河南西峡二郎坪群变质岩岩石学及变质作用演化特征研究

二郎坪群主体为一套变质火山岩，夹有少量的变泥砂岩和大理岩。普遍发生了绿片岩相一角闪岩相的变质作用。矿物共生组合及矿物世代关系表明存在两期矿物共生组合，早期以阳起石＋斜长石为代表，晚期以蓝绿色角门石＋斜长石为代表。温压测量结果表明，从早期到晚期变质反应的ＰＴ条件由低温低压向较高温高压演化。利用角闪石环带确定的ＰＴ轨迹为逆时针方向。     

山东沂水汞丹山凸起麻粒岩相岩石特征及其地质意义

汞丹山凸起的麻粒岩类岩石可分为二辉麻粒岩、角闪二辉麻粒岩和紫苏混合花岗岩等。其主要矿物有斜长石(Anzb-34)、紫苏辉石、单斜辉石、普通角闪石、黑云母、条纹微斜长石、石英等。副矿物有磁铁矿、磷灰石、锆石、石榴石、金红石等。借助于多勃列佐夫(1971)的判别式,判别本区二辉麻粒岩类岩石属较低温的角闪麻粒岩亚相。按不同计算公式估算: 麻粒岩相形成温度为898.8℃、828.2℃、957.7℃;形成时的压力低于0.5GPa。     

坪上一带深层次构造岩的变形特征及温压条件分析

山东坪上一带深层次构造岩发育,依其塑性变形矿物及其组合、同构造新晶和同构造变形晶所反映的变形特征的不同可分为石英变形相构造岩、钾长石变形相构造岩和斜长石变形相构造岩,其变形时的温压条件为中压相系的低绿片岩相-低角闪岩相.     

坪上一带深层次构造岩的变形特征及温压条件分析

山东坪上一带深层次构造岩发育,依其塑性变形矿物及其组合、同构造新晶和同构造变形晶所反映的变形特征的不同可分为石英变形相构造岩、钾长石变形相构造岩和斜长石变形相构造岩,其变形时的温压条件为中压相系的低绿片岩相-低角闪岩相.     

呼玛县五隆屯地区晚二叠世花岗岩地球化学特征及成区

呼玛县五隆屯地区出露的花岗岩岩石类型为中一中细粒花岗闪长岩,计有1个侵入体,呈岩株状产出。一、岩石及矿物学特征中一中细粒花岗闪长岩：中一中细粒花岗结构,块状构造,主要矿物为斜长石、条纹长石、石英和暗色矿物,粒度在0．6ram～5．0mm之间。斜长石40％～55％,条纹长石15％～20％,石英22％～28％。暗色矿物由黑云母和角闪石组成,含量10％。角闪石,绿色、褐绿色,     

实验标定的一种地质温压计及其应用

本文简略回顾了堇青石-石榴石-矽线石-石英地质温压计的研究历史,并介绍由Aranovich等人完成的最新实验研究。以内蒙古南部贺兰山群的麻粒岩相矽线石榴堇青片麻岩的温压计算为例,用Aranovich等人实验标定的温压计计算结果与石榴石-堇青石Fe-Mg交换反应温度计和石榴石-斜长石-矽线石-石英压力计的计算结果相当吻合;而应用含有假定的热力学参数的哈奇森的温压计与其它温压计计算结果有较大差别,温度明显偏低,与岩石形成于麻粒岩相变质条件这一地质事实不符。     

粗面玄武岩熔融-结晶过程中角闪石-熔体二面角:温度和压力的影响

矿物-熔体二面角是了解岩浆岩结构演化和岩浆动力学的重要参数。为了研究温度和压力对矿物-熔体二面角的影响,以粗面玄武岩为初始样品,在压力为0.6~2.6GPa,温度为800℃~900℃,恒温100h的条件下分别对初始样品进行了温度和压力两个系列的熔融-结晶试验。温度系列试验(3组)条件为:恒定压力为0.6GPa,首先在温度为1 350℃的条件下恒温1h,使粗面玄武岩完全熔融,然后改变温度使粗面玄武岩熔体分别在温度为800℃、850℃和900℃以及恒温100h的条件下结晶。压力系列试验(4组)条件为:分别在压力和温度为0.6GPa、1 350℃,1.1GPa、1 375℃,1.6GPa、1 400℃,2.1GPa、1 425℃和2.6GPa、1 450℃条件下恒温1h,使粗面玄武岩完全熔融,然后降温至900℃,恒温100h使粗面玄武岩熔体结晶。在上述试验条件下,粗面玄武岩熔体主要结晶相为角闪石。采用在二维任意切面测定二面角的方法得到试验产物中的角闪石-熔体二面角。将试验获得的角闪石-熔体视二面角的累积频率与理论频率累积曲线进行对比,并讨论了温度和压力对二面角的影响。角闪石-熔体视二面角中值随着温度的升高而增加。这主要是由于在高温条件下,角闪石的成核密度小,生长速度快,有利于角闪石晶体的生长粗化,大的颗粒相互接触拼接形成高角度二面角,而在低温条件下,角闪石的成核密度大,生长速度慢,不利于角闪石晶体的粗化,角闪石的矿物颗粒较小且近平行排列,从而形成低角度二面角。另外,角闪石-熔体视二面角中值随着压力的升高先升高再降低,最后升高,这可能是熔体和矿物之间显著的力学性质差异造成的。试验结果证明,在岩浆结晶作用早期,随着矿物由孤立状态向拼接结构发展,矿物-熔体二面角逐渐增大。同时,将本次试验结果与前人关于岩浆结晶晚期矿物(或矿物-熔体)二面角的演化规律相结合,可以描绘出整个岩浆结晶过程中矿物-熔体二面角的变化规律。     

坪上一带深层次构造岩的变形特征及温压条件分析

山东坪上一带深层次构造岩发育 ,依其塑性变形矿物及其组合、同构造新晶和同构造变形晶所反映的变形特征的不同可分为石英变形相构造岩、钾长石变形相构造岩和斜长石变形相构造岩 ,其变形时的温压条件为中压相系的低绿片岩相—低角闪岩相     

辽东半岛辽河群变质岩温压条件

根据辽东半岛辽河群变质岩巾黑云母—石榴石、斜长石—角闪石.白云石—方解石共生矿物对电子探针分析数据,采用共生矿物对中元素分配的地质温压计方法得出辽河群变质温压区间 :低绿片岩相温度为400—500℃,压力0.2—0.3GPa;高绿片岩相温度为500—600℃,压力0.3—0.4GPa;低角闪岩相温度为600—700℃,压力0.4—0.6GPa。     

胶南造山带变质岩系中角闪石的初步研究

本文对胶南造山带变质岩系中角闪石的基本特征及形成条件进行了初步研究,根据不同地质单元中角闪石的类型、赋存状态、矿物组合等矿物学特点及电子探针分析结果,认为该区角闪石主要属钙质角闪石亚类。其形成的温压范围是：温度５４５～８０６．５℃,压力主要在０．２５～１．２ＧＰａ之间     

井水位气压效应特征差异研究

基于三峡井网所在地的地质构造背景、气压变化特征和井孔结构,分析了整个井网井水位气压变化特征及其差异,以及与含水层物理力学参数之间的关系等.分析结果表明,承压井水位气压效应特征差异与含水层岩性、井孔深度有关.     

试论开放体系中P_(CO_2)对CaCO_3溶解量的影响

本文从化学平衡的角度讨论了开放体系中二氧化碳的分压(Pco_2)对CaCO_3溶解量的影响。根据定量计算的结果,CaCO_3的溶解量之所以随着Pco_2的升高而增大,主要是由于以下三方面的原因所造成的:首先,随着Pco_2的升高,水溶液的pH将会降低,从而使水溶液中CO_3~(2-)的含量减小,因此溶液中CaCO_3的浓度积将会减小,结果便导致了CaCo_3的溶解;其次,随着Pco_2的升高,水溶液中HCO_3~-的含量将会增大,这样便使得以CaHCO_3~+的形式结的Ca~(2+)的含量增多,这也导致了CaCO_3溶解量增的大;第三,CaCO_3解量增大的结果,使溶液的离子强度增加,这又导致了各离子活度系数的减小,从而也促进了CaCO_3的溶解。文章最后还讨论了应该怎样去定性地解释Pco_2对CaCO_3溶解量的影响,并认为使用反应; CaCO_3+H_2O + C_2OCa~(2+)+2HCO_3~-来定性地解释Pco_2对CaCO_3溶解量的影响,存在有以下两个方面的问题:第一,该反应没有反映出Pco_2升高或降低过程中水溶液中最重要的因素之一的〔H~+〕的变化;第二,对于与CaCO_3相平衡的水溶液,当Pco_2升高时,用该反应来解释会导致矛盾的结果。     

减氧空气与轻质原油低温氧化反应特征

塔河北区块轻质原油与减氧空气在温度和压力作用下,探究其组分变化情况和耗氧量规律。在室内使用高温高压反应釜开展原油静态氧化实验,较为系统地研究不同含氧量及不同注气量的减氧空气对原油的氧化作用;并利用色谱分析对烃类分析,收集反应气体进行气体分析,气体组分和原油组分都有不同程度的变化。研究结果表明：(1)原油样本与减氧空气发生低温氧化反应,重质组分C₂₁以上的组分均下降,低于C₁₃的轻质组分含量均上升;(2)原油氧化效果随着含氧量上升而增强,反应过程组分对应“拐点”靠前;(3)含氧量一定时,改变油气比,反应对应的“拐点”不变;含氧量为下降趋势后趋于平缓;(4)低温氧化过程生成的CO₂含量为上升趋势后趋于平缓;(5)在油藏温度(160℃)下,原油主要涉及2个反应热裂解和加氧反应。热裂解反应与含氧量无关,和温度有关,主要反应温度是160～200℃。高碳组分沥青质等重质组分会分解成饱和烃。加氧反应主要是芳香烃,胶质加氧反应也会生成沥青质。当2种反应同时存在时,沥青质参与热裂解的含量大于加氧反应芳香烃等生成的沥青质量,会导致沥青质含量...     

地热驱动力: 广东阳江新洲地热田驱动地热水运移的一种额外非重力作用的分析方法

Tóth总结提出的"嵌套式多级次水流系统"，和张人权等学者归纳总结的重力驱动地下水流系统理论，是地下水运移的重要理论基础。地下水的流动可能受到重力势、压实势、构造挤压力共同作用。然而，在对流型水热系统中发现了地下水补给区位置低于排泄区的反常现象。由于温度升高导致地热水密度减小和压力增大，使得地热水的实际压力水头增大，是出现这种反常现象的物理基础。笔者定义这种额外增大的压力水头为"地热驱动力"，分析其大小与地热水温度、盐度、黏滞度的关系并给出量化计算方法。在广东阳江新洲地热田的研究实例中，地热驱动力的启动点位于地热水循环的最深处4.34 km，该处由温度升高产生的地热驱动力的标准水头为+351.59 m，由盐度增加产生的地热驱动力的标准水头为-2.78 m，总的地热驱动力的标准水头为+348.81 m。地热水温度越高，地热驱动力越大；盐度越大，地热驱动力越小。地热驱动力的额外加持作用可以加快水热系统中地下水的循环。      

Pressure characteristics of landslide-generated impulse waves

The destructiveness of impulse waves generated by landslides(IWL) originates from the wave's movement and load, wherein the impulse wave's load is the major cause of sub-aerial building damage and casualties. In this study, an experiment involving 16 groups of physical tests for the wave pressure generated by a landslide was designed, consisting of 4 sets of IWL and 4 opposite bank slope angles. A high-frequency strain system was used to measure the total pressure of the impulse wave in a water tank. The tests showed that the dynamic pressure caused by the IWL can be divided into two types: impact pressure generated by the jetflow and the pulsating pressure caused by the wave. Under the same impulse wave conditions, the maximum run-up becomes smaller as the opposite bank's slope angle increases, and the jetflow maximum impact pressure experienced by the opposite bank increases, while the maximum pulsating pressure caused by the impulse wave is slightly decreased. Different from previous studies, the spatial maximum pressure distributions of the wave generated by landslide were concluded that the position of the maximum pulsating pressure appears adjacent to the still water surface, and the overall spatial distribution pattern of maximum wave pressure is presented as an inclined "M" shape.Meanwhile, this study is the first to quantitatively analyzed that impact pressure has a very short action time, is even 7 times of the pulse pressure value, and there is a simple mathematical linear relationship between the two. Currently, some wave-load formulas for wind waves and tides are not applicable to calculating the loads of IWL. Research on the load of IWL will explain the hazard of impulse wave very clearly, and will greatly contribute to hazard prevention, mitigation and risk assessment work associated with IWL.     

轻小型无人机遥感组网飞行的高程安全监测冗余 容错算法研究

针对轻小型无人机遥感组网飞行的高程安全要求,本文设计了基于INS/GPS/气压计的多源信息冗余容错测量方案。通过分析轻小型无人机遥感组网应用时复杂多变的工作环境对可靠性与容错能力的要求,采用了联邦滤波算法进行多传感器冗余信息融合。本文分析了联邦滤波结构及算法,通过计算得出了系统容错性好以及滤波精度高的信息分配系数取值原则,并在此基础上提出一种基于故障特征信息熵的Pignistic概率转换容错信息分配方法。该算法可得到清晰准确的故障概率分布,根据此概率分布运用信息熵来确定系统故障概率,进而结合信息分配系数的取值原则得出组合测量系统各个子系统的权重比。通过算例仿真验证了不同信息分配系数主要影响子系统的估计误差和容错性能,而对联邦主滤波器的融合估计误差影响较小,说明了本文的容错信息分配方法能够为各子系统分量提供可靠的分配系数。在旋翼无人机平台上的定高悬停实验证明了该方法能将无人机高程误差减小为传统联邦滤波算法的四分之一,进一步说明了该方法能提高无人机高程安全监测系统的精度及容错性。     

Geochemistry of re and trace elements in ferromanganese nodules and their genesis

Trace and RE element geochemistry and genesis have been studied with respect to ferromanganese nodules from the sediments of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.     

山地城市公交系统服务在老年人群体中分配公平性评价

公交系统作为一种面向公众全体尤其是弱势群体的公共服务设施,其公平性对于促进宜居城市与公交都市建设具有较大的现实意义。本研究考虑山地城市地形变化的影响,提出了一类测度公交站点实际服务范围的新方法来修正公交服务供给公平性评价模型,并以贵阳市为例,对贵阳市公交系统服务供给在老年群体中分配的公平性进行分析。研究结果表明： ① 山地城市地形影响下的公交站点实际服务范围将降低,公交供给服务水平明显下降;② “常规+BRT（Bus Rapid Transit快速公交）”公交系统服务供给在老年人群体中分配公平性程度处于差距悬殊等级,且分配呈现出两极分化趋势;“常规+BRT”公交系统服务供给在老年人群体中空间配置失衡较为显著,城市核心区老年群体较为集聚,然而享有的人均“常规+BRT”公交系统服务供给低于整体水平;③ 若增加轨道1号线,“常规+BRT”公交系统服务供给在老年人群体中分配呈现出的两极分化趋势在一定程度上得到了缓解;“常规+BRT”公交系统服务供给在老年人群体中的空间配置失衡得到一定改善。研究结果能为山地城市交通规划部门合理布局公交系统服务供给设施提供理论参考。结合山地城市地形变化特点,本研究针对公交系统服务供给存在的公平性问题,提出了相应的优化建议。     

Gold Deposition by Boiling or Cooling Without Boiling: Genesis of the Sangchon Gold Deposits, Hadong Area, South Korea

In order to understand the mechanism(s) of gold precipitation in the anorthosite- hosted Sangchon gold deposits in the Hadong area, Korea, chemical speciation and reaction path calculations were accomplished by geochemical modeling.The modeling consisted of three- step procedures: reaction with anorthosite, then the simple cooling of the reacted fluid,and finally the boiling of metalliferous fluid. The principal vein minerals of the Sangchon deposits consist of quartz, sericite,kaolinite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and acanthite. The sulfide mineralization is typically zoned from pyrite (preferentially at vein margins) to galena and sphalerite (toward vein center). Electrum is intimately associated with pyrite + chalcopyrite and sphalerite. By comparing the results of modeling with the observed mineral assemblages and paragenesis,the most appropriate evolution path of ore fluids was suggested as follow: reaction of a single fluid with anorthosite at 300℃,then the isobaric cooling of the fluid at temperatures from 2500° to 100℃3 , and then the boiling and cooling of the fluid due to the decrease of pressure and temperature. Calculations also show that all of the observed alteration minerals formed due to fluid - anorthosite interaction at early period, whereas most of sulfides and electrum were precipitated mainly due to cooling.The abundance of gold in veins depends critically on the ratio of total base metals plus iron to sulfide in the aqueous phase,because gold is transported as Au(HS)2- whose solubility is very sensitive to the sulfide activity. Our results of geochemical modeling generally fit to the observed mineral assemblages and mineral composition, indicating the usefulness of numerical simulation for elucidating the genesis of gold deposits.     

Impact of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</Emphasis> and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) co-infection on survival of penaeid shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important viral pathogen that infects farmed penaeid shrimp, and the threat of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection to shrimp farming has become increasingly severe. Viral and bacterial cross or superimposed infections may induce higher shrimp mortality. We used a feeding method to infect Litopenaeus vannamei with WSSV and then injected a low dose of V. parahaemolyticus (WSSV+Vp), or we first infected L. vannamei with a low-dose injection of V. parahaemolyticus and then fed the shrimp WSSV to achieve viral infection (Vp+WSSV). The eff ect of V. parahaemolyticus and WSSV co-infection on survival of L. vannamei was evaluated by comparing cumulative mortality rates between experimental and control groups. We also spread L. vannamei hemolymph on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar plates to determine the number of Vibrio, and the WSSV copy number in L. vannamei gills was determined using an absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. LvMyD88 and Lvakt gene expression levels were detected in gills of L. vannamei by real-time PCR to determine the cause of the diff erent mortality rates. Our results show that (1) the cumulative mortality rate of L. vannamei in the WSSV+Vp group reached 100% on day 10 after WSSV infection, whereas the cumulative mortality rate of L. vannamei in the Vp+WSSV group and the WSSV-alone control group approached 100% on days 11 and 13 of infection; (2) the number of Vibrio in the L. vannamei group infected with V. parahaemolyticus alone declined gradually, whereas the other groups showed significant increases in the numbers of Vibrio (P<0.05); (3) the WSSV copy numbers in the gills of the WSSV+Vp, Vp+WSSV, and the WSSV-alone groups increased from 10⁵ to 10⁷ /mg tissue 72, 96, and 144 h after infection, respectively. These results suggest that V. parahaemolyticus infection accelerated proliferation of WSSV in L. vannamei and vice versa. The combined accelerated proliferation of both V. parahaemolyticus and WSSV led to massive death of L. vannamei.