MT重复测量在地震中短期预报中的应用──祁连山中段MT剖面监测研究

本文研究了青藏高原北缘第一个长约４００ｋｍ的ＭＴ监测剖面上所获得的５次５－７级地震前后的资料。着重分析了在相当于大陆多震层深度范围内壳内介质的多种ＭＴ参数（视电阻率、相位、主轴方位角、扭曲度等）．这些ＭＴ参数在大范围内的同步－同相变化和局部区域之间的超前、滞后变化、相对变化幅度随震中距增大而衰减的特征，可能分别对应着构造孕育型大震的地区性场兆和构造运动型强震的区域性场兆，形成了地震活动大背景叠加小背景的一种链式关系。运用＂ＭＴ监测优显参数＂进行择优监测，将可能为大陆地震的震源物理发展过程和中短期预报提供丰富可靠的判据。     

MT重复测量在地震中短期预报中的应用──祁连山中段MT剖面监测研究

本文研究了青藏高原北缘第一个长约４００ｋｍ的ＭＴ监测剖面上所获得的５次５－７级地震前后的资料。着重分析了在相当于大陆多震层深度范围内壳内介质的多种ＭＴ参数（视电阻率、相位、主轴方位角、扭曲度等）．这些ＭＴ参数在大范围内的同步－同相变化和局部区域之间的超前、滞后变化、相对变化幅度随震中距增大而衰减的特征，可能分别对应着构造孕育型大震的地区性场兆和构造运动型强震的区域性场兆，形成了地震活动大背景叠加小背景的一种链式关系。运用＂ＭＴ监测优显参数＂进行择优监测，将可能为大陆地震的震源物理发展过程和中短期预报提供丰富可靠的判据。     

地电阻率正常变化的初步研究

观测地壳浅层电阻率随时间变化以寻找地震信息是地电阻率方法的目的。实际工作中,在保证观测精度的前提下,发现正常（无震）情况的地电阻率仍然存在着复杂的变化,给定量和定性分析地震异常带来相当大的困难。 本文分析了一些台站正常地电阻率的变化规律,并在此基础上提出“变化电性剖面模式”,来阐明一些台站正常地电阻率变化的复杂过程及其产生的可能原因。从此观点出发,导出以二层电性剖面为特征的台站正常地电阻率相对似年变化幅度公式。通过典型计算,提出获取平稳的正常原始资料是解决上述困难问题的方向,并指出了获取平稳正常变化资料的具体途径。     

大地电磁资料精细处理和二维反演解释技术研究(七)——云南盈江——龙陵地震区深部电性结构及孕震环境

本文对一条布设在滇西盈江—龙陵地区的大地电磁剖面(苏典—中山剖面)数据进行了精细处理和二维反演解释,得到了测区较高置信度的二维电性结构.该电性模型纵向上表现为高阻-低阻-高阻的"三明治"式岩石圈电性结构,上地壳为平均厚度约为10km的高阻地层,在约6～16km地壳深度范围发育有电阻率为几欧姆米的显著高导层,下地壳底部和上地幔顶部表现为电性较为均匀的相对高阻层.横向上自西向东划分出以大盈江断裂带、龙陵—瑞丽断裂带为限的3个主要构造区域.壳内分布的高导层沿剖面表现出一定的横向不均匀性,其在龙陵—瑞丽断裂带下方消失,在该处形成了腾冲地块和保山地块的电性构造边界.电性结构表明,大盈江断裂附近高导层顶界面浅,两侧高阻体厚度小,因此难以形成较大规模的相互作用,致其附近浅震源、小震级的地震活跃;龙陵—瑞丽断裂两侧的高阻体较厚,易积累较大的应力,具有大震的深部孕震环境,故其附近发生过多次7级以上强震.     

滇西三江构造带电性结构特征——以福贡—巧家剖面为例

为查明滇西三江构造带及邻区复杂的构造特征,并揭示该区深部电性结构,沿福贡—巧家布设了一条长约410 km的大地电磁剖面.共观测到61个物理点,其中宽频大地电磁测点41个,长周期大地电磁测点20个.通过对采集到的数据进行一系列的处理、反演,得到了沿剖面的壳幔电性结构模型.并结合研究区内区域地质资料及其他地球物理资料,对剖面所经过的各个主要地质构造单元及主要断裂带进行了综合解释.电性结构模型揭示沿剖面地壳电性层次复杂,深部电性结构由西往东呈分块展布,横向变化大,壳内广泛发育低阻异常.在中甸构造带(香格里拉地块)和盐源—永胜构造带深部壳幔存在大规模低阻异常,这可能与地下局部熔融体和地热流有关;康滇构造带壳幔存在大规模高阻异常,表明地壳中曾经有地幔物质侵入;在大凉山构造带地下10~50 km深处存在一呈横向“半月形”展布的低阻体,电阻率值不满10Ωm,结合地质资料与前人的研究成果,推测该低阻体成因应与青藏高原东南缘“地壳管道流”有一定关联.     

MT剖面透视新方法与托来6．0级地震

在近10余年观测研究的基础上，采用高精度MMSO2E系统，在青藏高原北缘祁连山地震危险区，建立了国内外第一个初具规模的MT透视剖面，研究区不仅电磁干扰背景较弱，而且地震活动性较强，自1986年以来，我们已经获得了11次5－7级地震前后的宝贵资料，在研究这些资料的基础上，提出了一些有意义的认识和结论，对观测资料进行了全定量化的误差分析，评估了MT响应参数和复合二元相关度和可信限，论述了MT剖面透视资料的可靠性和可信性，对介质导电性和电性横向非均匀性动态变化的原因进行了讨论，研究表明，MT剖面透社为大陆坡坏地性地震的中短期预测及震源物理发展过程提供了定量化的多参数指标体系。     

试论大地电磁测深法在地震前兆探索中的进一步应用

从大地电磁测深理论分析和实际资料数字试验出发,我们探讨了有关提高大地电磁测深法监测深部电性变化前兆效能的某些问题.研究结果表明,在所定义的几种大地电磁视电阻率中,尚未加以利用的阻抗实部视电阻率具有某些独特的优点,可能成为监测深部电性变化的一个较好的参数指标;应根据各记录道误差的分配,计算过程误差的传播和累加对不同大地电磁响应函数产生不同的影响,选择相对精度较高的参数作为主要监测参量;而识别深部电性变化的多参数综合判别方法应是基本的分析方法.实际观测到的反映地震前兆的某些大地电磁资料证实了上述论证.      

地电阻率年变化与气象因素及水位的关系

为了消除d_s 观测资料中的年周期变化,对宝坻、塘沽地震台的地电阻率观测资料与台站附近地区的气压、气温、相对湿度、水位及海水水位的同期资料进行了相关处理分析, 并对地电阻率年周期变化产生的原因进行了分析,认为产生地电阻率与气象要素年周期变化的外因是同一源场作用的结果。 而地电阻率变化的内因,则是基于地下咸水层厚度的改变及地壳应力场的变化。 采用最小二乘法由气象参量和水位变化拟合出地电阻率模型值, 并计算出观测值与拟合值的残差,以消除电阻率观测资料中的年周期变化。结果表明, 近年来华北地区发生的 6级左右地震前,在宝坻、塘沽地震台的观测资料中均存在明显的短期前兆异常。     

研究“源兆”的若干问题及途径分析

从位场理论的观点讨论了场和源的概念,建议将“场兆”改称为构造前兆,将“源兆”称为震源前兆。文中还分析了震源体与各种前兆观测方法探测的深度,并根据地磁与重力观测方法不同的物理基础和地质基础,指出震磁效应对于研究震源前兆的特殊意义,文中还介绍了１９７６唐山地震观测到震源前兆的部分实际地磁资料。     

DEEP TECTONIC STRESS CHANGE BASED ON LONG-TERM APPARENT RESISTIVITY TIME SERIES: A CASE STUDY FROM NORTH SECTION OF YISHU FAULT ZONE

Almost all the destructive earthquakes, so called tectonic earthquake, are produced by tectonic movement. The tectonic movement will cause resistivity changes in the earth. It's valuable for strong earthquake forecast to study the relationship between the resistivity change and tectonic movement. According to magnetotelluric sounding method, we establish a robust estimate method to calculate the long-term apparent resistivity from seismic station monitoring data. We first use 1D layered earth models to test the sensitivity of this method. Then we process the continually observed long term electromagnetic data in 4 years (from 2011 to 2014) from Anqiu seismic station which is very close to the north section of Yishu fault zone. The apparent resistivity curves and the apparent resistivity time series for different frequencies are obtained. The time series show the resistivity increase in the selected 4 years, which is in good agreement with the GPS baseline data. This also satisfies the results from rock mechanics experiments on deep rocks (upper mantle) that the resistivity will increase with improved stress in a high temperature and pressure environment. The method is valuable for studying electromagnetic precursor of strong earthquakes and strong earthquake prediction.     

地电阻率长趋势变化及其预测意义

为了深入研究地电阻率1年尺度以上趋势变化的区域性和同步性,本文从地电阻率与水位、水准的关系以及地电阻率固体潮现象的角度,通过理论、实验、实例分析了地电阻率趋势变化产生的原因.分析结果显示,地电阻率趋势变化与观测系统或水位(非构造水位)无关,而与周围构造变化有关,且趋势上升和下降分别反映了周围应力场的压性和张性变化.在此基础上,以高邮台和成都台为例,从地电阻率与周围地震的关系分析了地电阻率趋势变化的场兆特征,结果表明地电阻率在上升趋势转折时更具有短期的预测意义.本文结果可以为研究地电阻率的长期趋势变化现象提供参考; 未来地震的预测需在综合各台站观测结果的基础上才能有效地判定区域应力场的方向和相对幅度,从而给出有意义的地震前兆预测结果.      

地电阻率（ρs）变化主轴方向计算与地震预报

本文给出地电阻率（ρｓ）变化主轴方向Ｘｐ、Ｙｐ的计算方法,并通过对四平地震台、台安中实测地电阻 变化主轴Ｘｐ、Ｙｐ方向计算,模拟现代区域构造应力场。     

大地电磁地震前兆多参量综合分析

对于大地电磁地震前兆多参数综合分析方法 ,充分利用包含于各参数内的信息 ,对它们随时间的变化进行综合分析研究有利于更可靠地判断新出现的大地电磁地震前兆 .结合实际资料 ,具体论述了 6个大地电磁响应函数在地震监测中的效能和应用现状     

郯庐断裂带中段(沂沭断裂带)电性结构研究与孕震环境

穿过郯庐断裂带中段（沂沭断裂带,36°N）所做的大地电磁测深（MT）剖面长约150km.使用Robust技术和远参考道大地电磁方法处理观测数据.通过分析视电阻率、阻抗相位、Swift二维偏离度和区域走向,定性确定测区的电性结构.二维反演解释中选择非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）方法,使用TE、TM两种模式资料联合反演,沿剖面的二维电性结构显示：自西向东,鲁西隆起、郯庐断裂带、胶莱坳陷及鲁东隆起4个电性区块分别对应,鲁东和鲁西隆起区为高阻,郯庐断裂带电性结构复杂,高、低阻相间,胶莱坳陷为低阻（高导）区.沿MT剖面附近曾发生3个地震,其震源区处在电性变化剧烈部位,并在震源区附近存在高导体.     

DEEP ELECTRIC STRUCTURE BENEATH NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY AREAS OF THE NORTH CHINA CRATON

Magnetotelluric data are collected along a NW-SE trending and about 900km long profile within northeastern boundary areas of the North China craton(NCC). This profile extends from the Hegenshan belt within the Central Asian orogenic belt(CAOB), across the Baolidao arc, Solonker-Linxi suture zone, Ondor Sum accretion complex, Bainaimiao arc, Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift, Yanshan belt, and ends on the Liaohe depression of the NCC. Impedance tensor decomposition methods are used to study the dimensionality and geo-electric strike of MT data of the region. Two-dimension (2D) analysis is appropriate for this profile. The 2-D subsurface electrical resistivity structure along profile is obtained using the non-linear conjugate gradient (NLCG) algorithm. The electrical resistivity structure is characterized by lateral segmentation, and divided into high resistive, low resistive, and high resistive areas; The lateral variation of electrical resistivity is significant within the CAOB, but it is smooth in the NCC; The extensive high conductive body(HRB)is observed in the mid-low crust beneath the Solonker-Linxi suture zone and Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift, respectively; The low resistivity could be due to the partial melts and crustal flows. Based on our electrical resistivity structure and other geological, geophysical observations, we speculate that (1)the final suturing of the Siberian craton to the NCC could be along the areas between Xilinhot Fault and Xar Moron Fault; (2)the relatively thick high resistive body beneath the Yanshan belt may serve as a tectonic barrier separating the on-craton and off-craton regions into different upper mantle convection system, and lower the effect of tectonic evolution of CAOB on the destruction to NCC.     

Processing And Interpretation Of Electromagnetic Induction Array Data

The simultaneous nature of array data can be exploitedin electromagnetic induction studiesfor three general purposes.First, one or more reference sites can be usedto reduce bias, improve signal-to-noise ratios, and provide bettercontrol over source complications and coherent noisein estimates of MT impedances and otherEM transfer functions (TFs).Although a single good reference site can dramatically improveTF estimates, improvements due to multiple sites are often rather modest, because local noise is the limiting factor.Secondly, arrays allow for estimation of inter-station transfer functions, and maps of anomalous horizontal field variations. Relatively straightforward modifications to inversion codes wouldallow quantitative interpretation of these additionalconstraints on resistivity variations.Finally, with arrays it is possible to estimate the response of theEarth to a richer spectrum of external source excitations. In particular,the natural extension to the usual uniform source assumption implicit inthe MT method allows for three curl-free magnetic gradient sources.Quantitative interpretation of the response of a three-dimensionalEarth to these sources could provide additionalconstraints on large scale variations in crustal and uppermantle resistivity, and might help to overcome problemsdue to aliasing of near surface distortion in widely spaced MT data.     

宁夏海原大震区西安州—韦州剖面大地电磁探测与研究

对穿过宁夏海原大震区西安州(N36.5°,E105.5°)北至同心县韦州(N37.28°,E106.48°)的大地电磁测深剖面，采用远参考道大地电磁方法进行测量和资料处理，得到高精度的数据如视电阻率、阻抗相位、二维偏离度、最佳主轴方位角等. 依据这些数据，对测区的电性结构进行了定性分析和二维定量反演解释. 结果表明，沿剖面可以分成5个电性区块，与西、南华山隆起(Ⅰ)、兴仁堡—海原盆地(Ⅱ)、中卫—清水河盆地(Ⅲ)、中宁—红寺堡盆地(Ⅳ)和鄂尔多斯西缘带(Ⅴ)对应，各区块的边界由大断裂构成. 地表到深度10km左右，西、南华山隆起和鄂尔多斯西缘带呈高阻特性，兴仁堡—海原、中卫—清水河、中宁—红寺堡三个盆地的电阻率较低且呈盆地凹陷形状，盆地基底显示为西南深东北浅的簸箕状起伏形态，基底最深约为8km. 西、南华山隆起、中卫—清水河盆地和鄂尔多斯西缘带的下地壳为“正常”电阻率结构. 兴仁堡—海原和中宁—红寺堡盆地的下地壳上部为“异常”低电阻率带. 1920年的海原大震区存在明显的电性结构差异，震区西南侧和上部区域为相对高阻，东北侧和下部区域为相对低阻.     

三河-平谷8级大震区地壳上地幔电性结构特征研究

用电磁阵列剖面法 (EMAP)、大地电磁测深方法 (MT) ,沿三河 -平谷 8级大震震源区 ,作了 31 8km长的EMAP探测和两条总长 150 0 5km共 36个点的MT探测。获得了研究范围内的地壳上地幔电性结构、高导层特征和陡变带、高导异常体、断裂展布、岩石圈结构等结果 ,为搞清地震危险区的深浅构造关系、从电性结构特征推测发震模式和预测未来强震的可能地点提供了介质电性的多种参数     

ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF UPPER CRUST IN THE SOURCE REGION OF JINGGU YUNNAN MS6.6 EARTHQUAKE AND THE SEISMOGENIC ENVIRONMENT

The October 7, 2014 M_S6.6 earthquake in southwest of Jinggu in the southwestern Yunnan Province occurred as the result of shallow strike-slip faulting within the crust of the Eurasia plate in the broad plate boundary region between the India and Eurasia plates. The strike of fault plane is 140°, and the aftershock distribution shows that the rupture plane is also NNW-trending. Tectonics of the region are controlled by the convergence of the India plate with Eurasia, which has driven the uplift of the Himalayas to the west of this earthquake, and has caused the formation of numerous intraplate continental transform structures in the surrounding region. The pattern of elastic-wave radiation from the earthquake is consistent with the shock occurring either as the result of right-lateral faulting on a northwest-trending fault or as the result of left-lateral faulting on a northeast trending fault. Faults of both types have been mapped in southwestern Yunnan, and it is unclear at this time which type of fault hosted this event. Magnetotelluric survey line is across Jinggu earthquake zone. The advanced data processing and analysis technology of MT is employed and the quantitative data from field surveys are analyzed to acquire the reliable electrical model. The MT data are inverted using nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) inversion algorithm. At last, the interpretation of the electrical model is performed considering the geology and the other geophysical data. Based on the final inversion model of the target profile, it is found that:(1) Electrical structure of the source region can be divided into four layers:The surface is relatively low resistivity layer(0~5km), consisting mainly of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basin sedimentary rocks, the value of resistivity is 100Ω·m; The high resistivity layer(5~10km) in upper crust mainly consists of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, with resistivity higher than 1 000Ω·m; there are the upper crust high-conductivity layer(15~25km) and crust-mantle transition zone(blow 25km); (2) The focal depth of the Jinggu earthquake is about 10km, which locates in the interface between high resistivity layer and high-conductivity layer; (3) Most of the focal depths of the aftershocks are in the range of 5km and 10km, and the two depths(5km & 10km) are corresponding to the resistivity gradient belt.     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震前南北地震带数字化水位、 水温高频信息异常特征及效能分析

数字化观测资料中含有丰富的高频异常信息, 这些高频信息中可能隐含着与地震有关的异常信号。 引入概率密度分布法对2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震发生前南北地震带水位、 水温分钟值观测数据高频成分进行分析, 结果表明, 芦山M_S7.0地震前南北地震带共有17个测点、 19组数据出现高频异常信息, 其中水位5组、 水温14组, 高频异常多集中在四川南部构造带, 且随着时间进程发展, 异常幅值逐渐减小且异常出现向震中区迁移的特征。 通过应用Molchan图表法对提取的高频信息进行统计检验, 结果显示, 概率密度分布法提取的高频异常对地震具有较好的预测效果。 通过对震源区及附近区域大地构造演化、 前兆异常发展及地壳运动速度场等特征分析, 结果发现, 计算得到的地下流体高频异常空间分布特征与南北地震带地壳运动场具有很好的一致性, 表明利用概率密度分布法提取的高频异常与区域构造活动存在一定相关性, 同时也为前人关于对异常形成机理的研究提供了旁证。