Embankment deformation analyzed by elastoplastic damage model coupling consolidation theory

The deformation of embankment has serious influences on neighboring structure and infrastructure. A trial embankment is reanalyzed by elastoplastic damage model coupling Biot's consolidation theory. With the increase in time of loading, the damage accumulation becomes larger. Under the centre and toe of embankment, damage becomes serious. Under the centre of embankment, vertical damage values are bigger than horizontal ones. Under the toe of embankment, horizontal damage values are bigger than vertical ones.     

现代大地测量学中的垂线偏差

从大地测量学的角度论述了垂线偏差概念从传统到现代的发展和演变,比较全面地探讨了现代垂线偏差的含义和测定方法。通过对垂线偏差量级和误差大小的具体分析,得出结论一般长周期的、幅度较小的非潮汐变化要小于潮汐变化,但短周期的、幅度较大的非潮汐变化则可能与潮汐变化相当,个别地区甚至还会超过潮汐变化,这种情况完全可以用重复重力测量的方法检测到,这也说明重复测量的方法是可行的。     

Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces —A case study of Shanghai, China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase, and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization. Taking Shanghai as an example, the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city’s vertical and horizontal increases respectively, and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion. The research drew following conclusions: 1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature, and could be divided into three stages: vertical expansion in dominance, coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion, and horizontal expansion in dominance. 2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs, but the changing speed of the latter was faster. And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city’s horizontal expansion, while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion. Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city’s political factors.     

Shaking table tests and numerical simulation of dynamic properties of underground structures

It is considered that the damage of the underground structures caused by earthquakes is minor for a long time. However, the catastrophic damages induced by several recent earthquakes ( e. g. Kobe earthquake in 1995) revealed that the study on the dynamic properties of the underground structures is indispensable. The dynamic behavior and damage mechanism of underground structure are analyzed by using shaking table tests ( both shallow- and deep-buried) and numerical simulation ( 3D FEM) including horizontal and vertical input motions, individually and simultaneously. From the results, the underground structure collapsed due to strong horizontal forces although vertical deformation is not negligible. The vertical excitation increases the response of structure, especially the stress and shear stress at the upper section; the soil influenced the property of soil-structure system. In the same excitation, the response in shallow-buried test is larger than deep case. Both overburden and vertical earthquake play important roles in the response of structure and those are two critical aspects in the design of the large-span underground structures, such as subway stations.     

Analysis of the stability and seismic behavior of the geosynthetic-reinforced embankments under earthquake

The stability and seismic behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments during the earthquake is not well known.In this paper,the damage types of embankments were summarized,and the seismic stability of reinforced embankment were analyzed through an earthquake damage investigation in the Wenchuan earthquake region.Then,large-scale shaking table model tests were performed on the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment.The results show that the damage level of the reinforced embankment was almost less than that of the unreinforced embankment.The peak seismic earth pressure was nonlinear along the height of the embankment,the largest peak seismic earth pressure was roughly in the middle of the embankment slope.The peak ground accelerations(PGA)amplification factor first showed an increasing pattern and then a decreasing pattern with the increase of elevation,but there was a final increasing trend along the height of the reinforced embankment.The results can help to establish the proper design of the reinforcement embankments under earthquake conditions.     

Dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers

The dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers are discussed in this paper using large scale shaking table test and the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) marginal spectrum. The results show that variations in the peak values of marginal spectra can clearly indicate the process of dynamic damage development inside the model slope. The identification results of marginal spectra closely coincide with the monitoring results of slope face displacement in the test. When subjected to the earthquake excitation with 0.1 g and 0.2 g amplitudes, no seismic damage is observed in the model slope, while the peak values of marginal spectra increase linearly with increasing slope height. In the case of 0.3 g seismic excitation, dynamic damage occurs near the slope crest and some rock blocks fall off the slope crest. When the seismic excitation reaches 0.4 g, the dynamic damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height of 0.295-0.6, and minor horizontal cracks occur in the middle part of the model slope. When the seismic excitation reaches 0.6 g, the damage further extends to the slope toe, and the damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height below 0.295, and the upper part (near the relative height of 0.8) slides outwards. Longitudinal fissures appear in the slope face, which connect with horizontal cracks, the weak intercalated layers at middle slope height are extruded out and the slope crest breaks up. The marginal spectrum identification results demonstrate that the dynamic damage near the slope face is minor as compared with that inside the model slope. The dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers is extrusion and sliding at the middle rock strata. The research results of this paper are meaningful for the further understanding of the dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers.     

多系统融合精密单点定位性能分析

利用GPS、GLONASS、Beidou和Galileo 四系统的观测数据以及MGEX精密轨道和钟差产品,研究多系统融合精密单点定位的理论模型,并分析其收敛速度和定位精度。结果表明,静态定位时,Beidou系统收敛较慢,收敛后平面精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于8 cm,四系统融合收敛速度最快,定位精度和GPS接近;动态定位时,Beidou平均收敛时间在110 min以上,平面定位精度优于8 cm, 高程精度优于16 cm,四系统融合显著提升了收敛速度,但是定位精度和GPS相比没有明显提升。在截止高度角大于30°条件下,GPS系统定位偏差较大,而多系统依然能够保证足够数量的可见卫星,从而保证可靠的定位精度。     

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.     

基于RS与GPS的汶川地震路基路面震害损毁调查——以都汶公路为例

文章以都汶公路为例,利用遥感解译技术快速获取地震诱发山地灾害类型及其对公路造成的严重损害类型,利用GPS对公路损毁灾害点准确定位,获得路基路面直接震害类型信息,同时对山地灾害遥感判识结果进行检验。通过分析认为公路沿线岩体岩性以及风化破碎程度的不同,对公路产生的损毁程度不相同;路基破坏程度与距离震中和断裂带的远近有密切关系;路基下方护坡的破坏与所处边坡的坡度有关;崩塌滑坡产生大量松散固体物质,雨季到来之后,极易暴发大规模泥石流,需要注意并防范泥石流对行车安全和道路交通的影响。     

基于应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳的焊缝磁记忆信号分析

为了研究不同腐蚀条件下的焊缝磁记忆特征信号,对20号钢板状焊缝试件进行残余应力腐蚀、35kN恒拉伸应力腐蚀和35kN静载、25kN动载拉拉腐蚀疲劳对比实验,分析焊缝正、反面磁记忆信号的变化规律,获得焊缝腐蚀发展进程中应力腐蚀与腐蚀疲劳各自对应的磁记忆特征信号.结果表明:在应力腐蚀状态下,不同拉伸载荷对应的磁记忆信号特征不同,35kN恒拉伸应力腐蚀与残余应力腐蚀相比,焊缝区磁记忆信号峰峰值及其梯度更大,磁记忆曲线分布的分散度更大;35kN静载、25kN动载拉拉腐蚀疲劳与35kN恒拉伸应力腐蚀相比,焊缝区磁记忆曲线上下波动多,过零点次数多,磁记忆曲线分布的分散度小.这为磁记忆技术在焊缝工程检测的定性与定量分析提供基础数据.     

Influence of excavation schemes on slope stability: A DEM

Slope failure due to improper excavation is one of common engineering disasters in China. To explore the failure mechanism of soil slope induced by toe excavation, especially to investigate the influence of excavation unloading path and rate on slope stability, a numerical slope model was built via particle flow code PFC2 D. The development of crack and strain during excavation were obtained and used to evaluate the deformation characteristics.Furthermore, excavation types representing different unloading paths and rates were compared in terms of crack number and strain level. Results indicate that crack number and strain level induced by horizontal column excavation are much greater than those of vertical column excavation and oblique excavation.The crack number and strain level increase with excavation unloading rate. Besides, the feasibility of taking the average strain of slope surface and the average value of maximum strain along monitoring lines to represent the global deformation characteristics were discussed. This study can provide a theoretical guidance for slope monitoring and preliminary optimal selection of excavation scheme in the design and construction of slope engineering.     

华北地区重力势能差水平构造应力分布特征

采用Crust 1.0 地壳模型、SIO V24.1重力场模型和SIO V18.1地形模型计算华北地区的重力势能,并进行动力地形改正以消除岩石圈下地幔运动产生的径向作用力对重力势能的影响。利用有限元方法求解重力势能与水平构造应力之间的平衡方程,得到华北地区的水平构造应力分布。结果表明,华北地区水平构造应力空间分布不均匀,高重力势能区表现为引张状态,低势能区为压缩状态;阴山-燕山断块中北部为高势能区,张应力以N-S方向分布;华北平原断块西南部卫辉周围、东北部葫芦岛和秦皇岛一带以及河淮平原断块西北部郑州附近为低势能区,最大主应力方向为NWW-SEE。     

Feasibility Study on Common Methods for Wave Force Estimation of Deep Water Combined Breakwaters

China's newly enacted Breakwater Design Specifications(JTS154-2011) explicitly state that breakwaters with water depths greater than 20 m are categorized as deep-water breakwaters, and emphasize that design principles, methods and construction requirements are different from those of common shallow water breakwaters. However, the specifications do not make any mention of how to choose wave force calculation methods of deep-water breakwaters. To study the feasibility of different formulae for wave force estimation of deep water combined breakwaters, the wave force calculated by the Sainflou's, Goda's, modified Goda's and specifications' methods are compared for various water depths and wave heights in this paper. The calculated results are also compared with experimental data. The total horizontal forcing and the pattern of pressure distributions are presented. Comparisons show that the wave pressure distributions by the four methods are similar, but the total horizontal forces are different. The results obtained by the Goda's method and the specified formulae are much closer to the experimental data. As for the wave force estimation for the deepwater mixed embankment foundation bed parapet, the Goda's formula is applied in the case with a water depth of less than 42 m. The Specifications method is suitable for standing waves. In the wave force estimates of breastworks, Sainflou's and the modified Gaoda's formulae are no longer applicable for the foundation bed of mixed embankment.     

IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAIZUKA DAM ON ITS UP STREAM： A CASE STUDY IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Japan ranks fifth in the world for the number of large dams. Environmental impacts of large dams are known, such as enormous losses of water or disruption of fish spawning, however, impacts of the dams on their up streams are functions of topography of the up stream. Haizuka Dam is located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and its implementation will start in 2006. This large dam influences its up stream through dam making activities, which occurs in order and with different spatial presences that were categorized into chronological and spatial impacts. In this case study, spatial impacts were further divided into horizontal and vertical ones. The horizontal impacts were identified as new roads, diversion tunnel, dam lake, and submerged cultivated land, while vertical impacts were recognized as submerged historical monuments, slope protections, dam body, and deforested area in the reservoir. There were convergences of spatial and temporal impacts, however, the extent of the impacts was limited to the lake boundary.     

Earthquake dynamic response behavior of Xiangchong valley type tailings impoundment in Yunnan,China

Tailings impoundments can potentially collapse due to damage caused by earthquakes, which has frequently occurred around the world. This study takes the proposed valley type tailings impoundment in Yunnan as the research object to analyze the dynamic response behavior under earthquake action with both numerical simulation and physical model test (1:300). The results of both tests show that the dynamic response of the valley type tailings impoundment is characterized by “medium stiffness effect”, in other words, in a certain range, the “softer” the unsaturated tailings sand is, the more energy it can dissipate, which leads the decrease of the value of the acceleration amplification factor. In addition, the peak acceleration of the monitoring points increases with the vertical elevation, which indicates that the “elevation amplification effect” exists in the tailings impoundment dynamic response. The middle part of the outer side of the raised embankment reacts more sensitive than the crest, which is similar to the slope dynamic response. The starter dam reacts sensitively under the earthquake excitation, which should be given more attention during the seismic design. The dynamic response rules reflected by the numerical simulation are consistent with the results monitored on the physical model test, although there are some differences between their values. The dynamic response rules of the valley type tailings impoundment can provide basis for the design of the similar projects in this region.     

Horizontal Normal Force on Buried Rigid Pipelines in Fluctuant Liquefied Silty Soil

The submarine pipelines that are buried in the Yellow River subaqueous delta can be subject to fluctuant local-liquefied soil caused by storm wave action, possibly causing pipeline damage. An experimental investigation was carried out in a wave flume to study the horizontal normal force on buried rigid pipelines in fluctuant liquefied soil. In this experiment, the soil bed was made of silt from the Yellow River Delta, whereas a steel pipe served as pipeline. Under the experimental conditions, the normal force range on the pipeline in fluctuant liquefied soil was several times higher than that in stable soil, specifically on the side of the pipeline exposed to the wave direction. The resultant force of the horizontal normal forces on the buried pipeline grew by about one order of magnitude after soil liquefaction.     

高精度重力测量的实验研究

在高精度重力测量中，发现同一异常体的实测重力异常与牛顿定律计算出的理论异常不相符，实测异常的极值幅值近２倍于计算异常的极值幅。而且，实测重力异常的极值向两翼衰减很快，其梯度带间距与异常体的水平尺度几乎一致。这就为高精度重力法圈定储油构造、生物礁等平面位置提供了前提。在同等重力测量精度下，实测重力异常比计算重力异常提高了近１倍的纵向分辨力，得到油气藏和油气侵染带引起的重力负异常也是完全可能的。据此用５个模型的实测高精度重力数据和按牛顿定律计算出的数据进行对比，完全证实了上述结论。     

Combined Bearing Capacity of Spudcans on a Double Layer Deposit of Strong-Over-Weak Clays

An extreme sea storm process can lead to a jack-up rig under the combined loading condition of vertical load(V), horizontal load(H), and moment(M) to have stability problems. This paper presents the analysis of combined bearing capacities of a circular spudcan on layered clays with a strong layer overlying a comparatively weaker layer. Numerical models combined with displacement-based load tests, swipe tests, and constant ratio displacement probe tests are adopted to calculate the uniaxial bearing capacities, failure envelopes in combined V-H, V-M planes, and failure envelopes in a combined V-H-M load space, respectively. A parametric study on the effects of vertical load level V, the layer strength ratio s_u,t/s_u,b, and the hard layer thickness t_1 on the bearing capacities is then performed. Results show that the vertical load level is a key factor that influences the values of H and M and the size of the H-M failure envelope. The existence of the underlying weak clay decreases the bearing capacities in all directions, and the vertical capacity Vult is affected more than the horizontal(H_ult) and moment(M_ult) capacities based on a single uniform deposit. The influence of the underlying weak clay on H-M failure envelope is mainly shown where H and M are coupled in the same direction. In contrast, little difference is observed when H and M are coupled in opposite directions.     

论褶皱系和挤压型盆地逆冲断层的成因机制

根据材料力学纵弯杆概念,从定量角度分析了横向剪应力在纵弯褶曲中的分布和演化。纵弯褶曲的受力状态和变形情况与受轴向挤压面弯曲的矩形横断面纵弯杆相类似。由于纵弯杆中横向剪应力呈扇型分布,所产生的逆冲断层亦组成剖面上的扇型。扇状逆冲断层往往在褶曲陡翼发育,产生于褶皱变形达到一定阶段之后。     

六盘山及其邻区现今大地垂直形变与构造活动研究

以六盘山及其邻近地区1970年以来的水准网监测及跨断裂水准测量资料为主,结合GPS水平运动、区域构造和历史强震活动,研究该区域现今大地垂直形变与地壳构造活动特征。分析认为：1）六盘山及其邻区较长时间尺度垂直形变速度场显示的六盘山、西秦岭以及贺兰山等山地相对上升、盆地相对下降的山、盆垂直构造活动差异,体现了该区域现代地壳垂直运动所呈现的继承性趋势特征;2）区域水准垂直形变与GPS水平运动变形综合反映,六盘山、西秦岭等山区现今地壳挤压缩短强烈地带,垂直隆升也相对显著,2者具有一定的共生性特征;3）GPS水平运动速度场在六盘山断裂两侧西强、东弱差异所反映的区域水平运动受阻状态,与六盘山断裂两侧垂直差异活动状况相配合,在一定程度上反映了六盘山构造带应变积累程度较高。这些结果对于该区域未来强震活动研究具有参考价值。