槐糖脂生物表面活性剂和石油烃降解菌增效含油污泥生物修复研究

生物修复是含油污泥无害化处理的重要技术之一;然而,具有强疏水性的油污染物在土壤基质上的吸附,导致在修复过程中传质速率低,以及石油降解菌的缺乏,可能是油污染场地修复效率低的关键因素。本文通过户外修复实验,在选育混合石油烃降解菌的基础上,考察了土著微生物、接种混合石油烃降解菌和同时添加槐糖脂生物表面活性剂对含油污泥的油污降解作用,结合同步监测温度、pH、异养菌总数等参数,探讨槐糖脂生物表面活性剂和接种石油烃降解菌强化含油污泥修复作用的机制。以原油为唯一碳源,从活性污泥中所选育的混合石油烃降解菌对原油的降解率显著高于从其中分离出的单菌株,可作为外接菌剂以强化油污场地的修复。在24d的修复周期内,仅有土著微生物修复体系原油降解率达到29.7%;而接种混合石油烃降解菌,可有效提高修复体系的初始菌密度,并与土著微生物协同降解油污染物,该体系的油污染物降解率较土著微生物修复体系提高18.5%;而添加槐糖脂可以加快油污染物从土壤基质上解吸附速率,并与同时接种的混合石油烃降解菌协同增效油污场地的修复效率,该体系油污染物降解率较土著微生物修复体系提高35.0%。这表明,同时添加槐糖脂和接种混合石油烃降解菌是强化含油污泥修复的有效措施。     

土壤、地下水和地下污染

尽管水是污染物潜在载体，但是土壤却既可以是污染物载体也可以阻碍污染物的运移。静态的土壤基质减慢了地下水的运动，使污染物吸附在固体表面之上，使其运动减缓或停止下来。另一方面，由于风、水流和建设设备携带，土壤也能够运移。运动的土壤一就象流水，     

化学元素在天然水体中迁移机制的模拟──Ⅰ.膜扩散系统的应用

随着工农业生产的迅速发展,污染物质的排放数量和种类也日趋增多,这些污染物对天然水环境将产怎样的影响是我们注重的焦点.一般认为,水体对污染物的迁移与存贮起很重要的作用.水体中的固体颗粒(例如矿物质与有机物)一般都具有吸附其他物质的作用.研究表明,天然的矿物质,如粘土、铁锰氧化物以及藻类、细菌等有机生物体对化学元素有吸收(吸附)作用,这不仅受到元素本身的物理化学特性与水体环境的影响,同时也受到吸附相浓度、化学成分(结构)以及吸附相与吸附质之间的相互作用等因素的制约.     

表面活性剂对辛基酚在海洋沉积物上吸附行为的影响

本文系统地研究人工海水(ASW)中,3种不同类型表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB,阳离子表面活性剂;十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS,阴离子表面活性剂;吐温20,Tween20,非离子表面活性剂)存在时辛基酚(OP)在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为.结果表明海洋沉积物中的有机质含量与海洋沉积物吸附OP的能力有着显著的正相关性.在表面活性剂浓度为0～10 mg· L-1时,3种表面活性剂对OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附都有促进作用,其促进作用由强到弱顺序依次为:CTAB＞T ween20＞ SDBS.在表面活性剂浓度从0增加到120 mg·L-1,相同浓度的OP(4mg·L -1)在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为变化中,CTAB使OP的吸附量增加较快,当CTAB浓度大于40 mg·L-1时溶液中未吸附的OP浓度低于检测限;SDBS使OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附量先快速增加、后趋于平稳;Tween20使OP在海洋沉积物上的吸附量先增加后减小,吸附量达到最大值时Tween20的浓度与其临界角束浓度浓度(CMC)相接近.     

生物表面活性剂及其在油污染生物修复技术中的应用

生物表面活性剂是由微生物等产生的具有表面活性的天然物质,其物化性质相近或优于人工合成的表面活性剂,并且具有环境兼容性和能够生物降解等特点,其应用前景十分广阔。系统地概述了生物表面活性剂的特性、种类及其在石油污染生物修复技术中的应用。     

滨海地下水含水层中微塑料运移机制及环境效应研究综述

微塑料是现代化社会经济活动的产物,于近海岸富集会导致海水、地下水与近岸土壤环境的污染。微塑料具有多样化的物理化学性质,运移机制复杂。伴随人类活动加剧与水动力条件变化,微塑料在滨海地区广泛迁移并形成差异分布。微塑料能够释放自身有毒物质、吸附重金属离子与有机污染物、使海岸带区域水环境污染加剧、严重危害滨海地区动植物的生长发育,威胁人类健康及滨海生态安全。因此,探究微塑料在滨海地下水含水层中的转运机制,对于分析其对生态环境的潜在危害、采取有效手段应对微塑料污染具有重要意义。     

表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用及发展

生物修复法是治理海洋油污染的主要途径。它通常采用投加表面活性剂,投加外源微生物以及投加氮磷营养源三种方式,其中投加表面活性剂在应用中存在较大分歧。本文从结构及其作用机理的角度重点探讨了表面活性剂尤其是生物表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用,指出生物表面活性剂的应用是未来主要发展方向,提出其应用方面存在的问题。     

锦州油田无碱二元复合驱实验研究

针对锦州油田的条件及开采现状,进行了α烯烃磺酸盐类表面活性剂HDS及SNF聚合物组成的二元复合体系（SIP）提高采收率的室内研究。考查了HDS表面活性剂的界面张力特性以及吸附特征;进行了二元复合体系的界面张力、表观黏度及岩心驱替等实验。结果表明：HDS表面活性剂油水平衡界面张力可以降低到超低数量级（10mN／m）,吸附损失小（0．2％浓度HDS≤2．0mg／g）;二元复合体系油水平衡界面张力也能达到超低;黏度保持率高（≥90％）,配伍性好,相对水驱提高采收率20％以上。故HDS表面活性剂是性能优良的表面活性剂,HDS与SNF聚合物组成的无碱二元复合体系能大大提高锦州油田的采收率,无碱二元复合驱是适合锦州油田开发的新技术。     

渤海湾海河口区阴离子表面活性剂的环境地球化学

随着石油化学工业的发展，由石油裂解产物制成的合成洗涤剂的产量正在飞速增长。1960年到1972年，我国合成洗涤剂产量增长了16倍，1984年年产量已达70多万吨，而且近年来有更大的增长趋势。一般的洗衣粉约含20%的表面活性物质，其余主要是增净剂(如磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐)等。表面活性剂根据其在水溶液中显示出的离子特性，可分为阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂等四类。我国生产的合成洗涤剂以阴离子型为主，占总产量的70%以上。 合成洗涤剂的广泛应用产生了一系列环境污染问题，特别是对水生生物的影响和危害已引起人们的关注。目前，国内外对此问题正从以下几方面开展研究：(1)大量洗涤剂排入水体产生泡沫层并消耗溶解氧而引起的水质和底质的恶化；(2)表面活性剂本身对生物的急性和慢性的致毒效应；(3)表面活性剂的界面活性作用所引起的水环境中污染物界面交换过程的变化，以及由此而产生的生物效应；(4)洗涤剂中的增净剂等成分所引起的水质富营养化等。 另一方面，我们也注意到，不仅大量生活和工业用洗涤剂随废水进入河口浅海区后对生态环境的影响值得重视，而且研究其在河口区的地球化学特征，显然能为河口海域环境特征及污染状况的研究提供重要的信息。然而国内尚未见有我国河口海域阴离子洗涤剂含量分布的任何资料。在国外虽然有过这方面工作的某些报道(Ambe, 1973; Gagnon,1983)，但以河口水体、底泥及其诸环境因素作为一个整体来考察阴离子表面活性剂的行为及其环境意义的工作还属罕见。为此，我们研究拟定了简便快速测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法，结合海河口有机污染的调查，进行了这方面的研究工作。     

海洋底栖动物的环境修复作用

底栖动物的生物沉降作用能够促进悬浮颗粒物的沉降过程以及海水-沉积物界面间的营养盐交换,因此可以净化水体中的悬浮物、溶解性有机碳和营养盐等;底栖动物的生物扰动作用可以改变沉积物的物理化学性质,影响水层-沉积层的物质交换和能量传递,因此通过影响沉积物的氧化还原条件、菌群结构以及污染物的降解特性来促进污染物的降解转化过程;同时,底栖动物的摄食及消化过程可以提高污染物的生物可利用性以及外源酶的生物转化,从而对海洋环境修复产生促进作用。     

Surfactant components of marine organic matter as agents for biogeochemical fractionation and pollutant transport via marine aerosols

The role of surfactant organic matter in marine aerosol production has been studied under conditions in which there is a large coverage of whitecaps on the sea surface. To improve the knowledge of matter exchange and pollutant recycling from the sea surface into the atmosphere, a spray drop adsorption model (SDAM) was developed and the validity of the proposed model verified by the following experimental results: (1) an increase of surfactant matter on the sea surface during rough sea conditions (‘surface wave concentration'); (2) an (hyperbolic-like) increase of the enrichment ratio (ER) of surfactant fluorescent organic matter (SFOM), made up predominantly by humic substances (HS), as the particle size decrease; (3) a similar behaviour for elements with pollutant properties, and which are known to interact with HS and other surfactant materials, considered pollution tracers. An additional laboratory experiment, based on the adsorption model conditions, gives enrichment ratio greater than unity for K and Ca. The first results on marine aerosols trapped in marine clouds (at 1000 m above sea level and at 100 km from the coast) seem to further support the proposed model and its ability to predict the transition from saline to almost entirely organic particles for the smaller fractions of marine aerosols. The possible contribution of these particles to the recycling and to the long range transport of pollutants via marine aerosols has been considered.     

Direct determination of surface active substances in natural waters

Advantages of direct determination of surface active substances without sample pretreatment, using the electrochemical method (a.c. polarography) based on the measurement of adsorption effects on the mercury electrode, are illustrated for a number of freshwater and marine samples and phytoplankton culture media. The effects of dilution, filtration and centrifugation of samples were investigated. A high loss of organic material through filtration was observed for selected sea surface microlayer samples and phytoplankton culture media. The samples were compared with different model surfactants and were found to possess similar adsorption characteristics to hydrophobic, fatty surfactants. The freshwater samples were found to be more stable during pretreatment than the marine samples. Humic substances are the predominant surface-active compounds in freshwater systems. The use of a calibration curve for humic material is proposed for the rapid and direct determination of surfactant activity values for freshwater samples.     

Surfactant production by marine phytoplankton

Electrochemical methods based on adsorption of organic molecules at the mercury electrode-solution interface were used to investigate surfactant production by marine phytoplankton. Six species of marine phytoplankton, representing the classes of Bacillariophyceae, Haeptophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae, were studied in batch cultures.Our experimental results showed that surfactants were produced in culture media by healthy exponential growing cells. The measured response was found to depend on the particular species and the age of the culture.Total surfactant content in culture media generally increased with cell density, while surfactants per cell showed an inverse relation to cell density. However, we found that in Cryptomonas culture medium, during the exponential growth, excretion of the insoluble surfactant material per cell was independent of cell concentration.In addition to culture experiments, surfactant activity at several northern Adriatic stations was measured during various stages of phytoplankton bloom. It was concluded that a significant part of surfactant activity in a seawater column is due to phytoplankton production.     

The influence of surfactants on the measurements of copper and cadmium speciation in model seawater by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

Model systems consisting of a heavy metal ion (Cu²⁺ or Cd²⁺), complexing ligand (EDTA or NTA), a surfactant (9,12-octadecadienoic acid, C₁₈H₃₂O₂, i.e., linoleic acid), and a surfactant which is at the same time a complexing ligand (tert-octylphenol etoxylate, C₈H₁₇(C₆H₄)(OC₂H₄)_9–10OH, i.e., Triton-X-100) in seawater and NaCl solution were used in order to investigate the influence of the surfactant adsorption (on the electrode surface) on the heavy metal speciation measurements. The samples were titrated with either the metal, complexing ligand or surfactant and were measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. It was shown that the surfactant adsorption exerts a strong influence upon the overall metal redox process and, thus, changes considerably both the apparent complexing capacity and the conditional stability constant of the system. Considering the presence of high concentrations of surfactants in polluted seawaters, the danger of measuring the apparent complexing capacity with the anodic stripping voltammetry method, without a detailed knowledge of surfactant properties and influence upon the system, is discussed.     

Analytical procedures to classify organic pollutants in natural waters, sediments, and benthic organisms

Procedures are described to extract, fractionate and analyze organic pollutants in environmental samples. The methods are based on organic solvent extraction to isolate the pollutants, liquid-solid adsorption chromatography to separate the various pollutants into four fractions, and analyses of the fractions using glass capillary gas-chromatography. Based on a number of considerations, the procedures were found suitable for the analyses of trace level organic pollutants in a variety of sample types. The data from these studies has provided important information on the biogeochemistry of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment.     

青岛即墨东北部地区基岩富水区新探

通过对青岛即墨东北部大官庄乡这一剥蚀残丘垅岗区进行地下水资源探测,发现了延伸规模较大的东西向张性断裂破碎带,并在大旱之年的枯水季节（１９９７年１２月）于有利部位打出日产４００ｍ３的富水井,确认该断裂带富水。由此,为在青岛地区寻找基岩裂隙水开辟了新的断裂构造领域。     

微塑料与水中污染物的联合作用研究进展

微塑料(直径<5mm的塑料)因其吸附、迁移性能和生物毒性成为目前研究的热点。微塑料进入水体后,会与水中的持久性污染物和重金属进行相互作用,与它们单独作用于生物的毒性效应不同。本文从微塑料对污染物的富集、迁移以及微塑料与污染物的联合毒性效应方面,对微塑料与污染物的联合作用进行了总结。环境中的微塑料能通过吸附作用富集水中有机污染物和金属离子,该过程主要受微塑料自身性质、塑料的老化程度、污染物的空间分布和其他环境条件的影响。污染物能以微塑料为载体在环境和生物体间迁移,包括空间上的转移和生物体内的转移。微塑料与污染物联合作用于生物体时,会通过增加摄入浓度、加剧组织损伤和降低机体抗性等方式增强污染物对生物体的毒性效应,或者通过降低污染物接触浓度、污染物或共污染物的生物可利用性减缓污染物对生物体的毒性效应。未来应对微塑料的吸附行为、相互作用机制以及评价方法、生物积累和慢性毒性进行探究。     

Investigating the effectiveness of the surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate to disperse oil in a changing marine environment

We investigated the surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) and its delivery system Corexit 9500A, used to disperse oil released during the Gulf of Mexico spill during the summer of 2010. DOSS is an organic sulfonic acid salt that acts as a synthetic detergent and disrupts the interfacial tension between the salt water and crude oil phases. The disruption reaches a maximum at or above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC for the surfactant was determined to be 0.17% solution in deionized water at a pH of 7.2 and a temperature of 21.1 °C (70°F). The CMC is lower in salt water, at 0.125% solution. This has been identified as a “salting out” effect (Somasundaran, 2006). The CMC of DOSS in both saline and deionized water occurred at lower-percent solutions at higher temperatures. The surface tension versus concentration plots can be modeled using a power equation, with correlation coefficients consistently over 0.94. Surface tension versus concentration plots are scalable to fit the desired temperature by the function f(x) = (1/1+X^α), where α =T₁/T₂. Tests measured the stability of the DOSS micelles when exposed to a continuous UVA radiation. This photodegradation is directly related to the duration of exposure.