20世纪90年代以来东北暴雨过程特征分析

使用1990～2005年全国730站日降水资料和NCEP格点分析资料对1990～2005年东北地区大暴雨过程进行了分类研究,探讨21世纪前后夏季东北暴雨的主要特征.按照东北地区日降雨量大于50 mm的站点数不少于5个的标准,统计出1990～2005年东北地区的69个暴雨个例(共90天).在统计的基础上,进一步对造成大范围暴雨过程的天气形势进行分类研究.考虑阻塞高压、热带、副热带系统和西风带之间的相互关系,将暴雨过程的主要影响系统大致分为6类:(1)台风与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)的远距离相互作用(20个,28.9%);(2)登陆台风(或南来低涡)北上与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)相互作用(16个,23.2%);(3)台风直接暴雨(1个,1.5%);(4)低槽冷锋暴雨(16个,23.2%);(5)低空切变型暴雨(2个,2.9%);(6)东北低涡暴雨(14个,20.3%).在所有个例中与台风有关的共有37个,超过一半,占总数53.6%.台风的远距离水汽输送或登陆台风北上与西风带系统相互作用是东北地区产生大暴雨或持续性大暴雨的重要环流条件.此外,东北低涡和西风槽前系统造成暴雨个例也比较多,也是东北地区大范围暴雨的重要影响系统,低槽冷锋暴雨和东北低涡暴雨也各分为4小类.低空切变暴雨的切变线一般在低层较为明显.上述分析表明,夏季东北地区暴雨过程种类繁多,情况较为复杂,且进入新世纪以来该区降雨过程较为活跃,值得深入研究.     

华北地区台风暴雨的统计特征分析

应用1949-2000年台风、降水、历史天气图等资料,对发生在华北地区的台风暴雨进行统计研究,得到了其时空分布、登陆地点、移动路线、季节特征以及与中纬度系统相互作用的关系。结果表明：52年中,由台风引起的暴雨共51次,平均约每年1次,且主要出现在夏季(尤以7,8月最多);影响华北的台风登陆地点以及移出或消失地点具有明显的特征,福建、浙江沿海登陆次数最多,江苏北部到山东南部没有台风登陆,而这一地区为台风移出最多区域;登陆台风强度较强时,出现较大降水的概率大,而台风强度较弱时造成较大降水的概率相对较小。     

郑州市暴雨的气候特征

统计分析了郑州市7站自建站始至2005年的全部暴雨天气过程，结果显示：暴雨天气发生在夏半年（4～10月）；站暴雨年平均1．3～2．8次，区域性暴雨年平均1．5次；郑州地区暴雨出现次数南部多于北部，东部多于西部，其中登封是郑州市出现暴雨次数最多的测站；暴雨次数的年际变化呈明显波动形势；造成郑州市夏季暴雨的主要天气系统有低槽型、切变线型、副高西伸型、台风或台风倒槽型等。     

郑州市暴雨的气候特征

统计分析了郑州市7站自建站始至2005年的全部暴雨天气过程,结果显示:暴雨天气发生在夏半年(4~10月);单站暴雨年平均1.3~2.8次,区域性暴雨年平均1.5次;郑州地区暴雨出现次数南部多于北部,东部多于西部,其中登封是郑州市出现暴雨次数最多的测站;暴雨次数的年际变化呈明显波动形势;造成郑州市夏季暴雨的主要天气系统有低槽型、切变线型、副高西伸型、台风或台风倒槽型等。     

周口市夏季暴雨特征及其预报

利用1970～2000年31年历史天气图资料,分析了周口市夏季暴雨的基本特征和主要天气形势.采用统计分型,分别找出低槽型、切变线型、台风倒槽型暴雨的24 h预报指标.     

中国台风特大暴雨综述

Nina(7503)台风于1975年8月在河南林庄造成24 h 1062 mm的特大暴雨,成为中国大陆台风暴雨之最。1975年,发生在中国大陆的这场特大暴雨,冲垮水库河堤,洪水泛滥,酿成大灾。中国24 h 1000 mm或以上的台风特大暴雨,称之为极端暴雨(Extreme rain),除这次外,还出现过多次,但都发生在台湾。分析表明,台风特大暴雨并不完全依赖于台风强度或内核对流强度,还和环境不同尺度环流系统与台风的相互作用、下垫面对台风环流的作用及台风上层云微物理过程有关。因此,登陆台风残涡复苏所下暴雨往往会超过强台风的暴雨;台风外围尤其是台风倒槽辐合区所下的暴雨也可能会超过台风中心暴雨。造成极端暴雨的台风有一些显著特点:极端暴雨产生在登陆或近海台风维持和停滞时段;低空急流、季风涌、双台风作用及内陆大面积水体是登陆台风获得水汽和潜热能量的主要来源;中纬度槽与登陆台风或残涡相互作用,可向台风或残涡提供位能和不稳定能量,使其产生更大降水;山脉地形对极端暴雨的形成起重要作用;台风高层云团中的微物理过程,对极端暴雨的形成有重要作用。     

周口市夏季暴雨特征及其预报

利用1970～2000年31年历史天气图资料，分析了周口市夏季暴雨的基本特征和主要天气形势。采用统计分型，分别找出低槽型、切变线型、台风倒槽型暴雨的24h预报指标。     

厦门连续性暴雨天气气候特征

1956～2002年厦门降水资料和相应天气图资料分析结果表明厦门连续性暴雨天气过程主要产生在台风季和雨季；雨季间连续性暴雨环流背景是500 hPa的阻塞形势,分单阻和双阻两型,850 hPa形势特征则表现为低涡切变偏南和低空西南急流两型；台风连续性暴雨的台风路径主要有台湾类和南海类两类,所对应的主要登陆地段分别是厦门至福清和厦门至珠江口,500hPa环流形态有台风倒槽、台风后部、槽台迎近和北槽南台4类.     

近40年夏季江苏引发暴雨的江淮气旋统计分析

使用Lu(2017)改进的温带气旋识别和追踪方法得出的江淮气旋资料,统计分析了近40年夏季江苏引发暴雨的江淮气旋概况、路径、形势特征和对应暴雨的主要落区。结果表明,夏季江淮气旋造成江苏暴雨的频次空间上在江淮之间最多,并向北和向南依次递减;时间上在6月最多,约占该月暴雨总次数的1/3。致暴江淮气旋暴雨落区与江淮气旋的路径有一定的对应关系,在淮北和江淮地区,暴雨在致暴江淮气旋过境地区均匀分布,但在苏南地区,暴雨主要集中在苏南的中西部。致暴江淮气旋天气形势可分为偏西气流型和低槽型两类,其中低槽型出现的次数约为偏西气流型的2倍。偏西气流型暴雨区位于500hPa南侧暖湿的西南气流与北侧西北气流的过渡带中,低槽型暴雨区位于槽前西南气流中。850hPa两种类型基本相似,都为闭合的低涡,且低涡位置相比于700hPa明显南移。江淮和苏南地区的暴雨落区大都位于700和850hPa低涡中心的南侧、700hPa急流的北部和850hPa急流的北侧。偏西气流型和低槽型造成的暴雨范围基本相当,但低槽型产生的暴雨量要大于偏西气流型。     

中山市前汛期暴雨的环流系统分型及成因分析

针对中山市前汛期(4—6月)暴雨降水过程的环流形势场进行分型,对前汛期暴雨形成的动力、热力因子、水汽条件等进行分析。得出:中山市前汛期暴雨有5个主要环流类型,分别为华北槽型、高原东部槽型、南支槽型、西南低涡型以及热带系统型,出现天数最多的为南支槽型;在南支槽型和华北槽型中,高层均存在明显的辐散气流;200~850 h Pa相对涡度差小于零,高层负涡度、低层正涡度相配合为暴雨产生提供了所需的动力条件;暴雨区内低层水汽输送为暴雨的发生发展提供有利的水汽条件;高温高湿的大气层结,为暴雨形成提供有利的对流不稳定条件。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.