     

冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

Silica fume stabilization of an expansive clay subgrade and the effect of silica fume-stabilised soil cushion on its CBR

ABSTRACT

Expansive soil subgrades, which are subjected to dual swell-shrink problem consequent upon absorption and evaporation of water, need to be improved by chemical stabilization or compacted cushion or geosynthetic reinforcement in order that pavements constructed over them are even, stable and safe. This paper presents extensive experimental data on plasticity, free swell index (FSI) and compaction characteristics of a highly swelling expansive clay stabilized with varying silica fume contents. In another series of tests on a laterite soil to be used as a cushion over the expansive clay subgrade, plasticity properties, compaction characteristics and strength characteristics were determined at varied silica fume contents. Further, CBR of the expansive clay subgrade was determined in the laboratory stabilizing it with varied silica fume contents and providing a cushion of 50 mm thickness of silica fume-stabilized lateritic soil. Liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI) and free swell index (FSI) of the expansive clay decreased with increasing silica fume contents. The compaction and strength characteristics of both the soils improved with silica fume stabilization. The CBR of the expansive clay provided with silica fume-stabilized cushion improved significantly.     

钻孔埋管注盐法整治季节冻土区路基冻害现场试验研究

以季节冻土区青藏铁路环青海湖段路基冻害为背景,通过选取典型冻害断面,从水分、温度和土性三个方面分析了环湖段路基冻害成因。根据路基病害处理中成熟应用的注浆和注盐法,提出采用钻孔埋管注盐法整治路基病害技术,通过现场冻胀观测,检验注盐法整治路基的有效性。结果表明：环湖段路基冻害主要是由于路基土体内存在一层低液限低渗透性的粉质黏土,黏粒含量高,含水率大,冻深最大为1.5 m,粉质黏土层冻结,引起路基冻胀。结合现场试验段,对用盐量、盐的成分、施工工艺与参数提出合理的施工建议。现场冻胀监测表明,钻孔埋管注盐段路基的冻胀量明显降低,可用于季节冻土区路基冻害的整治治理。     

Deformability characteristics of brazilian laterites

This paper summarizes the resilient and permanent deformation characteristics of laterite gravels, determined by cyclic loading in triaxial tests of compacted specimens. A study of laterite pavements was carried out on eight paved road sections in the state of Mato Grosso. Also reported is the influence of fine sand admixture, specimen size and soaking in two laterite samples from Roraima and Rondônia in the North of Brazil. The experimental relationships of resilient moduli against applied stresses are interpreted empirically for models what may be incorporated in a structural analysis of full depth of laterite pavement.     

天然盐渍土冻融循环时水盐迁移规律及强度变化试验研究

通过对新疆喀什地区12处天然盐渍土室内基本性质试验分析,选取典型天然盐渍土,在开放系统中进行反复冻融循环条件下的试验研究。研究了天然盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的水分和盐分迁移规律及强度变化特征。试验结果表明:经多次冻融循环,低液限粘土试样水分重分布与盐分重分布有很大的一致性,水分和盐分自下而上迁移;试样粘聚力自下而上线形减小,内摩擦角呈s形分布。含砂低液限粘土试样冻融循环过程中,易溶盐均随水分向冷端面迁移,离子剖面呈现中间大两端小的趋势;试样粘聚力呈反s形分布,内摩擦角均呈s形分布。     

Some aspects of artificial thawing of frozen soils

Despite its important practical value the problem of artificial thawing of frozen soils by the vertical, cylindrical defreezer-pipe method has been studied only comparatively recently.

To facilitate excavation and/or foundation work in frozen soil in seasonally freezing and/or permafrost regions, the frozen soil can be loosened up, among other methods, by artificial thawing. For this purpose it is necessary to evaluate the amount of thermal energy needed to bring about the desired thawing. Such an evaluation involves consideration of the relationships between the frozen and thawed soil properties; temperature of the defrosting agent; the size and spacing of the defreezer pipes; and the time required to thaw a certain amount of frozen soil. Although in practice several methods are used for artificial thawing, in this paper, discussion on and calculations for defrosting of frozen soil are presented relative only to thawing by means of vertically installed defreezer pipes.     

Analysis of microscopic pore structures of the silty clay before and after freezing–thawing under the subway vibration loading

With the rapid development of the subway rail transit, the effect of the cyclic loading on the surrounding foundations and buildings has drawn wide attention. In addition to the in situ tests and the laboratory triaxial tests, microscopic tests also provide an effective way to clarify the physical and mechanical characteristics of soils. On the other hand, the characteristics of the soft silty clay before and after freezing–thawing has been less studied. In this paper, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests following the cyclic triaxial tests of silty clay layer were performed to investigate the variations of the microscopic pore structures of the layer before and after freezing–thawing. The corrected Otsu method was used to obtain the binary SEM images of silty clay. The porosity results demonstrate that the magnifications from 1000× up to 5000× were suitable for observation of the silty clay microstructures. The binary SEM images of soil pore structures were quantitatively analyzed, including the porosity, the size distribution, the pore shape coefficient, the pore orientation distribution and the fractal dimension. The pore orientation of samples without loading is arranged in the horizontal direction, while the pores of samples under cyclic loadings are arranged in the vertical. After freezing–thawing, the mean anisotropy value of the microscopic pore structures increased about 12% and the porosity of samples without loadings increases about 11.24%. The lower the freezing temperature is, the larger the porosity within the samples becomes. However, the freezing–thawing has little effect on the pore shape coefficient of the silty clay. The porosity of the silty clay increases with an increase in pore diameter, but it decreases with the increase in excess pore pressure. In addition, the microscopic pore structures of the silty clay exhibit fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension is reduced by the disturbance from the effect of freezing–thawing, coupled with the effect of cyclic loading.     

结构型式对寒区高铁路基冻结特征影响试验研究

哈尔滨至大连客运专线是我国在中-深季节冻土地区设计、建造和运营的第一条高速铁路,其独特的工程地质条件以及在低温环境下线路的苛刻要求引发的工程需求对寒区路基的稳定性问题提出了新的严峻挑战。通过在不同冻深区选择典型性路基断面,以用来监测路基的稳定性和冻结特征。并通过对运营后第1个冻融期内的监测数据分析发现,路基的结构型式对寒区高铁路基的冻结特征有着显著的差别性影响和制约作用。结果表明：对比路堑段的中部及其临近路堑进出口处的路堤段,路堤段存续有较长时间和较厚的冻结夹层,其堑-堤地温差值也随着纬度的增加而增加。同时发现在4月份的路基中存在有一定厚度的高温冻结夹层。而同一区域内,路堑的最大冻结深度要较路堤的冻结深度浅20～50 cm,但相反的是,路堑的最大变形却较路堤的要大2～5 mm,这种差值越向北越明显。同时在春融期内,路堑段的冻深变化速率在0上下剧烈波动,此时变形产生了突变式上升,而路堤段的冻深变化速率却在负值区内变化,变形并未发生明显的突变。     

Overconsolidation effects of ground freezing

Temporary ground freezing is a valuable technique for stabilizing soft soils during construction. It imparts large increases in strength and bearing capacity to most soils. However, freezing can cause significant changes in soil structure and density which can lead to adverse settlement during thaw.

Settlement of clay soils after freezing and thawing is the result of the suction forces that draw pore water to the freezing front. These suction forces cause an increase in the effective stress on the clay beneath the freezing front, and thus cause an overconsolidation of the clay. As these suction forces often exceed 1 atm, their direct measurement is not easy.

A technique for indirectly determining the maximum suction occurring during freezing is presented which utilizes the apparent memory that clay soils have for maximum past (preconsolidation) pressures. Suctions as large as 532 kN m⁻² were observed after freezing and thawing a clay soil which was initially consolidated to 128 kN m⁻².

The volume changes resulting from the freezing and thawing of clays were related to the plastic limit and were observed in the laboratory to be as high as 25%. If provisions are not made to account for these volume changes in a ground freezing project, considerable damage to structures can occur from settlement and the resulting stresses.     

季节冻土区高速公路路基土中的水分迁移变化

在季节冻土区,路基水分迁移变化是道路冻害最积极活跃的因素.在路堑段,不管地下水位埋深大小,冻结期间水分都向路基上部路床迁移,但其特征有所不同.线路气候条件和路基土质条件都对水分竖向的迁移和冻胀大小有重要影响.这种竖向迁移,导致路基上部土层产生强烈冻胀作用.水分的它向迁移(包括路肩坡面、失效的排水沟、路面裂缝和中央隔离带等)也可能是产生道路冻害的不可忽视的因素.道路修建以后,其路基土的干湿状态可能比当初设计状态严重恶化,从而产生冻害.     

Alluvial soils as subgrade material: Laboratory and statistical evaluation

In India, rural roads are constantly being constructed. To ensure proper design of rural roads, it is desirable to have an appropriate selection of design parameters. The California bearing ratio (CBR) method of pavement design is the most commonly used method employed for the foundation design of rural roads. In the CBR method, the CBR value of the subgrade soil is critical in deciding the overall thickness of the pavement. Additionally, for good drainage, a typical specification for the pavement foundation design requires the value of permeability coefficient of the subgrade material to be specified. Thus, permeability and CBR constitute two important parameters in the design and assessment of long-term performance of the pavement. In this study, laboratory investigation has been carried out on a number of soil samples procured from a roadwork project site. Preliminary tests, such as index tests and particle size distribution tests, useful for soil classification, were followed by light compaction, CBR and variable head permeability tests. Further, observations from the laboratory investigation are statistically analysed to study correlations among various parameters. Because the predominant soil type found in the study area is alluvial, this study also highlights the suitability of alluvial soils as pavement subgrade material.     

Frost heave of unsaturated loamy soil under field conditions

A study on the heaving properties of morainal loamy soil was carried out under field conditions on two grounds. The loamy soils with broken structures were situated in the form of embankments of different density on the first ground.

On the second ground the heave of the morainal loamy soil with unbroken structure was investigated. On this ground concrete foundations were laid 1 × 1 m in size and with pressures at the foot of 0.005 MPa, 0.025 MPa, 0.05 MPa and 0.1 MPa. Besides, some foundations were placed on the surface, and the foot of the others was 0.5 m below the surface of the ground.

The intensity of the heave of the morainal loamy soils is determined by the value of volumetrical moisture. Migration of moisture took place from thawed layers situated below to the boundary of freezing during the whole period of freezing.

The increase of the external pressure upon the foundation (up to 0.1 MPa) did not result in a decrease of displacements of the most loaded foundations. The deformations of the foundation during its freezing and thawing in the limits of the foot of one foundation were relatively un-uniform. The relative deformation foundation value at maximal freezing ranged from 0.0014 to 0.014. During the thawing of the freezing loamy soil the relative deformation of the foot of experimental foundations ranged from 0.002 to 0.048. During the thawing the largest un-uniformity of the sediment corresponded to the most loaded foundations.

The distribution of the loamy soil heave value in the limits of the experimental ground may be considered subjected to the normal law of distribution.     

季节性冻土地区客专路基现场试验

鉴于哈尔滨-大连（哈大）客专路基设计工后沉降不大于15mm的要求,开展了路基现场试验．对路基中的温度、沉降变形及冻胀力的变化情况进行观测．结论表啊：线路所处地区,10月下旬开始冻结,来年2月后地表附近地温过程线开始上抬;冻结层直到4月中旬才全部处于正温,最大冻深约为1．66m,应做好防治措施．经过观测,路基在经历冻融循...     

多年冻土区铁路路基导热系数监测与分析

为分析冻融过程、 道砟覆盖及降雨对多年冻土区铁路路基土体导热系数的影响, 对青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路基试验段和天然地表土体开展导热系数、 温度、 水分原位监测。结果表明： 融化期导热系数波动均明显大于冻结期, 天然场地导热系数在冻结期大于融化期, 而无道砟覆盖路基土体和道砟覆盖路基土体的导热系数在冻结期小于融化期, 与通常的认知和温度场模拟取值相反; 道砟层的保温和阻水效应导致道砟覆盖路基土体含水量和导热系数均小于无道砟覆盖路基土体, 冻结期路基土体导热系数有减小趋势, 道砟覆盖路基土体尤为显著; 降雨入渗增大土体导热系数, 低含水量的道砟覆盖路基土体导热系数对降雨的响应最强烈。寒区路基工程数值模拟时, 应考虑水热变化对导热系数的影响, 不宜采用固定相变区间的分段函数或阶跃函数预估导热系数。