Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of paleoproterozoic granitoids: Further evidence on the magmatic and crustal evolution of the São Luís cratonic fragment, Brazil

The Tromaí Intrusive Suite is the predominant exposed unit of the São Luís cratonic fragment in northern Brazil. The suite forms batholiths and stocks of granitoids that were emplaced between 2168 ± 4 Ma and 2149 ± 4 Ma and intruded a 2240 ± 5 Ma old metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. The batholiths are composed of a variety of petrographic types that have been grouped in three sub-units, based on the predominant petrographic type, and named Cavala Tonalite, Bom Jesus Granodiorite, and Areal Granite, from the more primitive to the more evolved phases, in addition to subordinate shallow felsic intrusions. The Tromaí Suite is an expanded magmatic association comprising minor mafic rocks to predominantly intermediate and felsic, low- to high-K, and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous granitoids that follow a Na-enriched calc-alkaline trend. Combined rock association, geochronology, Nd isotopes, and geochemical signature indicate that the Tromaí Suite formed from magmas derived from juvenile protoliths modified by fractional crystallization. The juvenile protoliths included ocean plate, mantle wedge, and minor sediments. The data also indicate an intra-oceanic arc setting that possibly transitioned to a continental margin and that the Tromaí Intrusive Suite records the main accretionary stage of the Rhyacian orogen (ca. 2.24–2.15 Ma) that culminated with a collision stage at about 2.1 Ga and gave rise to the present day São Luís cratonic fragment. This time interval is coincident with the main period of crustal growth in the South American Platform and in the Paleoproterozoic terranes of the West African Craton. The beginning of this period is also coincident with the end of a period in which only minor amounts of juvenile crust is found worldwide.The Negra Velha Granite is a distinct unit that forms a few stocks that intruded the granitoids of the Tromaí Suite between 2076 and 2056 Ma ago. Negra Velha is an association of monzogranite and subordinate quartz–monzonite and syenogranite with an alkaline signature that shows high Rb–Sr–Ba enrichments, resembling shoshonitic associations. This granite represents the post-orogenic phase of the Rhyacian orogenesis.     

Paleoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the São Luís Craton, Brazil: Evidence from Zircon Geochronology and Sm-Nd Isotopes

The São Luís Craton, northern Brazil, is composed of a few granitoid suites and a metavolcano-sedimentary succession. New single zircon Pb evaporation ages and Nd isotope data, combined with other available information, show that the metavolcano-sedimentary succession developed from 2240 Ma to approximately 2200-2180 Ma from juvenile protoliths. The subduction-related calc-alkaline suites of granitoids, spatially associated with the metavolcano-sedimentary sequence, formed in an oceanic island arc setting between 2168-2147 Ma. Most of these granitoids are tonalitic and formed from juvenile, mantle- or oceanic plate-derived protoliths, whereas minor true granites are the product of the reworking of the juvenile island arc material. These arc-related successions represent an accretionary event around 2.20±0.05 Ga, which is coincident with one of the main periods of crustal growth in the South American Platform. This accretionary orogen has subsequently been involved in a collision episode, at ca. 2100-2080 Ma, which is mainly recorded in the nearby Gurupi Belt. The rock associations, inferred geological settings, and the crustal evolution detected in the São Luís Craton are similar to what is described in Paleoproterozoic domains of major geotectonic units of the South American Platform, such as part of the São Francisco Craton, southeastern Guyana Shield, and of the West African Craton.     

Petrology,geochemistry and geochronology of the Zhongcang ophiolite,northern Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean

Ophiolites are widespread along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, northern Tibet. However, it is still debated on the formation ages and tectonic evolution process of these ophiolites. The Zhongcang ophiolite is a typical ophiolite in the western part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. It is composed of serpentinized peridotite, cumulate and isotropic gabbros, massive and pillow basalts, basaltic volcanic breccia, and minor red chert. Zircon SHRIMP Ue Pb dating for the isotropic gabbro yielded weighted mean age of 163.4 ± 1.8 Ma. Positive zircon ε Hf(t) values(+15.0 to +20.2) and mantle-like σ~(18)O values(5.29 ±0.21)% indicate that the isotropic gabbros were derived from a long-term depleted mantle source. The isotropic gabbros have normal mid-ocean ridge basalt(N-MORB) like immobile element patterns with high Mg O, low TiO_2 and moderate rare earth element(REE) abundances, and negative Nb,Ti, Zr and Hf anomalies. Basalts show typical oceanic island basalt(OIB) geochemical features, and they are similar to those of OIB-type rocks of the Early Cretaceous Zhongcang oceanic plateau within the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean. Together with these data, we suggest that the Zhongcang ophiolite was probably formed by the subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean during the Middle Jurassic. The subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean could begin in the Earlye Middle Jurassic and continue to the Early Cretaceous, and finally continental collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes at the west Bangong-Nujiang suture zone probably has taken place later than the Early Cretaceous(ca. 110 Ma).     

Geology,geochronology and fluid characteristics of the Pingqiu gold deposit,Southeastern Guizhou Province,China

The junction of the southeastern Guizhou, the southwestern Hunan, and the northern Guangxi regions is located within the southwestern Jiangnan orogen and forms a NE-trending ∼250 km gold belt containing more than 100 gold deposits and occurrences. The Pingqiu gold deposit is one of the numerous lode gold deposits in the southeastern Guizhou district. Gold mineralization is hosted in Neoproterozoic lower greenschist facies metamorphic rocks and controlled by fold-related structures. Vein types present at Pingqiu include bedding-parallel and discordant types, with saddle-reefs and their down limb extensions dominating but with lesser discordant types. The major sulfide minerals are arsenopyrite and pyrite, with minor sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and rare pyrrhotite, marcasite, and tetrahedrite. Much of the gold is μm- to mm-sized grains, and occurs as fracture-controlled isolated grains or filaments in quartz, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and wallrock.Three types of fluid inclusions are distinguished in hydrothermal minerals. Type 1 aqueous inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 171–396 °C and salinities of 1.4–9.8 wt% NaCl equiv. Type 2 aqueous-carbonic inclusions yield final homogenization temperatures of 187–350 °C, with salinities of 0.2–7.7 wt% NaCl equiv. Type 3 inclusions are carbonic inclusions with variable relative content of CO₂ and CH₄, and minor amounts of N₂ and H₂O. The close association of CO₂-rich inclusions and H₂O-rich inclusions in groups and along the same trail suggests the presence of fluid immiscibility. The calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values range from 4.3‰ to 8.3‰ and δD_H2O values of fluid inclusions vary from −55.8‰ to −46.9‰. A metamorphic origin is preferred on the basis of geological background and analogies with other similar deposit types.Two ore-related sericite samples yield well-defined ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of 425.7 ± 1.7 Ma and 425.2 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively. These data overlap the duration of the Caledonian gold mineralization along the Jiangnan orogen, and suggest that gold mineralization was post-peak regional metamorphism and occurred during the later stages of the Caledonian orogeny.Overall, the Pingqiu gold deposit displays many of the principal characteristics of the Bendigo gold mines in the western Lachlan Orogen (SE Australia) and the Dufferin gold deposit in the Meguma Terrane (Nova Scotia, Canada) but also some important differences, which may lead to the disparity in gold endowment. However, the structural make-up at deposit scale, and the shallow mining depth at present indicate that the Pingqiu gold deposit may have considerable gold potential at depth.     

U–Pb and Sm–Nd geochronology of amphibolites from the Curaçá Belt, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: Tectonic implications

The Curaçá terrane is part of the Itabuna–Salvador–Curaçá (I–S–C) Paleoproterozoic orogen in the São Francisco craton, northeastern Brazil, and comprises supracrustal rocks, gneisses of their probable basement, amphibolites, and mafic-ultramafic Cu-bearing bodies (including the Caraíba Cu-Mine), all affected by D₁-D₃ deformation events associated to M₁-M₃ metamorphism under high-T granulite and amphibolite facies, and assisted by G₁-G₃ tonalitic-granodioritic-granitic intrusions. U–Pb and Sm–Nd Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) isotopic data from amphibolite, tonalite, and granite, sampled in a well-known outcrop, indicate partial reset and heterogeneous modification of the original isotopic systems, attributable to deformation and metamorphism. The ages obtained from these systems agree with each other, and also with other previously published U–Pb data, and imply that 2.6 Ga is the crystallization age of the protolith of the amphibolite. Together with key structural relationships, they also indicate a 2.08–2.05 Ga interval for M₃ metamorphism, and make even a less precise age (2.2–2.3 Ga) acceptable, as it suggests contamination in the amphibolite with material in a syn-D₂ tonalite crystallized 2248 ± 36 Ma ago. The new data demonstrate the existence of Neoarchean fragments of both oceanic and continental crusts and constrain the Archean-Paleoproterozoic development of the Curaçá belt, the I–S–C orogen, and the São Francisco craton.     

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope (O, H, C, and S) constraints on the genesis of the Serrinha gold deposit, Gurupi Belt, northern Brazil

The Serrinha gold deposit of the Gurupi Belt, northern Brazil, belongs to the class of orogenic gold deposits. The deposit is hosted in highly strained graphitic schist belonging to a Paleoproterozoic (∼2,160 Ma) metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. The ore-zones are up to 11 m thick, parallel to the regional NW–SE schistosity, and characterized by quartz-carbonate-sulfide veinlets and minor disseminations. Textural and structural data indicate that mineralization was syn- to late-tectonic and postmetamorphic. Fluid inclusion studies identified early CO₂ (CH₄-N₂) and CO₂ (CH₄-N₂)-H₂O-NaCl inclusions that show highly variable phase ratios, CO₂ homogenization, and total homogenization temperatures both to liquid and vapor, interpreted as the product of fluid immiscibility under fluctuating pressure conditions, more or less associated with postentrapment modifications. The ore-bearing fluid typically has 18–33mol% of CO₂, up to 4mol% of N₂, and less than 2mol% of CH₄ and displays moderate to high densities with salinity around 4.5wt% NaCl equiv. Mineralization occurred around 310 to 335°C and 1.3 to 3.0 kbar, based on fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures and oxygen isotope thermometry with estimated oxygen fugacity indicating relatively reduced conditions. Stable isotope data on quartz, carbonate, and fluid inclusions suggest that veins formed from fluids with δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_H2O (310–335°C) values of +6.2 to +8.4‰ and −19 to −80‰, respectively, which might be metamorphic and/or magmatic and/or mantle-derived. The carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) varies from −14.2 to −15.7‰ in carbonates; it is −17.6‰ in fluid inclusion CO₂ and −23.6‰ in graphite from the host rock. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite are −2.6 to −7.9‰. The strongly to moderately negative carbon isotope composition of the carbonates and inclusion fluid CO₂ reflects variable contribution of organic carbon to an originally heavier fluid (magmatic, metamorphic, or mantle-derived) at the site of deposition and sulfur isotopes indicate some oxidation of the originally reduced fluid. The deposition of gold is interpreted to have occurred mainly in response to phase separation and fluid-rock interactions such as CO₂ removal and desulfidation reactions that provoked variations in the fluid pH and redox conditions.     

阿拉善地块北缘二叠纪花岗岩类的锆石年代学、地球化学及其对伸展环境的指示意义

阿拉善北缘造山带是连接中亚造山带东、西两段的关键节点, 对于认识其构造演化具有重要意义。然而, 该区研究程度较低, 且关于其二叠纪的构造环境有俯冲、俯冲转碰撞、碰撞后伸展等争议。本文选取阿拉善地块北缘宗乃山-沙拉扎山构造区的花岗岩类岩石进行了系统的年代学、地球化学和同位素研究。塔木素岩体花岗岩、笋布尔岩体花岗闪长岩和呼仁陶勒盖岩体花岗岩的年龄分别为259.8±1.7Ma、260.0±1.2Ma和250.8±2.2Ma。结合前人研究成果, 可知宗乃山-沙拉扎山构造区经历了中元古代早期、新元古代早期、早古生代和晚古生代的岩浆作用, 其峰期为中-晚二叠世。花岗岩类样品大多具有中-高钾钙碱性和准-过铝质特征, 指示其为地壳重熔的产物。三个岩体全岩ε_Nd(t)值为-1.47~-0.25, Nd同位素模式年龄为1.03~1.05Ga; 其中笋布尔岩体的锆石ε_Hf(t)值为-0.24~+3.70, Hf同位素模式年龄为965~1215Ma。其同位素特征与中亚型微陆块相似, 指示这些岩体主要来自于宗乃山-沙拉扎山构造区中-新元古代基底的重熔。根据以上岩石成因, 结合笋布尔岩体A型花岗岩特征和大多后碰撞花岗岩特征指示这些岩体主要形成于碰撞后伸展环境。结合前人研究成果, 认为该区在中-晚二叠世已处于碰撞后伸展环境。

     

新疆吐拉苏盆地京希-伊尔曼德金矿地质和地球化学特征研究

京希-伊尔曼德金矿位于新疆北天山吐拉苏盆地的西北缘,赋存于泥盆纪-早石炭世火山-沉积地层底部的凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩中,围岩经历了绢云母化、黄铁矿化、多期硅化和角砾化、碳酸盐化和重晶石化,金矿化与硅化围岩紧密伴生。矿体呈透镜状、层状和似层状,产状与围岩基本一致,主要由热液角砾岩型矿石组成,其热液演化期由四个阶段组成:I:硅化及绢云母化——在围岩凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩中形成大量浸染状石英、绢云母和少量黄铁矿;II:角砾化及硅化——形成含金热液角砾岩a,角砾为早期蚀变围岩,胶结物为烟灰色玉髓状石英、黄铁矿、毒砂和少量金矿物;III:角砾化及硅化——形成含金热液角砾岩b,角砾为热液角砾岩a和蚀变围岩,胶结物为细粒石英、黄铁矿、毒砂和少量金矿物;IV:方解石-重晶石阶段——形成大量粗大的方解石-重晶石脉。京希-伊尔曼德金矿成矿流体本身富集V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Sb,且其中的Mn、Co、Zn、Bi以及大离子亲石元素LILE主要来自火山岩围岩。从成矿早期到晚期,成矿流体轻稀土元素逐渐富集、氧化性增强。水-岩体系氢、氧同位素组成模拟计算表明,京希-伊尔曼德金矿成矿流体主要为与区内火山岩再平衡的岩浆水,其中金浓度为1×10-6～2×10-6,形成该矿需要约1×108～0.5×108t岩浆热液,蚀变围岩和矿石中黄铁矿富集轻稀土元素。角砾化作用及其伴随的氧逸度升高是导致金沉淀的主要机制。     

Geochemistry and geochronology of mafic rocks from the Vespor suite in the Juruena arc,Roosevelt-Juruena terrain,Brazil: Implications for Proterozoic crustal growth and geodynamic setting of the SW Amazonian craton

This study presents new geochemical data on rocks from the Vespor suite, an important mafic unit from the Juruena arc, Roosevelt-Juruena terrain, SW Amazonian craton, northwest Mato Grosso, Brazil, attempting to define their tectonic setting and type of mantle source. The Juruena arc may be part of a magmatic belt (Jamari and Juruena arcs) at the southwestern Amazonian craton during assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. The investigated rocks represent a Paleoproterozoic subduction-related mafic suite of sigmoidal bodies, composed mainly of gabbro, norite, gabbronorite and diorite, that underwent amphibolite facies metamorphism. Here we present also preliminary petrology aspects and zircon U–Pb geochronology. Geochemical character and variation trends of major and trace elements as well as selected trace element ratios suggest that Vespor suite rocks have a tholeiitic lineage of arc affinity controlled by fractional crystallization with a prominent iron enrichment trend. Gabbros, norites and gabbronorites are characterized by enrichment of LILE and weakly to moderately differentiated HFSE patterns, suggesting their deviation from an enriched heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source. Vespor suite rocks are characterized by depletion of Nb–Ta, P and Ti, with flat distribution of HFSE, markedly large variations in most of the LILE, positive anomalies displayed by Ba, K, Th, Sr, Pb and weak negative anomalies of Hf–Zr. These features reflect limited degrees of crustal contamination associated with a subduction-related magma process where the mantle wedge was chemically modified. In addition, the enrichment in LILE and Pb, low values of the ratios (La_n/Sm_n – 0.83 to 4.58) and (Nb_n/La_n – 0.04 to 0.45), but high Th/Yb ratios, gently to moderately sloping REE profiles (La/Yb_n = 2.53–7.37), negative anomalies in HFSE (Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti), and positive anomalies in LILE (Th, Ba, Sr), suggest derivation from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source above a subduction zone with weak crustal contamination. Both the composition of the mantle source and the degree of partial melting that produced the parental magmas of these rocks, determined by using REE abundance and ratios, indicate that gabbroic/dioritic melts were generated at different degrees of melting of the source: about 5–20% partial melting of a garnet-spinel lherzolite, around 1–10% partial melting of spinel lherzolite source, and approximately 1–5% partial melting of intermediate source composition, and crystallizing between 1.773 and 1.764 Ma.     

新疆乔尕山金矿床成矿流体来源研究

对乔尕山金矿床脆韧性剪切变质成矿作用阶段形成的受不同程度剪切的石英脉中流体包裹体气相成分分析表明,由糜棱岩化石英脉→初糜棱岩石英脉→石英脉糜棱岩,气相成分总量及主要组分Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的含量均呈有规律的降低。两个主要成矿阶段形成的石英脉具有相似的Ｈ、Ｏ同位素组成,δ＾１８ＯＨ２Ｏ＝５．２５‰～９．５４‰,δＤＨ２Ｏ＝－７０．９‰,～－４２．０‰,受剪切岩石中矿物中流体包裹体所代表的流体是韧性剪切金矿     

The role of decarbonization and structure in the Callie gold deposit, Tanami Region of northern Australia

The Callie deposit is the largest (6.0 Moz Au) of several gold deposits in the Dead Bullock Soak goldfield of the Northern Territory’s Tanami Region, 550 km northwest of Alice Springs. The Callie ore lies within corridors, up to 180 m wide, of sheeted en echelon quartz veins where they intersect the 500-m-wide hinge of an ESE-plunging F₁ anticlinorium. The host rocks are the Blake beds, of the Paleoproterozoic Dead Bullock Formation, which consist of a > 350-m-thick sequence of lower greenschist facies graphitic turbidites and mudstones overlying in excess of 100 m of thickly bedded siltstones and fine sandstones. The rocks are Fe-rich and dominated by assemblages of chlorite and biotite, both of which are of hydrothermal and metamorphic origin. A fundamental characteristic of the hydrothermal alteration is the removal of graphite, a process which is associated with bleaching and the development of bedding-parallel bands of coarse biotite augen. Gold is found only in quartz veins and only where they cut decarbonized chloritic rock with abundant biotite augen and no sulfide minerals. Auriferous quartz veins differ from barren quartz veins by the presence of ilmenite, apatite, xenotime, and gold and the absence of sulfide minerals. The assemblage of gold–ilmenite–apatite–xenotime indicates a linked genesis and mobility of Ti, P, and Y in the mineralizing fluids. Geochemical analysis of samples throughout the deposit shows that gold only occurs in sedimentary rocks with high FeO/(FeO+Fe₂O₃) and low C/(C+CO₂) ratios (> 0.8 and < 0.2, respectively). This association can be explained by reactions that convert C from reduced graphitic host rocks into CO₂ and reduce ferric iron in the host rocks to ferrous iron in biotite and chlorite. These reactions would increase the CO₂ content of the fluid, facilitating the transport of Ti, P, and Y from the host rocks into the veins. Both CO₂ and CH₄ produced by reaction of H₂O with graphite, effervesced under the lower confining pressures in the veins. This would have partitioned H₂S into the vapor phase, destabilizing Au–bisulfide complexes; the loss of CO₂ and H₂S from the aqueous phase caused precipitation of gold, ilmenite, apatite, and xenotime. It is proposed that this process was the main control on gold precipitation. Oxidization of iron in the very reduced wall rocks, resulting in reduction of the fluid, provided a second mechanism of gold precipitation in previously decarbonized rocks, contributing to the high grades in some samples. Although sulfide minerals, especially arsenopyrite, did form during the hydrothermal event, host rock sulfidation reactions did not play a role in gold precipitation because gold is absent near rocks or veins containing sulfide minerals. Sulfide minerals likely formed by different mechanisms from those associated with gold deposition. Both the fold architecture and subsequent spatially coincident sinistral semibrittle shearing ensured that the ore fluids were strongly focused into the hinges of the anticlines. Within the anticlines, a reactive cap of fine-grained, graphitic, reduced Fe-rich turbidites above more permeable siltstones and fine sandstones impeded fluid flow ensuring efficient removal of graphite, and the associated effervescence of CO₂ from the fluid caused the precipitation of gold. Exploration for similar deposits should focus on the intersection of east–west shear zones with folds and Fe-rich graphitic host rocks.     

新疆阿希金矿矿床地质和地球化学研究

阿希金矿是新疆西天山产出的一个大型浅成低温热液型金矿,赋矿围岩为晚泥盆世火山岩,矿体以石英脉型为主,其热液成矿期由以下4个阶段组成:玉髓状石英阶段(Ⅰ),黄铁矿-石英脉阶段(Ⅱ),白铁矿-碳酸盐-石英脉阶段(Ⅲ),重品石-碳酸盐脉阶段(Ⅳ),其中阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ是主要的金成矿阶段,银金矿为主要的含金矿物,从阶段Ⅱ[195～285℃,logf(S2)=6.7～-13]到阶段Ⅲ[95～190℃,logf(S2)=-15.8～-25.6],成矿流体的温度和硫逸度明显降低.成矿流体与围岩作用导致流体中大离子亲石元素含量升高.阶段Ⅰ(δEu=1.17～1.52)和阶段Ⅱ(δEu=0.44～0.93)脉体的Eu异常和Eu含量区别显著,表明阶段Ⅱ成矿作用发生在相对还原的环境.阶段Ⅰ脉体具有轻稀土元素强烈富集而重稀土元素相对亏损的稀土元素配分模式(La/Yb=4.5～36.2),而阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅳ脉体轻重稀土元素分馏较弱(La/Yb=1.2～2.0),阶段Ⅳ重晶石-碳酸盐脉(∑REE=67.5×10<'6>)以较高的稀土元素含量而区别于阶段Ⅱ(∑REE=1.0×10<'-6>～4.2×10<'-6>),说明重品石和碳酸盐矿物对REE的分异有重要影响.不同阶段脉体与围岩火山岩的地球化学特征表明,阶段Ⅰ成矿流体以与火山岩围岩有关的火山热液为主,进入阶段Ⅱ,大气水开始加入,引起成矿流体温度和硫逸度强烈降低,并导致金在阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ沉淀成矿.     

新疆谢米斯台地区晚古生代俯冲作用: 来自塞勒肯特岩体的岩石学、年代学及地球化学证据

塞勒肯特岩体出露于谢米斯台中东部,岩性主要为二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩及花岗闪长岩。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素等研究,探讨其形成的构造环境及岩石成因。结果表明,二长花岗岩(400.9±4.3Ma)和石英闪长岩(398.1±4.5Ma)形成于早泥盆世,花岗闪长岩(381.7±2.9Ma)形成于晚泥盆世。岩体整体富碱,属于准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类。轻重稀土分馏较明显且富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=5.09~9.22),Eu异常不明显,相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素;二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩具有低的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值(0.7040~0.7043),正ε_Nd(t)值(+4.85~+6.18),年轻的t_DM1(Nd)年龄(663~732Ma),二长花岗岩锆石ε_Hf(t)值为+7.94~+12.12,t_DM2(Hf)=648~889Ma;花岗闪长岩也具有低的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值(0.7045~0.7046),正ε_Nd(t)值(+4.61~+4.80),年轻的t_DM1(Nd)年龄(731~749Ma),花岗闪长岩锆石ε_Hf(t)值为+4.26~+11.69,t_DM2(Hf)=631~1103Ma。综合研究表明,塞勒肯特岩体形成于俯冲背景下的大陆边缘弧环境,可能是俯冲板片脱水交代地幔楔产生的玄武质岩浆上涌,导致新生下地壳发生部分熔融。二长花岗岩及石英闪长岩均来源于新生下地壳的部分熔融;花岗闪长岩主要来源于新生下地壳的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的加入,花岗闪长岩中的暗色微粒包体可能是幔源物质与新生下地壳部分熔融的岩浆未发生完全混合,最终冷凝结晶的产物。谢米斯台地区与俯冲相关的中酸性岩浆活动至少从晚奥陶世一直延续至晚泥盆世。

     

An early Paleoproterozoic high-K intrusive complex in southwestern Tarim Block, NW China: Age, geochemistry, and tectonic implications

Systematic geochronologic, geochemical, and Nd isotopic analyses were carried out for an early Paleoproterozoic high-K intrusive complex exposed in southwestern Tarim, NW China. The results provide a better understanding of the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Tarim Block. Zircon U–Pb age dating indicates two Paleoproterozoic magmatic episodes occurring at ca. 2.41 Ga and ca. 2.34 Ga respectively, which were followed by a ca. 1.9 Ga metamorphic event. The 2.41 Ga granodiorite–adamellite suite shares characteristics of late to post-orogenic metaluminous A-type granites in its high alkalinity (Na₂O + K₂O = 7.6–9.3%), total REE (410–788 ppm), Zr (370–660 ppm), and Y (21.7–58.4 ppm) contents. εNd(t) values for the suite range from − 3.22 to − 4.71 and accordingly the Nd modal ages (T_2DM) vary between 3.05 Ga and 3.17 Ga. Based on geochemical data, the 2.34 Ga suite can be subdivided into two sub-suites, namely A-type and S-type. However, both types have comparable Nd isotope compositions (εNd(t) ≈ − 0.41 to − 2.08) and similar narrow T_2DM ranges (2.76–2.91 Ga).Geochemical and Nd isotopic data for the high-K intrusive complex, in conjunction with the regional geological setting, suggest that both the 2.41 Ga suite and the 2.34 Ga A-type sub-suite might have been produced by partial melting of the Archean mafic crust in a continental rift environment. The S-type sub-suite is thought to have formed by partial melting of felsic pelites and/or metagreywackes recycled from Archean crust (TTG?). Gabbro enclaves with positive εNd(t) value (2.15) have been found to be intermingling within the 2.34 Ga suite; ca. 2.34–2.36 Ga gabbroic dykes and adamellites have previously been documented in eastern Tarim. These observations indicate that the high-K intrusions may reflect the emergence of depleted mantle upwelling beneath the Tarim Block at that time. We suggest a three-stages model for the Precambrian crustal evolution in the Tarim Block: (1) the formation of proto-crust (TTG) by ca. 2.5 Ga, (2) episodes of felsic magmatism possibly occurring in continental rift environments at ca. 2.41 Ga and ca. 2.34–2.36 Ga, and (3) ca. 1.9 Ga metamorphism that may represent the solidification of the Precambrian basement of the Tarim Block.     

西昆仑北带喀依孜斑岩型钼矿床地质地球化学特征及年代学研究

喀依孜钼矿床是近年来西昆仑地区新发现的具规模的斑岩型矿床。钼矿化赋存在花岗闪长岩体边部,由南、北两个矿化带组成,矿石呈浸染状,矿石矿物由辉钼矿及少量黄铁矿和黄铜矿组成。矿石Mo品位0.04%～1.53%,局部达10%～15%。围岩蚀变有钾化、黄铁绢英岩化和青磐岩化等斑岩型矿床蚀变组合。含矿岩体为花岗闪长岩,岩石地球化学具高SiO2、Al2O3,富K2O、Na2O,低CaO、TiO2等特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素,显示Nb和Ta的负异常,与俯冲带岩浆地球化学特征类似,岩石成因可能与俯冲作用有关。含矿岩体锆石LA-ICPMS定年获得250.7±4.7Ma(MSWD=1.6),3件辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄分别为254.4±1.9Ma、257.0±3.4Ma、258.5±2.0Ma,成岩成矿发生在晚二叠世末-早三叠世初。综合区域演化特征,本文认为喀依孜斑岩型钼矿床成因与古特斯洋向塔里木板块俯冲有关,形成于塔里木大陆边缘弧环境。     

滇西马厂箐煌斑岩成因:地球化学、年代学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束

滇西马厂箐煌斑岩脉分为早晚两期,早期为云斜煌岩,晚期为云煌岩.对煌斑岩样品进行锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得33.77±0.11Ma的岩浆侵位年龄,表明马厂箐煌斑岩为马厂箐复式杂岩体中期岩浆结晶作用的产物,也是金沙江-哀牢山断裂带新生代早期岩浆活动的产物.岩石地球化学分析表明马厂箐煌斑岩高钾(K2O/NaO=2.88 ～4.60)、富碱(K2O+ Na2O =6.40％ ～7.55％)、高Mg# (74.3～76.9),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE) (K、Rb、Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)(Nb、Zr、P)和重稀土元素.同位素以高(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.707406～0.706506),低εNd(t)(-1.78～-7.64),富集放射性Pb(208 pb/204 Pb=38.87 ～ 39.35,207Pb/204 Pb=15.6390～15.6431,206Pb/204 Pb=18.6579 ～ 18.8093)为特征.176Hf/177Hf为0.282712 ～0.282864,εHf(t)为-1.4～4.0,εNd(t)与εHf(t)存在Nd-Hf同位素解耦.根据岩石地球化学和同位素特征以及区域构造演化历史分析,马厂箐煌斑岩起源于金沙江洋壳俯冲交代作用形成的富集地幔,区域上软流圈物质上涌可能促使EMII的部分熔融形成煌斑岩岩浆,而金沙江-哀牢山断裂及其与其他断裂的交汇处则为岩浆上侵提供了良好的通道.     

Age and sources of gold mineralization in the Marmato mining district, NW Colombia: A Miocene–Pliocene epizonal gold deposit

Epigenetic gold mineralization occurs in the Marmato mining district, within the Calima Terrain of the Setentrional Andes, Colombia. Regional rocks associated with this mineralization include: graphite- and chlorite-schists of the Arquia Complex; metamorphosed during the Cretaceous, Miocene sandstones, shales and conglomerates of the Amagá Formation; as well as pyroclastic rocks (clasts of basalt, andesites and mafic lavas) and subvolcanic andesitic/dacitic bodies of the Combia Formation (9 to 6 Ma). The subvolcanic Marmato stock hosts mesothermal and epithermal low-sulfidation Au–Ag ores in the form of distensional veins, stockwork, and quartz veinlets within brecciated zones. Ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite and galena with subordinate chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, argentite and native gold/electrum.Sericitized plagioclase from a porphyry dacite yielded a K–Ar age of 5.6 ± 0.6 Ma, interpreted as the age of ore deposition. This is in close agreement with the age of reactivation of the Cauca–Romeral Fault System (5.6 ± 0.4 Ma), which bounds the Calima Terrain. A porphyry andesite–dacite (6.7 ± 0.1 Ma), hosting the Au–Ag veins, shows a measured ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr between 0.70440 and 0.70460, ε_Nd between + 2.2 and + 3.2 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.964 to 19.028; 15.561 to 15.570; and 38.640 to 38.745, respectively. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ε_Nd values of rocks from the Arquia Group range from 0.70431 to 0.73511 and − 12.91 to + 10.0, respectively, whereas the corresponding Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) range from 18.948 to 19.652; 15.564 to 15.702; and 38.640 to 38.885, respectively. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ε_Nd values obtained on sulfides from the gold quartz veins, which occur at shallow and intermediate levels, range from 0.70500 to 0.71210 and from − 1.11 to + 2.40. In the deepest veins, ε_Nd values lie between + 1.25 and + 3.28 and the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of calcite and pyrite fall between 0.70444 and 0.70930. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of all mineralization are in the ranges 18.970 to 19.258; 15.605 to 15.726 and 38.813 to 39.208, respectively. Carbonates have an average ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.70445, which is within the range of values measured in the host dacite. The Sr isotopic data indicate that carbonic fluids have a restricted hydrothermal circulation within the host igneous body, while the Sr, Pb and Nd isotopic compositions of the sulfides suggest that the fluids not only circulated within the Marmato stock, but also throughout the Arquia Complex, inferring that these rocks offer a potential target for mineral exploration. Based on geological and geochronological evidence, the epizonal Marmato gold ores formed during the Miocene to Pliocene, as a result of cooling of the Marmato stock and reactivation along a crustal-scale fault zone related to thermal processes in an accretionary oceanic–continental plate orogen.     

新疆望峰金矿床流体包裹体地球化学及矿床成因类型

西天山东缘的望峰金矿床受胜利达坂韧性剪切带的控制,成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,自然金和矿石矿物主要形成于中阶段。岩相学、显微测温及单个包裹体成分激光拉曼光谱研究表明,望峰金矿床石英中的流体包裹体有CO₂-H₂O型、纯CO₂型、NaCl-H₂O溶液型和含子晶多相等4种类型。早阶段石英中原生包裹体主要是CO₂-H₂O型,其盐度1.62%~8.03% NaCl eqv.,流体密度0.73~0.89g/cm³,均一温度为250~390℃,气相成分为CO₂。中阶段石英中的原生包裹体包括了所有4种类型,其CO₂-H₂O型和NaCl-H₂O溶液型包裹体的均一温度分别为210~340℃和230~300℃,显示了流体沸腾现象的存在。CO₂-H₂O型包裹体的盐度0.83%~9.59% NaCl eqv.,密度0.77~0.95g/cm³,气相成分为CO₂±CH₄±N₂。晚阶段石英只发育水溶液包裹体,具有较低的盐度（0.35%~3.87% NaCl eqv.）和均一温度（120~214℃）。根据CO₂-H₂O型包裹体估算早、中阶段流体包裹体捕获压力分别为110~300PMa和90~250MPa,成矿深度为9~11km。总体而言,望峰金矿床由低盐度、低密度、富CO₂的变质流体系统形成,流体减压沸腾导致矿质沉淀,属于中深带的造山型金矿系统。     

江西大背坞金矿床地质、地球化学特征

江西大背坞金矿床赋存在中元古界双桥山群第二岩性组中,产于燕山期花岗岩体的旁侧,受韧性剪切带及其中的挤压破碎带控制。流体包裹体及氢、氧、碳、硫、铅、硅、锶同位素特征表明,参与成矿的碳以岩浆源为主,铅以壳源为主,锶源于上地壳,硫和硅来自地层,流体水以岩浆源为主,混有变质残留晶间水和一定数量的大气降水。矿床成因上应属与燕山期花岗岩浆活动有关的中温热液矿床