Multi-proxy records of Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine sediments around Lakes Eymir and Mogan,Ankara (Central Anatolia,Turkey)

This paper presents the mineralogical, geochemical, palynological and stable isotopic compositions of the Late Pleistocene–Holocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments around Lakes Eymir and Mogan (Ankara), Central Anatolia. It is based on the interpretation of the multi-proxy records in conjunction with the geochronological data in eight different sections. The comparison between the increase/decrease in the abundances of carbonates and total clay assemblages is correlated with the changing abundance of coniferous forests and herbaceous plants (mainly Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae). δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and molecular weathering ratios of the sediments revealing the hydrolysis, evaporation and leaching together with chemical index of alteration (CIA) provide insight into the climatic changes in the study area between 11,899 and 1428 cal year BP. Relatively higher total clay amount, δ¹⁸O of around ?8‰ and higher CIA (>40%) with higher hydrolysis suggest humid conditions during 11,899–6448 cal year BP. Between 6448 and 5763 cal year BP, sediments show oscillations between high and relatively low values of the proxy data implying intercalation of dry and wet seasons. The last period recorded between 5763 and 1428 cal year BP is realized with high calcite precipitation–low total clay and low CIA and relatively higher salinization which directly characterize aridity.     

Sustainable development and management of an aquifer system in western Turkey

This study presents the establishment of sustainable development and management policies for the Küçük Menderes River Basin aquifer system in western Turkey. Geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical data are used conjunctively to define various hydrogeological units and their geometry. Distributions of hydraulic-parameter values and recharge are estimated by geostatistical methods and hydrologic simulations, respectively. A finite-difference groundwater flow model is used to represent the unconfined flow in the aquifer system. The model has been calibrated under steady state and transient conditions. The resulting model was used to test seven management scenarios for a planning period of 21 years to determine the so-called safe yield and sustainable yield of the aquifer system and to investigate the potential impacts of four planned surface water reservoirs on groundwater resources in the basin. The results demonstrate that the continuation of the present pumping rates exceeds both the safe yield and the sustainable yield of the aquifer system. Consequently, the growing need for irrigation water should be met by the construction of the planned surface water reservoirs and the implementation of efficient water management policies and plans.

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Resumen Este estudio presenta el establecimiento de políticas sustentables de desarrollo y gestión en el sistema acuífero de la cuenca del río Küçük Menderes, al Oeste de Turquía, para lo que se ha utilizado datos geológicos, hidrogeológicos y geofísicos de forma conjunta de cara a definir diversas unidades hidrogeológicas y su geometría. La distribución de los parámetros hidráulicos y de la recarga ha sido estimada mediante métodos geoestadísticos y simulaciones hidrológicas, respectivamente. Se ha empleado un modelo de las aguas subterráneas en diferencias finitas para representar el flujo no confinado en el sistema acuífero, el cual se ha calibrado bajo condiciones estacionarias y transitorias. El modelo resultante ha sido usado para contrastar siete escenarios de gestión durante un período de planificación de 21 años con el fin de determinar el punto de explotación segura y sustentable del sistema acuífero, así como para investigar los impactos potenciales sobre los recursos subterráneos de los cuatro embalses superficiales que se hallan en proyecto. Los resultados demuestran que el mantenimiento de las tasas actuales de extracción del acuífero supera tanto el régimen de bombeo seguro como el sustentable del sistema. Por consiguiente, se debería compensar la necesidad creciente de agua para riego con la construcción de los reservorios superficiales previstos y con la implementación de políticas y planes de gestión eficiente del agua.

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Résumé Cette étude présente la proposition dune politique de développement et de gestion durables du système aquifère du bassin du Petit Mendérès dans louest de la Turquie. Des données géologiques, hydrogéologiques et géophysiques ont été utilisées conjointement pour définir les différentes unités hydrogéologiques et leur géométrie. Les distributions des paramètres hydrauliques et de la recharge ont été estimées respectivement par des méthodes géostatistiques et des simulations hydrologiques. Un modèle découlement souterrain aux éléments finis a été utilisé pour représenter lécoulement non captif dans le système aquifère. Le modèle a été calibré dans des conditions de régimes permanent et transitoire. Le modèle résultant a servi à tester sept scénarios de gestion pour une période de programmation de 21 ans, afin de déterminer les débits de prélèvement sûr et durable dans le système aquifère et détudier les impacts potentiels de quatre réservoirs deau de surface en projet sur les eaux souterraines du bassin. Les résultats montrent que la poursuite des prélèvements au débit actuel excède aussi bien le débit dexploitation de sécurité que celui durable pour le système aquifère. Par conséquent, les besoins croissants deau pour lirrigation doivent être satisfaits par la construction des réservoirs projetés et par la mise en place de politiques et de plans de gestion de leau efficace.

     

Reconstruction of Holocene lake level from diatoms, chrysophytes and organic matter in a drainage lake from the Experimental Lakes Area (northwestern Ontario, Canada)

A paleolimnological study of lake-level changes in Lake 239 (Rawson Lake), a headwater lake in the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, indicates large fluctuations have occurred over the Holocene. Analyses are based on diatoms, the proportion of chrysophyte scales to diatoms and organic matter content from near-shore sediment cores. Quantitative estimates of lake level are based on a diatom-inferred depth model that was developed from surficial sediments collected along several transects in Lake 239. Declines of ∼ 1-3 m occurred during the late Holocene, whereas declines of at least 8 m occurred during the more arid mid-Holocene. These results provide the first substantive evidence of large declines in lake level in northwestern Ontario during the mid-Holocene. Conditions during the mid-Holocene may provide a partial view of future conditions under increasing global temperatures.     

Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in a Mediterranean coastal aquifer, Mersin-Erdemli basin (Turkey)

In this study, hydrogeologic and hydrochemical information from the Mersin-Erdemli groundwater system were integrated and used to determine the main factors and mechanisms controlling the chemistry of groundwaters in the area and anthropogenic factors presently affecting them. The PHREEQC geochemical modeling demonstrated that relatively few phases are required to derive water chemistry in the area. In a broad sense, the reactions responsible for the hydrochemical evolution in the area fall into four categories: (1) silicate weathering reactions; (2) dissolution of salts; (3) precipitation of calcite, amorphous silica and kaolinite; (4) ion exchange. As determined by multivariate statistical analysis, anthropogenic factors show seasonality in the area where most contaminated waters related to fertilizer and fungicide applications that occur during early summer season.     

矿区深部含水层水-岩作用的同位素与水化学示踪分析

为了有效揭示华北隐伏型煤矿区煤炭开采进程中深部含水层水-岩作用机制,本文以淮北煤田宿县-临涣矿区为研究示范,收集与采集1985～2011年期间矿区松散层第四含水层、煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层深部地下水样166个,分析与测试87Sr/86Sr、34S、13C同位素以及Na++K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、CO2-3等常规组分,并开展基于同位素与水化学的水-岩作用示踪与分析。研究成果表明:在矿区主要充水含水层中,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层脱硫酸与阳离子交替吸附作用最为显著,而松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层黄铁矿氧化或地下水硬化最为显著;受煤炭开采影响,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、奥陶系岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用逐渐减弱,松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用或增强、或减弱,增强或减弱的程度取决于井田基岩面标高、主要断层的展布形态与隔水性能以及煤层开采扰动范围等。     

湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究

湖泊具有供水、渔业、旅游、维持区域生态系统平衡等功能,是支撑我国经济和社会发展的重要资源之一。但是近30年来,湖泊富营养化所导致的蓝藻水华频繁暴发,生态灾害事件频发,严重影响湖泊功能的发挥, 制约区域经济可持续发展。针对国家在保障区域水安全和生态安全、保护人民健康及建设和谐社会等方面的重大需求,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究”于2008年7月正式立项。项目拟解决的关键科学问题包括：①湖泊蓝藻水华主要衍生污染物的形成机理、迁移转化规律和毒理效应;②蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化和功能退化的机理;③蓝藻水华生态灾害评估及调控机理。针对上述科学问题,项目以蓝藻水华污染物的产生、湖泊生态系统结构与功能的响应以及生态灾害的评估与调控为研究主线,重点开展以下几个方面的研究：①蓝藻水华衍生污染物的产生及其环境过程;②蓝藻水华衍生污染物的毒理效应与生态和健康风险;③蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化与功能退化的关键过程和机制;④蓝藻水华灾害治理和调控的的技术原理和途径。项目的实施和完成将为我国湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害的预防与控制提供理论和技术原理支撑。     

巴尔喀什湖分湖水平衡及其影响与优化保护研究

巴尔喀什湖是中亚干旱区最大的湖泊生态系统之一,其保护对中亚地区具有重要意义,但同时对相关区域也产生了较大的水资源压力.分析其水量平衡,对提出合理的保障措施具有重要的理论与实践价值.根据巴尔喀什湖形态、水文特征,在分析识别其水量平衡主要影响因素与作用机制的基础上,根据水量平衡原理与东西湖分治的思想,反演了1936-200...     

Determination of the origin of the Helvadere drinking springs by means of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques, Aksaray, Central Anatolia, Turkey

The main aquifer of the Helvadere springs that emerges on the strike-slip of the Hasanda?? fault set alongside the Tuzgölü (salt lake) fault zone, and trends in a NW–SE direction of Aksaray city, in the western part of Central Anatolia, is the exposed rocks of Hasanda?? which are volcanics that have distinct hydrogeological properties. The meteoric origin of the spring waters is deduced from hydrochemical and environmental isotope (¹⁸O, ²H, ³H) studies. The springs have high discharge (Q>100?l/s) and low ion concentrations because of fast circulation along the groundwater flow path in the aquifer. Furthermore, because it has Ca-Na-Mg-HCO₃ hydrochemical facies, it conforms to high standards of drinking and irrigation water.     

Age and paleoclimatic significance of late Holocene lakes in the Carson Sink, NV, USA

New dating in the Carson Sink at the termini of the Humboldt and Carson rivers in the Great Basin of the western United States indicates that lakes reached elevations of 1204 and 1198 m between 915 and 652 and between 1519 and 1308 cal yr B.P., respectively. These dates confirm Morrison's original interpretation (Lake Lahontan: Geology of the Southern Carson Desert, Professional Paper 40, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1964) that these shorelines are late Holocene features, rather than late Pleistocene as interpreted by later researchers. Paleohydrologic modeling suggests that discharge into the Carson Sink must have been increased by a factor of about four, and maintained for decades, to account for the 1204-m lake stand. The hydrologic effects of diversions of the Walker River to the Carson Sink were probably not sufficient, by themselves, to account for the late Holocene lake-level rises. The decadal-long period of increased runoff represented by the 1204-m lake is also reflected in other lake records and in tree ring records from the western United States.     

基于“源－汇”理念的黔中“两湖一库”地区土地利用变化及驱动力分析

“两湖一库”是典型的喀斯特高原湖泊,湖库周边生态环境极为脆弱,其土地利用变化对所在区域生态安全/供水安全及社会经济发展带来重要影响。基于“源－汇”理念和黔中“两湖一库”地区1998－2018年4期遥感解译数据,采用土地利用动态度模型分析近20年来“两湖一库”地区土地利用动态演变规律,并运用定量与定性分析相结合的方法探究其驱动力。结果表明：（1）1998－2018年建设用地、林地、未利用土地（主要为暂时性未利用土地）面积不断增加,水域面积波动减少,耕地、草地面积持续减少,其中建设用地和未利用土地在各时段均为变化最活跃的地类。（2）年均综合土地利用动态度由1998－2008年的1.33%提高至2008－2013年的2.4%和2013－2018年的2.3%。近10年各地类间的相互转换较10年前更为活跃。（3）主要的土地利用“源－汇”转换关系表现为耕地转为林地和建设用地、草地转为林地和耕地。（4）各地类加速向建设用地转换,建成区面积迅速扩张,“两湖一库”供水压力进一步增大。（5）人口压力、经济发展等因素是“两湖一库”地区建设用地扩张的主要驱动因素,政策因素对林地和水域面积变化有重要影响。研究结果可以为“两湖一库”地区土地利用、规划及社会－经济－生态协调发展提供参考。     

Whiting events and the formation of aragonite in Mediterranean Karstic Marine Lakes: new evidence on its biologically induced inorganic origin

This paper discusses the formation of whiting events, drifting milky clouds of water, and their role in the formation of recent aragonite sediments in a semi-enclosed, karstic, marine lake on the island of Mljet (Adriatic Sea). This study is based on detailed structural, morphological and sedimentological characterization of, and strontium distribution in, particles originating from suspended matter and sediments. The particles were examined by X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction analyses, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as electron microprobe energy dispersive X-ray analyses and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Morphological features, granulometric characteristics, strontium enrichment and characteristic details of the aragonite structure in the needle-like particles were identical in both the suspended matter collected during whiting events and in the bottom sediments. The whiting events, which occasionally occurred in surface waters, were found to be sites of short-term active authigenic aragonite precipitation and the main source of fine-grained aragonite mud. This study exemplifies the role of biologically induced inorganic precipitation processes in the formation of recent aragonite mud in a restricted Mediterranean environment.     

中国盐湖锂资源的产业化现状——以西台吉乃尔盐湖和扎布耶盐湖为例

锂对国民经济和国家安全具有重要意义,是21世纪的能源金属.近10年,中国主要从国外进口碳酸锂产品.中国是一个多盐湖的国家,盐湖锂占锂资源工业总储量的85%.现代第四纪盐湖主要分布在我国西北的青海、西藏、新疆和内蒙古四省区,具有很好的开发前景.经过多年科研后,目前国内已经在西台吉乃尔和扎布耶两个盐湖建立了卤水提锂产业.本文对比研究了这两个盐湖资源状况和地理气候条件,以及由此而决定的盐湖资源开发工艺流程,探讨了其工艺优化方向.并指出这两个盐湖具有锂资源储量大,品位高的优势,但是受盐湖类型或地理气候条件限制,工艺上有待改善.建议继续加强对盐湖开发技术优化和对盐湖提锂产业的扶持.     

Social justice in coastal erosion management: The temporal and spatial dimensions

Coastal erosion management is primarily based on economic considerations (cost-benefit analysis). From the perspective of social justice (as a particular expression of the wider concept of human rights), however, several arguments can be advanced regarding public intervention in coastal defence management when private property is threatened by coastal erosion. In this paper we examine these arguments at both the short-term local scale and the long-term large spatial scale and consider the merits of inclusion of a social justice dimension in coastal erosion management. The coast provides a range of resources that benefit society as a whole. Coastal residents and property owners face a direct financial loss from coastal erosion but the general public also stands to incur losses other than purely financial if it there is public intervention for the benefit of these property owners. The arguments for public intervention are strongest at the local and short-term scales but they weaken (and even reverse) at geographically larger and longer time scales. At larger scales, the costs to society increase as intergenerational equity, non-coastal residents, climate and sea level change, and the environment are considered. Because of the intensity of interest involved at the local level, we argue that the necessary hard decisions must be made nationally if a sustainable policy is to be adopted. Social justice considerations provide a potential improvement on the traditional economic cost/benefit-based decision-making process of coastal erosion management but they only contribute to sustainability if viewed at the national level.     

模型揭示的浅水湖泊稳态转换影响因素分析

富营养化会导致浅水湖泊发生稳态转换,生态系统服务严重受损。磷是驱动湖泊发生稳态转换的重要环境因子,探究湖水磷浓度的变化规律是湖泊管理的关键。通过磷动力学模型,从影响湖水磷浓度的主要参数入手,探讨了每种参数变化对磷浓度的具体影响。结合前人研究结果,详细讨论了不同类型气候变化和人类活动对湖泊稳态转换时间、滞后时长、修复速率等的影响。研究认为,气候变化所导致的温度升高、光强减弱、风浪增强等和人类活动所导致的生物扰动、水位波动增强等因素变化虽不会改变湖泊稳态转换突变时间,但会推迟湖泊修复时间,造成突变阈值减小,滞后时间延长,稳态增大。在湖泊保护中要重点考虑主要外力驱动对湖泊稳态转换过程影响的区别,避免有害突变的发生。     

Study of geothermal water intrusion due to groundwater exploitation in the Puebla Valley aquifer system, Mexico

Significant intrusion of geothermal water into fresh groundwater takes place in the Puebla Valley aquifer system, Mexico. The decline in the potentiometric surface due to the overexploitation of the groundwater induces this intrusion. This hydrological system comprises three aquifers located in Plio-Quaternary volcanic sediments and Mesozoic calcareous rocks. The hydraulic balance of the aquifer shows that the annual output exceeds the natural inputs by 12 million m³. Between 1973 and 2002, a drop in the potentiometric surface, with an 80 m cone of depression, was identified in a 5-km-wide area located southwest of the city of Puebla. Chemical analyses performed on water samples since 1990 have shown an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS) of more than 500 mg/L, coinciding with the region showing a cone of depression in the potentiometric surface. A three-dimensional flow and transport model, based on the hydrogeological and geophysical studies, was computed by using the MODFLOW and MT3D software. This model reproduces the evolution of the aquifer system during the last 30 years and predicts for 2010 an additional drawdown in the potentiometric surface of 15 m, and an increase in the geothermal water intrusion.     

Environmental change and seasonal behavior of mastodons in the Great Lakes region inferred from stable isotope analysis

We investigate seasonal variations in the diet and drinking water of four Great Lakes mastodon (Mammut americanum) specimens using stable isotope analysis of serially sampled inner-enamel bioapatite structural carbonate (δ¹³C_sc, δ¹⁸O_sc), and previously published bulk analyses. Isotopic analyses and thin section measurements showed that mastodon tooth enamel extension rates (~ 12–4 mm/yr, decreasing toward the cervix) were lower than those of mammoths or modern elephants. Mastodons had distinct and highly regular seasonal variations in δ¹³C_sc and δ¹⁸O_sc, which we interpret in the context of local glacial history and vegetation changes. Seasonal variations in δ¹⁸O were large but variations in δ¹³C were small, and may have been obscured if coarser sampling methods than our inner-enamel sampling approach were used. Thus, our approach may be particularly useful for understanding relatively small seasonal changes in δ¹³C within C₃ environments. The seasonal patterns, though not entirely conclusive, suggest that the Ontario mastodons did not migrate over very long distances. Rather, the climate and seasonal dietary patterns of mastodons within the region changed over time, from ~ 12,400 to 10,400 ¹⁴C yr BP (~ 15,000 – 12,000 cal yr BP). Insights gained using these methods can contribute to a better understanding of megafaunal extinctions and Paleoamerican lifeways.     

兖州煤田奥陶系灰岩地下水水化学特征及其形成机理

鲁西南兖州煤田的奥陶系灰岩地下水对煤田深部煤炭开采具有潜在的水害威胁,且为研究区的主要供水水源之一,其水化学特征及形成机理分析,可为该区深部煤炭开采水害防治和地下水资源利用提供依据。经过目的层水样的采集与测试可知,地下水水化学类型以SO_4-Ca-Mg型为主,SO_4~(2-)含量为537~2 296 mg/L,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的平均含量分别为455.7 mg/L和116.6 mg/L,TDS的范围为961~3 555 mg/L,pH值为6.9~8.0。Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)随TDS的增加而增加,呈良好线性关系,推断TDS的增加主要来自Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)的贡献。由饱和指数(SI)可知,地下水中的白云石和方解石均处于过饱和状态,而绝大部分的水样的石膏饱和指数均小于0,处于不饱和状态。石膏的饱和指数与地下水中TDS呈正相关关系。这些结果表明,在该含水层中地下水运移过程中不断发生水岩相互作用,主要包括石膏溶解、白云石和方解石沉淀或溶解、离子交换等反应。     

北美五大湖区晚更新世劳伦泰德冰盖演化年代学综述及石英光释光测年的初步尝试

北美五大湖区的安大略湖北岸Don Valley Brickyard、Scarborough Bluffs、Bowmanville Bluffs剖面共同构成了北美东北部最长也是最厚的陆地第四纪沉积记录, 较完整地记录了晚更新世劳伦泰德冰盖(the Laurentide Ice Sheet)的演化. 晚更新世劳伦泰德冰盖演化的重建有赖于这些经典剖面中重要沉积地层单元的准确年代学控制. 传统的地层年代学主要是依靠少量¹⁴C年代, 将主要的混杂堆积单元(diamicton)解释为气候变冷环境下的冰川扩张, 并与指示全球冰量变化的深海氧同位素曲线一一比对建立起来的. 这样建立起来的年代学存在很大的不确定性. 20世纪80-90年代的少量热释光年代也不相吻合, 最近的13个长石红外释光定年则只集中于Bowmanville Bluffs的一个分层, 并未建立整个剖面的地层年代学, 使这些经典沉积剖面的年代学一直没有得到系统的建立. 应用石英光释光SAR-SGC法测试了Bowmanville Bluffs剖面Glaciofluvial Sand单元的2个冰水沉积样品, 年代结果分别为(41.6±3.8) ka、(48.1±4.4) ka, 分析表明这一年代结果偏老, 石英颗粒可能晒褪不完全. 由于大测片无法识别晒褪不完全的颗粒, 因此, 测试更多的剖面序列的光释光年代并尝试采用粗颗粒小测片或单颗粒技术解决样品颗粒晒褪不完全的问题将是必要的.     

Cenozoic collisional tectonics and origin of Pb-Zn-F mineralization in the Bitlis Massif,SE Turkey

Hasbey Pb-Zn-F mineralization in the Bitlis Massif, south of Lake Van, lies within the Neotethyan suture of the Alpine orogenic belt. Mineralization occurs in two different lithologies and locations: Type-I is present in dolostone fractures and faults as veins and veinlets, whereas Type-II occupies a fault zone between black marbles and calc-schists. Sphalerite and argentiferous galena are the main ore minerals in both types. The dominant gangue minerals are quartz and dolomite in Type-I ore and calcite, quartz, and green-white fluorite in Type-II. Analysed fluid inclusion data from sphalerite, fluorite, and quartz indicate that high-temperature (>500°C) mineralization was initiated from low-salinity fluids (4.3 wt.% NaCl equiv.). As temperatures dropped from 400°C to 160°C, the salinity of solutions increased and appreciable CO₂ was contributed to the fluid system. In the absence of immiscibility, assemblages of fluid inclusions containing CO₂ indicate that the solutions were homogeneous during entrapment and that mineralization took place under pressure conditions between 5 and 2 kb.

Analysed δ³⁴S _CDT (‰) values (?1.5 and??3.8, n?=?15) of sphalerite and galena indicate that the source of the sulphur is consistent with a magmatic origin for Hasbey Pb-Zn-F mineralization. The stable isotopic compositions and fluid inclusions in fluorite are also suggestive of an origin related to high-temperature, high-salinity magmatic fluids. In the region, volcanic rocks are abundant, and they document the magmatic events associated with the closure of the neo-Tethys.

The timing of mineralization is restricted to post-early Oligocene, inasmuch as mineralization occurs in faults that cut post-Eocene–Oligocene thrust faults and because of the relationship between mineralization and wall-rock deformation.     

Orthogonal Variance Structures in Lake Water Quality Data and Their Use for Geo-chemical Classification of Dimictic, Glacial/Boreal Lakes

The accumulating volumes of data collected within environmental monitoring programs facilitate the use of exploratory statistical methods of data analysis as a supplement to traditional methods of characterizing lake water quality. When principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling are applied to a matrix containing approximately 24000 samples of lake water quality variables pH, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, color, Secchi depth and total phosphorus concentration, it is found that the total matrix variance can be approximately reproduced in an orthogonal two-dimensional base with transformations of hardness and color as best principal component representatives. This base is suggested as an empirical lake classification standard where the variance structure of subset lake populations (such as single lakes) can be referenced to the water quality standard of the generic population. Since the principal axes of the base exclusively contain inorganic and organic related variables respectively, the combined inorganic/organic characteristics of the lake can be expressed with the hardness and color variables alone. With the data matrix being large enough to produce high significance levels, and with variable ranges wide enough to represent a majority of dimictic, glacial/boreal lakes, the analysis results should be valid in many lakes throughout the world.