GPS卫星的激光测距和应用研究

简述了SLR和GPS跟踪技术的发展概况。详细介绍了近几年来对GPS－35、36卫星的激光测距进展和应用研究的情况。给出了残差分析的初步结果,并指出了目前GPS卫星的稀少的激光测距资料对卫星精密定轨和站坐标的解算是有价值的。同时,也简单地评述了GPS卫星的微波和激光跟踪技术各自的优势和弱点．建议联合利用GPS-35、36卫星的SLR和GPS观测资料来开展有关的应用研究。最后,对今后的应用研究工作提出了建议．     

Weekly inter-technique combination of SLR,VLBI,GPS and DORIS at the solution level

Constructing and maintaining a stable terrestrial reference frame(TRF) is one of the key objectives of fundamental astronomy and geodesy. The datum realization for all the global TRF versions,such as ITRF2014 and its predecessor ITRF2008, assumes linear time evolution for transformation parameters and then imposes some conditions on these Helmert transformation parameters. In this paper,we investigate a new approach, which is based on weekly estimation of station positions and Helmert transformation parameters from a combination of the solutions of four space-geodetic techniques, i.e.,Satellite Laser Ranging(SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI), Global Positioning System(GPS) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite(DORIS). For this study,an interval of one week is chosen because the arc length of the SLR solutions is seven days. The major advantage of this weekly estimated reference frame is that both the non-linear station motions and the non-linear origin motion are implicitly taken into account. In order to study the non-linear behavior of station motions and physical parameters, ITRF2008 is used as a reference. As for datum definition of weekly reference frame, on one hand SLR is the unique technique to realize the origin and determine the scale together with VLBI, and on the other hand the orientation is realized via no net rotation with respect to ITRF2005 on a subset of core stations. Given the fact that without enough collocations an inter-technique combined TRF could not exist, the selection and relative weight of local ties surveyed at co-location sites are critical issues. To get stable results, we first assume that, if there were no events such as equipment changes between the measurement epoch of the local tie and that of the spacegeodetic solution, the relative position between the two co-located stations should be invariant and this local tie could be used for computing the inter-technique combined reference frame in those weeks during the stable period of this tie. The resulting time series of both station positions and transformation parameters are studied in detail and are compared with ITRF2008. The residual station positions in the weekly combined reference frame are usually in the range of two millimeters without any periodic characteristic, but the residual station positions, when subtracting the regularized station position in ITRF2008, may reach a magnitude of a few centimeters and seem to have a significant annual signal.The physical parameter series between the weekly reference frame and ITRF2008 also show the obvious existence of an annual signal and reach a magnitude of one centimeter for origin motion and two parts per billion(ppb) for scale.     

Astrometric observations of major satellites of Saturn with a 26-inch refractor

The results of observations of Saturn and its satellites with the 26-inch refractor at Pulkovo are presented. Over the observing period from January 2008 until May 2009, results were found from more than 5000 CCD frames suitable for measurement. On the basis of these frames, 183 positions of major satellites of Saturn (with the exception of Mimas) were obtained. The astrometric reduction was based on the Turner method, with the use of the UCAC2 catalog as a reference. The obtained equatorial coordinates of satellites were compared with the TASS 1.7 theory, and results of comparison are presented. The accuracy of observed positions is 0.05″ on average. Positions of Saturn, calculated on the basis of positions of satellites and their theoretical saturnocentric coordinates according to the TASS 1.7, and the differential coordinates of satellites relative to each other, are also given.     

SHORDE I program system and applications

As one of the Analysis Centers of SLR global data, a program system named SHORDE I has been developed at Shanghai Observatory. This software package is used for processing observational data of satellites and estimating satellite orbit and dynamical and geodetic parameters. The reference systems and the force model required for constructing the package were first realized at the cm-level. In order to save running time and the storage on the computer, a multistage-multiarc procedure has been especially designed.The technique has been applied to the SLR data from LAGEOS and earth rotation parameters and precise station coordinates were derived using the data from Nov. 1984 to Jan. 1988.     

Decrease in the clear air transmission at Helwan Observatory site

Clear air atmospheric transparency of eight nights at Helwan Observatory site during autumn period of 1987 have been determined using the yellow filter GG5. The prevailing atmospheric transmission extends to 58%. A comparison with previous values obtained with the same filter and site during autumn period of 1963 shows a considerable decrease at the present years in the clear air transmission of the site of Helwan. This can be attributed to the aerosol pollution of the site caused mainly by the increase of the industrial centers at Helwan Zone. Clear air atmospheric transparency values at the beginning of winter season and at spring season are also given.     

Satellite laser ranging and its applications

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) provides an important capability for precise orbit determination and for geophysical parameter estimation to support a number of contemporary geodynamic and oceanographic investigations. The precision of the SLR measurement has improved from the early meter-level systems to the current capabilities of a few centimeters for the best systems. The accuracy of the orbits and geophysical parameter recovery have shown an associated improvement. Polar motion with accuracies of 2 mas, station coordinates better than 10 cm, and interstation baseline rates indicative of tectonic motion are determined routinely with the current set of global SLR data. This discussion reviews the SLR measurement, analysis approach, and some of the recent results derived from the current SLR data set.     

激光测距中单光子雪崩二极管的动态范围问题及解决办法

叙述了云南天文台1．2m望远镜激光测距系统中应用多种手段，如：机械快门、发散角调整、距离门、光谱滤波、空间滤波，解决了可门控的雪崩二极管的动态范围问题，实现了远、近卫星的黑夜激光测距和部分近地卫星的白天激光测距。     

2005年上海天文台卫星激光测距观测报告

介绍了2005年上海天文台卫星激光测距观测站搬迁、联调工作和激光观测的概况。     

Altimetry and transponder ground simulation experiment

We have designed and built a compact demonstrator unit for the investigation of altimetry and transponder applications. A small light-weight breadboard carries a compact frequency doubled Nd:YAG pulse laser, an afocal beam expansion optics, a small receiver telescope with spectral and spatial filter arrangements and a sensitive photo-detector. The output laser energy can be as high as 45 mJ with a pulse-width of 3 ns and the telescope aperture is 10 cm. Simulations [Degnan, J.J., 2006. Simulating interplanetary transponder and laser communications experiments via dual station ranging to SLR satellites. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Laser Ranging, Canberra, Australia, pp. 457-462] suggested that the link margin for low Earth orbiting satellites (LEO) is comfortable. Successful satellite laser ranging from this dual-station experiment in several different configurations was achieved up to the MEO orbit in a 10 day provisional installation.     

Mutual occultations and eclipses of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter in 2002–2003: final astrometric results

The photometry of mutual occultations and eclipses of natural planetary satellites can be used to infer very accurate astrometric data. This can be achieved by processing the light curves of the satellites observed during international campaigns of photometric observations of these mutual events.
This work focuses on processing the complete data base of photometric observations of the mutual occultations and eclipses of the Galilean satellites made during the international campaign in 2002–2003. The final goal is to derive new accurate astrometric data.
We propose the most accurate photometric model of mutual events based on all the data available to date about the satellites, and develop the corresponding method for extracting astrometric data. This method is applied to derive astrometric data from photometric observations of mutual occultations and eclipses of the Galilean satellites.
We process the 371 light curves obtained during the international campaign of photometric observations of the Galilean satellites in 2002–2003. As compared with the theory, the rms 'O-C' residuals with respect to theory is equal to 0.055 and 0.064 arcsec in right ascension and declination, respectively, for the 274 best observations. Topocentric or heliocentric angular differences for satellite pairs are obtained for 119 time instants during the time period from 2002 October 10 to 2003 July 17.     

SLR不同地心运动确定方法研究及其特征分析

处理了Lageos-1,Lageos-2,Etalon-1和Etalon-2共4颗卫星在1993―2017年的全球卫星激光测距(satellite laser raging,SLR)观测数据,并对国际激光测距服务(International Laser Ranging Service,ILRS)各分析中心(analysis centers,ACs)的周解进行了技术内综合,分别通过几何法(参考SLRF2008和SLRF2014)和直接法(针对Lageos-1和Lageos-2)确定了SLR地心运动序列;利用傅里叶变换和最小二乘法分析了地心运动的长期变化、周年变化和半年变化,并与CSR(the center for space research)提供的动力学法结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明:地心运动的长期项比周期项小1个量级;与SLRF2008几何法相比,用SLRF2014几何法得到的地心运动长期项明显较小,特别是在Z方向;使用直接法分别针对Lageos-1和Lageos-2卫星激光测距数据解算的地心运动半年项有较好的一致性,但周年项相位相差较大,且在Z方向与几何法及CSR提供的动力学法结果差异也很大,这可能与该方法解算的地心运动与测站偏心改正强相关有关,也可能与单颗星解算地心运动几何结构不够好有关;使用几何法得到的地心运动与CSR动力学结果非常接近,证明利用上海天文台和ILRS ACs周解进行技术内综合来确定地心运动的方法是可行的。     

Perseid meteor stream 1991 – 1993 from TV observations in Kiev

Some results of the double station television meteor observations provided in Kiev during the Perseid shower period in years 1991 – 1993 are presented. The dependence of the beginning hights of meteors on their initial velocities based on 57 best reduced double station meteors is constructed. Exceptionaly great beginning heights of meteors are discussed, as well as the exceptional case of a Perseid bolide.     

利用双行根数计算太阳相位角的精度评估

光度特性测量是获取空间目标的物理特性的重要技术手段之一,无论是光变曲线的事后分析还是建立光度变化的仿真模型,都离不开一个重要的参数——太阳相位角（太阳-空间目标-测站的空间夹角）.目前空间目标的位置通常是通过双行根数（TLE）外推获得,存在一定误差,且随外推时间的延长而变大,因而有必要对其计算所得的太阳相位角的精度进行评估.以典型的不同高度的激光测距卫星LAGEOS1、AJISAI、STELLA为研究对象,以全球激光测距资料解算所得的高精度轨道作为参考轨道,对2012年全年利用双行根数计算所得的太阳相位角数据进行了比对分析,结果表明对于LAGEOS1、AJISAI这样的中高轨卫星,由于轨道较高,表征阻力的B＊恒定,计算所得的太阳相位角偏差较小,角分量级,且随外推时间的延长不会导致偏差明显增大;而对于STELLA这样的低轨卫星,因轨道较低、受变化的大气的影响显著,计算所得的太阳相位角偏差较大,尤其是当B＊比较大、变化较快时,偏差显著变大,且随外推时间的延长显著增大,在最差情况下：外推1d约为13＇,外推3d约为50＇,外推7d约为251＇,已超出目前的精度要求.因此,在事后分析中应尽可能使用1d之内的TLE计算太阳相位角,对于B＊较大且变化较快情况尤其需要注意.另外,针对UTC闰秒的情况,提出了一种处理方法,即在双行根数外推时判断外推时段是否跨越了闰秒时刻,若跨越了则进行修正：增加或减少1s,相应地需要修改结果对应的时间戳计算方法.     

大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化与地球低阶引力场球谐系数的关系

大气、固体地球及海洋组成了一个复杂、变化的地球动力学系统，这一系统中的任一质量分布变化都将产生地球引力场变化。采用全球7000多个地面气象台站的月平均降水及温度资料、NCEP提供气压月均值、TOPEX／Poseidon卫星测高资料和WOA98海水温度及盐度模型计算了大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化引起地球低阶引力场系数变化。比较综合大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化对带谐项J2，J3，J4影响的计算结果和人卫激光卫星的测定结果，可以看出，大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化是引起地球低阶引力场系数周年变化的重要激发源。     

高重频激光测距数据处理方法

该文探讨了高重频激光测距工作中的数据处理问题。该数据处理采用了屏幕显示以及数学分析方法,以剔除卫星激光测距数据中的观测异常值,提取有效的数据点,并最终生成标准点数据。通过对奥地利GRAZ激光测距站高重频数据资料的处理表明,该数据处理方法是有效的。     

Study of total electron content variations over equatorial and low latitude ionosphere during extreme solar minimum

In recent years with the advancement in satellite based navigational applications, study of Total Electron Content (TEC) has gained significant importance. It is well known that due to dynamical behaviour of equatorial and low latitude ionosphere, the levels of ionization is relatively high herein. The sustained decrease in solar extreme ultraviolet radiations during the current minimum is greater than any in recent history. This gives us the opportunity to study the observations of global positioning system total electron content (GPS-TEC) dual frequency signals from the GPS satellites continuously recorded at Trivandrum (an equatorial station) and Delhi (a low latitude station) during the extremely low solar activity period from January 2007 to June 2009. This study illustrates the diurnal, seasonal and annual variations of TEC during the extended solar minimum period. This study also investigates the behaviour of daytime ionosphere around spring and autumn equinoxes at low solar activity period. The results clearly reveal the presence of equinoctial asymmetry which is more pronounced at equatorial station Trivandrum. The diurnal variation of TEC shows a short-lived day minimum which occurs between 0500 to 0600 LT at both the stations. Delhi TEC values show its steep increase and reach at its peak value between 1200 and 1400 LT, while at the equator the peak is broad and occurs around 1600 LT. Further, the daily maximum TEC ranges from about 5 to 40 TEC units at Trivandrum and about 10 to 40 TEC units at Delhi, which correspond to range delay variations of about 1 to 8 m at the GPS L1 frequency of 1.575 GHz. The Maximum values of TEC were observed during spring equinox rather than autumn equinox, showing presence of semi annual variation at both the locations. The minimum values of TEC were observed during the summer solstice at Trivandrum indicating the presence of winter anomaly at equatorial region while Delhi TEC values were minimum during winter solstice showing absence of winter anomaly. Also the TEC values at both the locations have been decreasing since 2007 onwards exhibit good positive correlation with solar activity.     

上海天文台新SLR站精密定位和归心测量

为使上海天文台新SLR站尽早投入全球SLR网的运行,根据中国SLR网的有关要求,对该站进行了精密定位和归心测量。测量中安置了特制的对中滑块设备,在小范围内采用三角测量的高差替代大地高差的近似,取得了较好的效果。测量结果表明:上海天文台新SLR站相对于上海IGS站归心测量精度可优于5 mm,由上海IGS站引得的点位精度可优于10 mm。     

Study of high and low amplitude wave trains of cosmic ray diurnal variation during solar cycle 23

A detailed study has been conducted on the long-term changes in the diurnal variation of cosmic rays in terms of high and low amplitude wave trains event (HAEs/LAEs) during the period 1996–2008 (solar cycle 23), using the neutron monitor data from Kiel neutron monitoring station. As such, 17 HAE and 48 LAE cases have been detected and analyzed. These HAEs appear quite dominantly during the declining phase as well as near the maximum of the solar activity cycle 23. In contrast, the low amplitude events (LAEs) are inversely correlated with solar activity cycle. In fact, LAEs appear quite dominantly during the minimum phase of the solar activity. When we compare our results for diurnal phase with that observed on an annual average basis, we notice no significant diurnal phase shift for HAEs as well as for LAEs. Moreover, we find that the high-speed solar wind streams (HSSWS) do not play any significant role in causing these variations. These results are discussed on the basis of that observed in earlier cycles.     

Variation of evening Zenith sky twilight brightness and colour at Abu-Simbel during spring

Photoelectric zenith sky twilight brightness measurements have been carried out at Abu-Simbel site during spring season 1980 using blue, yellow and red filters. The results are reduced to deduce for the site the variation of the zenith sky twilight brightness in absolute units with sun's depression. The colour indices variation (B - V) and (B - R) with sun's depression are deduced from these results. Comparison is carried out between the present result and that deduced at Helwan and Daraw.     

SLR新星历及其在卫星预报中的应用

目前卫星激光测距(SLR)中所采用的IRV星历已经使用了近20年,近几年来随着对高轨卫星的测距和卫星白天测距的开展以及考虑到今后激光测距技术的发展,需要对SLR所采用的星历进行改进,以适应SLR发展的需求。从2006年8月起国际激光测距网(ILRS)将使用一种新的可用于多种目标测距的星历——CPF星历,该星历不仅可用于人造卫星的激光测距,而且还可用于月球及其转发器等目标的激光测距。该文介绍了这种SLR新星历和应用它进行卫星位置台站预报的情况,分析了其预报精度。