南海复蘑菇状地幔低速柱结构及其地幔动力学

运用高分辨率天然地震面波层析成像和体波层析成像技术,研究东亚西太平洋地区及全球地幔三维速度结构时发现南海地区地幔存在深达2000km以上的巨型复蘑菇状地幔低速柱,结合地质、地球化学和地球物理相关标志,将复蘑菇状地幔低速柱称为南海复蘑菇状地幔柱。本文在论述南海复蘑菇状地幔柱的地质地球物理特征基础上,将地幔柱划分为柱头、柱体、柱尾、幔枝和热点等部分,建立起地幔柱三维几何结构模型,探讨了复蘑菇状地幔柱在南海海盆扩张过程中的主导作用以及欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和印度洋板块相互作用对南海演化过程的影响。     

东北地区地幔热柱构造与成矿成藏作用

东北地区处于古亚洲构造域和西太平洋构造域的叠合部位.该区地幔热柱存在8个地质标志:①南北以西伯利亚板块和华北板块太古代基底(断裂)为界,东西以变质核杂岩体分布为界,基本与日本海毗邻的范围为亚地幔柱的规模;②在佳木斯-牡丹江缝合线内见有科马提岩、苦橄岩,可能为地幔热柱的中心;③水系分布呈放射状及莫霍面分布为松辽盆地幔隆起一致;④典型的热穹隆状态;⑤以花岗岩为主的火成岩省;⑥中生代基性玄武岩基本落入Nb/Ta-Nb图解的地幔柱范围;⑦形成坍塌裂谷特征;⑧岩石圈地幔呈蘑菇云状上涌,地震层析资料证实与太平洋板块俯冲具有相辅相成关系.中生代地幔热柱成矿成藏作用的时空分布具有同时代、同火成岩构造控制,山岭成矿,盆地成藏特征.从He及Ar同位素组成阐明金属矿床与油气田的同源性,分析了幔枝构造是在地表的表现形式,无疑对当今深部找矿及海相油气田的勘查具有理论指导意义.     

南海洋脊抽吸作用对其周边新生代玄武质岩浆活动的影响

洋中脊与地幔柱相互作用诱发的洋脊抽吸作用,被认为是产生富集型洋中脊玄武岩以及某些洋岛和海山的重要地质过程。但是,对于边缘海扩张是否同样会产生洋脊抽吸作用并控制其周边的玄武质岩浆活动,目前仍不清楚。南海海盆是世界上最大的边缘海海盆之一,它的扩张时间为~32~16 Ma。由于其周边分布有大量的软流圈来源的玄武岩,因而是讨论这一问题的理想研究区。文章对相对远离南海扩张中心的浙江省新生代玄武岩进行了K-Ar定年工作,发现浙江余姚的新生代玄武岩主要形成于渐新世至早中新世(32.2~21.7 Ma),属于南海扩张期的玄武岩。前人研究发现,南海周边的新生代玄武岩主要是形成于南海盆地扩张结束之后。结合前人数据和此次研究的年龄结果发现,越远离南海扩张中心,中国东南部的南海扩张期玄武质岩浆活动越密集。洋脊抽吸作用可以很好的解释这一时空分布规律,因为上涌的地幔流会汇聚在南海扩张中心的区域。而在浙江地区发现了南海扩张期玄武岩,则表明该区域深部的地幔流并没有受到南海洋脊抽吸作用的显著影响。     

中国南方新生代地幔柱活动的地球化学证据

中国南海海盆、海南岛、雷琼和龙海—明溪地区新生代玄武岩的总体相当于洋岛玄武岩（OIB）,富集高场强元素（HFSE）,尤其是富集Nb、Ta、U、Ti。南海海盆新生代玄武岩是玻利尼西亚型（Polynesian）、夏威夷型（Hawaii）和MORB型共存,可能是在扩张洋脊上面形成的OIB,下地幔成因的超地幔柱上升致使上地幔物质加入,海南岛和雷琼地区玄武岩具有与南海海盆玄武岩大致相似的成因。大陆板内同时代的龙海—明溪地区玄武岩具特别高的Nb/Zr和Nb/Y值,均表现为地幔柱成因的玻利尼西亚型玄武岩,其形成既可能有古老俯冲洋壳熔融后榴辉岩质残余下沉至下地幔成因,也可能有包括下地壳在内的岩石圈物质的贡献。     

中国边缘海域及其邻区的岩石层结构与构造分析

利用中国边缘海域近年的地震层析成像结果,根据速度异常和各向异性分析东海、黄海和南海北部的岩石层结构和构造,讨论中朝块体和扬子块体在黄海内部的拼合边界(黄海东部断裂带)、东海陆架盆地上地幔异常与岩石层形成演化、南海北部地壳底部高速层的成因及地幔活动等问题。分析表明,黄海东部与朝鲜半岛之间存在一个深部构造界限(大致对应于黄海东部断裂带),分界两侧Pn波速度各向异性存在明显差异,反映不同构造应力和断裂剪切运动作用下的岩石层地幔变形特征。东海陆架下方的低速异常揭示了张裂盆地形成时期的地幔活动痕迹,表明中、新生代期间发生过地幔上涌并造成岩石层减薄,菲律宾海板块向西俯冲引发的地幔活动对东海陆架岩石层的形成、演化产生明显的影响。南海北部岩石层厚度较大并且温度相对偏低,地幔异常仅限于局部地区,估计南海北部大陆边缘的地壳底部高速层形成于张裂发生之前,或者是地壳形成时期壳幔分异时的产物。南海中央海盆的扩张不仅导致地壳拉张,软流层物质上涌,而且也造成岩石层地幔减薄甚至缺失。     

山东蓬莱新生代玄武岩的构造背景及宝石找矿前景

山东蓬莱位于胶东地体北缘中部。板块动力作用形成了前古生代近EW向构造和中生代NE—NNE向走滑断层,侏罗纪以来地幔柱构造作用逐渐加强,地壳伸展减薄,幔源物质上涌,导致新生代碱性玄武岩喷发。碱性玄武岩中普通辉石、镁铝榴石等可作为低档宝石原料。玄武岩的构造背景、喷发形式、火山机构、岩性特征等与昌乐赋蓝宝石的碧玄岩极为相似,经过有针对性的详细调查研究,寻找红、蓝宝石是有希望的。     

山西新生代汉诺坝玄武岩成因探讨

根据区域地质调查资料,对山西新生代汉诺坝玄武岩的4个火山洼地、7条剖面进行研究。各个火山旋回底部先出现拉斑玄武岩,向上变为碱性玄武岩,岩石均富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素。由东向西,火山喷发时间由早到晚,岩浆活动由弱到强,拉斑玄武岩减少,碱性玄武岩增多,亚碱性玄武岩的稀土元素和微量元素丰度降低,碱性玄武岩的稀土元素和微量元素丰度升高。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上,亚碱性玄武岩具Nb、Ta负异常(槽)或呈双峰式,为岛弧玄武岩; 碱性玄武岩呈“隆起”状,类似于洋岛玄武岩(OIB)。山西汉诺坝玄武岩是板块俯冲与地幔柱联合作用的结果,以地幔柱成因为主,板块俯冲成因为辅。亚碱性玄武岩向碱性玄武岩转变,可能代表玄武岩以板块俯冲成因为主转为以地幔柱成因为主; 碱性玄武岩由钾质向钠质变化、亚碱性玄武岩向富铁镁演化,可能分别代表地幔柱向浅、板块俯冲向深的演化过程。     

海南地幔柱与南海形成演化

东南亚上地幔地震层析成像表明,海南岛周围之下存在地幔柱,近垂直的低波速柱体位于海南岛及南海之下,从浅部向下穿越660 km的不连续面处（上下地幔的分界面）并一直延伸到1 900 km。南海及周边地区包括雷琼半岛、海南岛、北部湾盆地、广西北海涠洲岛、以及中南半岛等地,分布有一定量的新生代碱性玄武岩,它们的地球化学数据显示出OIB的特点并具有DUPAL异常,表明其源区较深。此外,由南海新生代碱性玄武岩中的橄榄石-流体平衡所推导的南海底地幔潜在温度（ 1 661℃）位于夏威夷（1 688℃）与冰岛热点（1 637℃）相应值之间,为海南岛地幔柱的存在提供了岩石学及矿物化学方面的约束。基于以上地球物理学、地球化学及矿物化学方面的证据,结合数字模拟实验资料,表明在海南岛及邻近区域之下存在地幔柱。建立了一个南海形成演化的初步模型：（1）50~32 Ma,印度洋板块-欧亚板块碰撞及其所导致的太平洋板块后退的综合效应为南海地区提供了一个伸展环境,进而为地幔柱物质的上升提供了通道;（2）32~21 Ma,当地幔柱柱头到达软流圈时, 由于侧向物质流与扩张中心发生相互作用,促进了南海的扩张,并在26~24 Ma期间发生了洋脊重新就位,使扩张中心从原来的18°N附近（即现今西北海盆的中心）调整到15.5°N附近（即现今的东部亚盆）;（3）21~15.5 Ma, 随着地幔柱效应的逐渐增强,热点-洋脊相互作用越来越强烈,在大约21 Ma发生了洋脊的再次重新就位事件,诱发了西南海盆的扩张;（4）15.5 Ma~现在,由于印澳板块前缘与巽他大陆碰撞,使得南海大约在15.5 Ma停止扩张,并沿着南沙海槽及吕宋海沟向菲律宾岛弧及巴拉望地块之下俯冲,而南海热点继续活动,直到第四纪还有碱性玄武岩喷出 地表。     

广东三水盆地火山岩: 地球化学特征及成因--兼论火山岩性质的时空演化和南海形成的深部过程

位于中国东南部的三水盆地、珠江口盆地、雷琼半岛和北部湾地区广泛分布新生代火山岩。火山岩的形成时间具有从内陆向沿海变新的特点,早第三纪三水和珠江口盆地火山岩具有由玄武岩与粗面岩-流纹岩构成的双峰式特点。其中玄武岩和粗面岩的微量元素和稀土元素的配分形式相似,富集大离子亲石元素并且有相似的εNd(T)同位素组成(2.34～6.4),说明它们来自相同的地幔源区,为同源岩浆演化的产物。玄武岩和粗面岩经历了不同的结晶分异过程,其中玄武岩在较深部岩浆房中经历橄榄石和单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用,而粗面岩则是在浅部岩浆房中由玄武岩浆分异形成的过渡性岩浆再经过强烈的钾长石和斜长石、以及磷灰石的结晶分异形成的。晚第三纪珠江口盆地和北部湾火山岩、雷琼半岛第四纪火山岩则由碱性和拉斑玄武岩构成。这些火山岩的形成时间和地球化学和同位素特征表明它们经历了连续的软流圈地幔上涌和部分熔融过程,受控于自晚中生代以来的地幔柱构造。南海的形成是地幔柱活动引起的地幔上涌和大陆裂解作用的结果。     

东天山自然铜矿化带玄武岩的起源、演化及成岩构造背景

新疆东天山地区与玄武岩有关的自然铜矿化带位于东天山觉罗塔格构造带内,自西向东有十里坡、黑龙峰、长城山、东尖峰等主要矿(化)点,自然铜矿化主要发育在玄武岩、杏仁状玄武岩及凝灰岩夹层中。本文基于玄武岩的地球化学特征,研究东天山自然铜矿化带玄武岩是否与地幔柱有关、岩浆源区性质、岩浆演化、成岩构造背景等问题。研究显示,东天山自然铜矿化带玄武岩与地幔柱岩浆活动无直接关系,整个天山地区是否存在石炭-二叠纪地幔柱岩浆活动也需要进一步的研究; 玄武岩起源于亏损岩石圈地幔,是演化岩浆的产物; 演化的玄武质岩浆形成后,在岩浆房中或上升至地表的过程中没有发生明显的分离结晶作用,也没有受到明显的地壳物质混染; 与玄武岩对应的地幔橄榄岩平衡原生岩浆演化的高镁岩浆的产物,可能为东天山地区与铜镍硫化物成矿有关的基性-超基性岩,指示这些铜镍硫化物矿床可能与地幔柱岩浆活动也没有关系; 玄武岩形成于新疆北部后碰撞构造阶段的伸展期,是在拉张应力体制下,由于软流圈上涌导致岩石圈地幔部分熔融而形成。     

莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟带热流体活动对天然气运聚成藏的控制作用

莺歌海盆地是一个在新生代发育起来的南海北部被动大陆边缘的年轻高热盆地, 其高地温场及高大地热流值主要集中于盆地中部坳陷区的泥-流体底辟构造带.因此, 底辟发育演化与热流体上侵活动, 尤其是上新世晚期的热流体活动控制了天然气及CO₂的运聚与成藏特征.同时, 由于热流体上侵活动的分区分块与分层的局部性侵入, 导致了壳源型和壳幔混合型CO₂及烃类气运聚富集的分区分块与分层的局部富集特点.总之, 泥-流体底辟作用中热流体上侵活动是控制天然气尤其是CO₂运聚乃至富集成藏的主导因素, 而壳源型和壳幔混合型CO₂等非烃气与烃类气运聚成藏时间及运聚通道的差异, 则是控制和制约烃类气与非烃气差异运聚及富集成藏的关键.根据本区CO₂等非烃气与烃类气的地化特征及运聚规律, 可以分析和预测其运聚成藏模式, 为天然气勘探部署提供依据.      

初论地幔热柱与成矿——以冀西北金银多金属成矿区为例

作者通过对冀两北金、银多金属矿化集中区成矿规律和物探航磁、重力及遥感信息的综合研究,提出冀西北地区存在一个超越内蒙地轴与燕山褶皱带两个不同历史大地构造单元之上的中生代地幔热柱构造。文中例举了地幔热梓构造标志特征,探讨了地幔热柱构造地质作用（超变质作用、岩浆作用、成矿作用）及其时空演化规律,建立了地幔热柱构造的壳幔成矿模式。     

Vertical velocity of mantle flow of East Asia and adjacent areas

Based on the high-resolution body wave tomographic image and relevant geophysical data, we calculated the form and the vertical and tangential velocities of mantle flow. We obtained the pattern of mantle convection for East Asia and the West Pacific. Some important results and understandings are gained from the images of the vertical velocity of mantle flow for East Asia and the West Pacific. There is an upwelling plume beneath East Asia and West Pacific, which is the earth’s deep origin for the huge rift valley there. We have especially outlined the tectonic features of the South China Sea, which is of the “工” type in the upper mantle shield type in the middle and divergent in the lower; the Siberian clod downwelling dives from the surface to near Core and mantle bounary (CMB), which is convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle; the Tethyan subduction region, centered in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is visible from 300 to 2 000 km, which is also convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle. The three regions of mantle convection beneath East Asia and the West Pacific are in accordance with the West Pacific, Ancient Asia and the Tethyan structure regions. The mantle upwelling originates from the core-mantle boundary and mostly occurs in the middle mantle and the lower part of the upper mantle. The velocities of the vertical mantle flow are about 1–4 cm per year and the tangential velocities are 1–10 cm per year. The mantle flow has an effect on controlling the movement of plates and the distributions of ocean ridges, subduction zones and collision zones. The mantle upwelling regions are clearly related with the locations of hotspots on the earth’s surface. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(4): 896–905 [译自: 中国地质]     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000034

<正>We synthesize significant recent results on the deep structure and origin of the active volcanoes in mainland China.Magmatism in the western Pacific arc and back-arc areas is caused by dehydration of the subducting slab and by corner flow in the mantle wedge,whereas the intraplate magmatism in China has different origins.The active volcanoes in Northeast China(such as the Changbai and Wuda-lianchi) are caused by hot upwelling in the big mantle wedge(BMW) above the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone and deep slab dehydration as well.The Tengchong volcano in Southwest China is caused by a similar process in the BMW above the subducting Burma microplate(or Indian plate). The Hainan volcano in southernmost China is a hotspot fed by a lower-mantle plume which may be associated with the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs' deep subduction in the east and the Indian slab's deep subduction in the west down to the lower mantle.The stagnant slab finally collapses down to the bottom of the mantle,which can trigger the upwelling of hot mantle materials from the lower mantle to the shallow mantle beneath the subducting slabs and may cause the slab—plume interactions.     

南海北部深水及超深水区现今地温场及热结构特征研究

依据前人对岩石圈层结构的认识和地震反射界面揭示的沉积充填,本文对南海北部深水及超深水区域的现今地温场特征及岩石圈热结构进行了计算。结果表明：南海北部深水及超深水区具有“热盆”特征,超深水区较深水区更热,但超深水区沉积基底的现今温度较深水区低。大地热流值的总体变化趋势表现为从深水区向超深水区逐渐增高,与地壳和岩石圈向南减薄趋势一致。南海北部深水及超深水区具有“冷壳热幔”的岩石圈热结构特征。地壳热流主要由基底的构造形态和地壳减薄程度控制,地幔热流则只受控于岩石圈基底埋深。     

Fluids and Melts in the Upper Mantle

This paper presents a direct study of the fluids and melts in the upper mantle by examining the fluid inclusions, melt inclusions and glasses trapped in the mantle lherzolite xenoliths entrained by Cenozoic alkali basalts (basanite, olivine-nephelinite and alkali-olivine basalt) from eastern China. The study indicates that the volatile components, which are dissolved in high-pressure solid mineral phases of mantle peridotite at depths, may be exsolved under decompressive conditions of mantle plume upwelling to produce the initial free fluid phases in the upper mantle. The free fluid phases migrating in the upper mantle may result in lowering of the mantle solidus (and liquidus), thereby initiating partial melting of the upper mantle, and in the meantime, producing metasomatic effects on the latter.     

Roles of Melting and Metasomatism in the Formation of the Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, South China

This study characterizes the nature of fluid interaction andmelting processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Yingfenglingand Tianyang volcanoes, Leizhou Peninsula, South China, usingin situ trace-element analyses of clinopyroxene, amphibole andgarnet from a suite of mantle-derived xenoliths. Clinopyroxenesfrom discrete spinel lherzolites exhibit large compositionalvariations ranging from extremely light rare earth element (LREE)-depletedto LREE-enriched. Trace-element modelling for depleted samplesindicates that the Leizhou lherzolites are the residues of amantle peridotite source after extraction of 1–11% meltgenerated by incremental melting in the spinel lherzolite fieldwith the degree of melting increasing upwards from about 60km to 30 km. This process is consistent with gradational meltingat different depths in an upwelling asthenospheric column thatsubsequently cooled to form the current lithospheric mantlein this region. The calculated melt production rate of thiscolumn could generate mafic crust 5–6 km thick, whichwould account for most of the present-day lower crust. The formationof the lithospheric column is inferred to be related to Mesozoiclithosphere thinning. Al-augite pyroxenites occur in compositexenoliths; these are geochemically similar to HIMU-type oceanisland basalt. These pyroxenites postdate the lithospheric columnformation and belong to two episodes of magmatism. Early magmatism(forming metapyroxenites) is inferred to have occurred duringthe opening of the South China Sea Basin (32–15 Ma), whereasthe most recent magmatic episode (producing pyroxenites withigneous microstructures) occurred shortly before the eruptionof the host magmas (6–0·3 Ma). Trace-element traversesfrom the contacts of the Al-augite pyroxenite with the spinelperidotite wall-rock in composite xenoliths record gradientsin the strength and nature of metasomatic effects away fromthe contact, showing that equilibrium was not attained. Significantenrichment in highly incompatible elements close to the contacts,with only slight enrichment in Sr, LREE and Nb away from thecontact, is inferred to reflect the different diffusion ratesof specific trace elements. The observed geochemical gradientsin metasomatic zones show that Sr, La, Ce and Nb have the highestdiffusion rates, other REE are intermediate, and Zr, Hf andTi have the lowest diffusion rates. Lower diffusion rates observedfor Nb, Zr, Hf and Ti compared with REE may cause high fieldstrength element (HFSE) negative anomalies in metasomatizedperidotites. Therefore, metasomatized lherzolites with HFSEnegative anomalies do not necessarily require a carbonatiticmetasomatizing agent. KEY WORDS: China; lithosphere; mantle xenoliths; clinopyroxene trace elements; mantle partial melting; mantle metasomatism; trace-element diffusion rates