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本文由声学的角度,阐明声波在不同介质中的传播特性和声场特征。提出在研究声波对海洋生物生长影响实验中应注意的若干声学问题,以求得声波对海洋生物生长影响有更好的声效应。 相似文献
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海洋环境中的微塑料主要来源于陆源塑料垃圾输入、海上船只塑料垃圾的丢弃和水产养殖业漂浮装置的废弃等.微塑料的大小、形状和颜色与海洋生物的食物相似,容易被海洋生物误食,由于微塑料自身的毒性及其表面吸附的有毒化学物,对海洋生物及其生态系统具有直接和潜在的危害.本研究主要综述了微塑料对海洋生物产生影响的途径、毒性效应及其效应机制的研究进展状况;提出未来应重点加强微塑料环境浓度的长期效应、微塑料与其他污染物的联合效应及其机制、微塑料效应的生物标志物筛选以及生态风险评估技术的研究等. 相似文献
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当高强度周期性调制的光束或脉冲激光柬入射到介质中时,通过光与物质的相互作用,部分光能转变为声能,从而在介质中形成声波,这一效应称为光声效应。在光声效应的基础上发展起来的光声光谱技术,已广泛用于物质结构的研究。 相似文献
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本文介绍利用圆柱形换能器水平无方向性和换能器的近场波束特性,采用压电陶瓷圆柱的径向振动和壁厚振动不同振动模式,设计适宜于声波对海洋生物影响实验使用的换能器。 相似文献
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胶卅湾表层海水中砷的存在形态 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究海水中砷的存在形态,无论从其对海洋生物的毒性效应,还是研究其地球化学特征,都是具有理论和实际意义的问题,因而日益引起了人们的注意。海水中不同形式砷化合物的测定与研究进行得不多,早期Gorgy等(1978)测定了个别站位海水中 相似文献
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随着纳米塑料在海洋中的分布越来越广泛,纳米塑料逐渐演变成目前海洋生态系统中面临的严重环境问题之一,引起人们的广泛关注。纳米塑料比微塑料粒径更小,具有更大的比表面积与吸附力,成为海洋中污染物的重要载体之一,影响深远。双壳类具有滤食特殊摄食方式,可通过食物链影响其他营养级生物,是食物链中重要一环。本文主要就纳米塑料的定义与来源、在海洋中的污染现状、对海洋双壳类的生态毒理效应进行阐述。纳米塑料可以通过海洋生物呼吸和进食过程中摄入体内,在吞噬细胞中诱导氧化应激、线粒体损伤和细胞毒性并产生严重的炎症反应。研究表明,在有其他污染物的存在下,纳米塑料的存在,会增加污染物在海洋生物体内的留滞时间,从而加大其毒性。纳米塑料可以通过食物网对海洋生态系统构成威胁。 相似文献
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南黄海海底沉积物声学特性及其影响因素试验研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
利用自南黄海中西部海底取回的沉积物样品,对其声学特性及其影响因素进行了试验研究,结果显示,研究区海底沉积物的压缩波速为1.359 ~1.695 km/s,剪切波速为12.5 ~70.9 m/s;颗粒较细的沉积物与较低的压缩波速、剪切波速对应,主要集中在研究区东侧水深较深处;沉积物的物理力学性质对其压缩波速、剪切波速的影响较显著,沉积物的温度和换能器的频率对上述声学两参数也具有一定的影响,而沉积物的包含物及薄夹层等影响声波传播的理论计算结果。给出了研究区海底沉积物物理力学各参数与压缩波速、剪切波速之间的回归方程,以期为国防、工程提供基础资料。 相似文献
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The shock wave and cavitation are main effects in the far-field underwater explosion, which could cause serious damage to marine structures. In this paper, the fluid mechanical behavior of blast load is described by the propagation of pressure wave. The acoustic pressure caused by far-field explosion is determined by solving the wave equation, where a strongly discontinuous axisymmetric numerical model is established with the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method. The model can calculate the dynamic pressure in the fluid field and capture the high-resolution shock wave. The pressure cutoff model is employed to deal with the cavitation effect due to the reflection of the shock wave. The numerical model is verified by comparing with the analytical solution of the cavitation effect near the structure in one dimension. With the same mesh discretization, the present model shows higher precision than the results calculated by the acoustic finite element method. In addition, the propagation of shock wave in the cylindrical water column is studied. Finally, the formation, growth and collapse of the cavitation region near the free surface are simulated. The LDG model can remove the spurious oscillations behind the shock front and it’s more accurate than the results of the acoustic finite element method, in terms of capturing the sharpness of shock wave and calculating the shock and cavitation loading. And the present model can be applied to calculate the structural damage caused by shock wave in three dimensions. 相似文献
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海底沉积物的声学声速特性是沉积物声学中的一个重要的研究方向。正确提取声学原位测量的声速对海底沉积物声学反演至关重要。分析了海底声学原位测试系统的输出子波特性,提出了基于子波提取的互相关双向极值声速提取法。在声速提取过程中,发现某些通道实测声波到达时会出现超出正常范围的异常。分析后认为异常通道的到达波相位出现180°反至现象。通过互相关数值的负极小值提取的声波到达时对互相关正极大值所获得的到达时曲线进行校正后提取声速,得到了正确的结果,说明了本方法的正确性。 相似文献
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正弦波交替音对黑鲷音响驯化的实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
音响驯化作为一种控制鱼群行为的技术,在海洋牧场开发中的应用前景广阔。在室内控温和投饵条件下,用300 Hz和400 Hz正弦波交替音对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)进行音响驯化实验。结果表明,黑鲷对交替音的驯化效果经历了适应期、变化期和维稳期3个阶段;黑鲷的反应时间逐日缩短并逐渐接近对照组,第1~4天黑鲷的反应时间显著高于对照组(P<0.01),第5天开始对刺激产生正反馈,第10天低于对照组并出现实验期最小反应时间;聚集率则逐日增加并从第5天开始显著高于对照组 (P<0.01),第7天后聚集率稳定在100%;驯化后的黑鲷在饥饿状态下对音响刺激的兴奋度比饱食后相对更高。由此可见,300 Hz和400 Hz正弦波交替音对黑鲷的反应和聚集具有明显的效果,交替音可作为黑鲷音响驯化的一种有效手段,结合投饵可以在控制鱼类行为中发挥出更大作用。 相似文献
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This paper describes a system that has been developed to measure compressional wave speed in cored marine sediments onboard ship. The structure enables one to secure an extruded core sample to its base and to move acoustic probes to a desired location, implant them to a specified depth into the sample and perform the measurement. The acoustic measurement system is a pulse-time delay system measuring time difference over a fixed path length and the temperature of the sediment. The time difference and temperature measurement systems are comprised of task oriented components and are housed in a single portable box. The system is adaptable to the various sample sizes obtained with the coring apparatus presently in use. Initial field tests indicate that ship motion has no effect on the system. Data collected from cores has been classified according to sediment type and displays good agreement with data presented by Hamilton (1970). The difference in compressional wave velocity, based on sediment type, for the two studies is 5 m per sec. 相似文献
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音响驯化技术是控制鱼群和提高放流回捕率的有效方法。目前,对海水鱼类进行音响驯化时关于音响驯化时段选择的研究积累尚少。本试验研究了在7:20、10:20、13:20、16:20和19:20 5个不同驯化时段水平下,许氏平鲉幼鱼在430Hz正弦波连续音刺激下的行为反应,分别探究了在不考虑非音频刺激因素和减轻(甚至避免)非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果干扰的前提下,许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。结果表明,无论考虑非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果的影响与否,7:20时段都是许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。 相似文献
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文中关注水下潜航器导航定位时,电磁波传播途径中能量衰减、惯导系统长航时积累误差以及提高水下潜航器定位精度等问题。基于倒置的超短基线声学基阵,分析声波往返传播时间(RTT)、平面波近似方法和USBL导航解算方法及其坐标转换过程,结合INS误差方程,建立INS/USBL松组合模型。为进一步提高系统精度、动态性能和抗干扰性,考察USBL的原始斜距、斜距差以及声学基阵的空间分布信息,提出基于USBL原始输出信息的INS/USBL紧耦合组合导航方法。通过MATLAB仿真对导航算法进行验证,结果表明两种算法能充分抑制纯惯导误差随时间积累问题,且有效地估计出姿态、速度和位置误差角;其中紧耦合方法状态估计误差最小,导航参数精度相对松组合提高30%以上,对于提高水下载体导航定位精度、海洋探测具有重大意义。 相似文献
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Robb G.B.N. Best A.I. Dix J.K. White P.R. Leighton T.G. Bull J.M. Harris A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2007,32(2):484-496
Geoacoustic inversion requires a generic knowledge of the frequency dependence of compressional wave properties in marine sediments, the nature of which is still under debate. The use of in situ probes to measure sediment acoustic properties introduces a number of experimental difficulties that must be overcome. To this end, a series of well-constrained in situ acoustic transmission experiments were undertaken on intertidal sediments using a purpose-built in situ device, the Sediment Probing Acoustic Detection Equipment (SPADE). Compressional wave speed and attenuation coefficient were measured from 16 to 100 kHz in medium to fine sands and coarse to medium silts. Spreading losses, which were adjusted for sediment type, were incorporated into the data processing, as were a thorough error analysis and an examination of the repeatability of both the acoustic wave emitted by the source and the coupling between probes and sediment. Over the experimental frequency range and source-to-receiver (S-R) separations of 0.99-8.1 m, resulting speeds are accurate to between 1.1% and 4.5% in sands and less than 1.9% in silts, while attenuation coefficients are accurate to between 1 and 7 dBm in both sands and silts. Preliminary results indicate no speed dispersion and an attenuation coefficient that is proportional to frequency. 相似文献