江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系

本文利用2013—2017年江苏70个环境监测站资料和13个国家气象观测站常规观测资料,研究江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:江苏臭氧质量浓度和超标率逐年增长,其空间分布特征由东部沿海城市大于西部内陆城市逐渐转为东西部城市差异不明显,南部城市超标率总体高于北部;4—9月臭氧质量浓度处于较高水平,夏季超标占一半以上;日变化呈"单峰单谷"型,15时(北京时间)前后超标率最大,O_(3-8 h)较O_(3-1 h)峰值推后3—4 h;O_3对空气质量不达标的贡献率呈逐年上升趋势;臭氧质量浓度与颗粒物和前体物NO_x日变化呈反相关,且存在"周末效应"。江苏地区臭氧质量浓度总体与气温正相关,相对湿度负相关,气温高于25℃、相对湿度30%～50%区间、风速低于4 m·s~(-1)以下易出现高浓度臭氧;苏南的城市主要在东南风向对应较高的值,而苏北城市多在西南风向对应的较高臭氧质量浓度值。     

西安市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件的关系

基于2014-2017年西安市环保局臭氧观测资料、泾河气象站总辐射和气象资料以及长安气象站紫外辐射和气象资料,对西安市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件的关系进行了研究。结果表明:西安市臭氧质量浓度的日变化和月变化均呈明显的单峰形态;日最小值22.2μg/m^3和最大值100.7μg/m^3分别出现在07时和16时;臭氧日最大8 h平均质量浓度(用C8h(O3)表示)月均值最大为148.5μg/m^3,最小为30.0μg/m^3,分别出现在7月和11月。总辐射日最大辐照度、日总辐射曝辐量和日紫外辐射曝辐量与C8h(O3)之间具有显著的正相关关系,并且以日紫外辐射曝辐量与C8h(O3)的相关性最高,表明紫外辐射对近地面臭氧质量浓度的影响更为强烈。日最高气温、平均气温、日照时数和C8h(O3)正相关,风速、相对湿度与C8h(O3)负相关,表明晴空时高温、低湿、小风更有利于近地面臭氧的形成。统计关系显示,在5-8月,当日最高气温大于35℃或日最低相对湿度小于40%时,需要警惕臭氧超标污染的发生。     

解析北京郊区一次典型臭氧污染的物理化学过程

臭氧污染是我国当前面临的重要大气环境问题,其不仅取决于大气化学反应过程,而且会受大气物理过程和各气象要素的影响,因此需要从化学和物理两个方向来研究近地面臭氧污染问题。本研究结合外场观测和欧拉光化学模式,解析了2022年秋季北京怀柔城区的一次光化学污染周期内的物理和化学过程。给出了温度、湿度和风速等气象因子,以及臭氧及其前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NO_x,x=1、2)在此期间的日变化特征。通过源解析得到VOCs主要来源为交通排放(46%)、植物源(25%)、溶剂挥发(23%)和燃烧源(9%)。通过欧拉光化学模式确定了区域传输和本地VOCs对臭氧的贡献,结果显示强北风天气条件下,怀柔区臭氧以外来水平输送为主(贡献超过70%);当以弱的南风或东南风为主时,天气处于稳定状态,臭氧主要来自VOCs和NO_x的二次转化。根据VOCs的臭氧潜势,在所有VOCs中对臭氧贡献最大的物质为烯烃,其贡献为67%,其次为芳香烃(16%)。通过敏感度分析,发现臭氧生成对物理因子中的光强、温度和边界层高度最敏感;在臭氧前体物中,活性较强的烯烃类物质的敏感度最...     

中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用广东省中山市2015—2019年的地面臭氧浓度及气象观测数据,分析了中山市近年来臭氧超标与气象条件的关系。结果表明,中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标天数从22天增加至66天,臭氧年评价值增长36%,中度污染以上天数占超标天数比例从9.1%增长至36.4%。臭氧超标主要集中在8—11月,其中9月超标天数最多。夏秋季节臭氧超标主要发生在气温高、湿度低、太阳辐射强、日间10—14时无明显降水、吹北风的气象条件下,臭氧的污染潜在源区主要位于中山西部到北部的城市。风向和气温是臭氧超标最重要的指标,夏、秋季日间吹北风且日最高气温在33℃或以上时超标率分别达到89.1%和78.6%。2017年和2019年在相同的最高温、相对湿度、太阳辐射强度、降水和风速条件下的臭氧超标率均远高于2015年。当臭氧起始浓度在10μg/m³以下、11～30μg/m3及30μg/m³以上时,夏(秋)季从起始浓度达到超标分别用时7.1(6.9)h、6.2(6.2)h和5.8(5.9)h,相应气温上升7.2(7.1)℃、5.8(5.8)℃和4.7(5.1)℃,起始浓度增大时,...     

2021年南京市新冠疫情期间大气污染物变化特征及来源解析

为了解2021年南京市新冠疫情期间城市大气污染物浓度的变化和成因,利用南京大学SORPES站点2021年7月1日—2021年8月30日大气污染物在线监测数据,分析疫情前、中、后颗粒物及气态污染物的浓度变化,针对臭氧(O₃)的关键前体物,挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)采用正定矩阵因子分解法模型(Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF)、拉格朗日粒子输送与扩散模型(Lagrangian Particle Distribution M odel,LPDM)分析其污染来源。结果表明:疫情封闭期间,南京市PM_2.5质量浓度较疫情前降低了40%～50%,组分中硝酸盐、有机物质量浓度降幅最为显著,分别下降了34.0%和16.5%。臭氧体积浓度不降反升,城中区域增幅最显著站点可达50%左右。其气态前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)及VOCs浓度变化呈相反态势,分别较疫情前降低28%、升高49.6%。模型及卫星遥感结果表明,疫情期间南京市臭氧属于协同偏VOCs控制区。气团溯...     

惠州市春季臭氧污染和气象条件的关系

利用广东省惠州市2013—2018年逐日、逐时的环境和气象资料,研究了惠州市春季(3—5月)臭氧污染天气特征,并对2013年3月5—9日的一次臭氧污染过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)惠州市春季臭氧质量浓度和臭氧污染日2015年起呈上升趋势,O_3-8 h平均质量浓度为92.0μg/m^3,年平均出现日数为4 d。(2)春季臭氧污染日出现在天气晴朗干燥、气温较高、日照充足且云量较少的情况下,臭氧污染日偏西风出现频率为22.4%,与无污染日相比偏高了13.1%;东南风出现频率为39.6%,与无污染日相比基本一致。(3)2013年3月5—9日臭氧污染期间,冷空气影响后惠州市出现晴朗干燥天气,有利于臭氧生成;地面到850 hPa均吹偏西风,惠州处于珠三角东侧,吹偏西风时处于城市群下风向,存在区域污染输送的可能。     

中国东部地区典型臭氧污染过程防控敏感性及减排情景研究

近年来,我国东部地区夏季臭氧污染问题日渐凸显,成为影响空气质量、环境改善的重要因素之一,为量化评估臭氧前体物减排对臭氧污染的影响,本文以2021年6月19—30日中国东部地区臭氧污染过程为例,应用空气质量模型CMAQ-DDM方法与卫星遥感反演算法分析了东部地区臭氧浓度对人为源前体物排放敏感性的响应程度,并对臭氧前体物设置不同削减比例开展减排情景模拟,结果表明：1)2021年6月19—30日中国东部出现了一次长时间区域性臭氧污染过程,大部分城市达轻度至中度污染水平;2)整个污染时段东部地区主要以VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds,挥发性有机物)控制区或VOCs与NO_x协同控制区为主,模型模拟与卫星反演结果具有较好的一致性,污染过程前段(19—25日)东部地区对VOCs敏感性较高,污染后段(26—30日)大部分地区转为VOCs和NO_x协同控制区,特别是河南、安徽、江苏部分地区,对NO_x敏感性提高较为显著;3)在相同减排比例条件下(VOCs∶NO_x=2∶1),减排幅度越大,臭氧...     

新冠肺炎疫情时期四川盆地大气污染成因分析北大核心

由于新型冠状肺炎病毒(COVID-19)的爆发,中国从2020年春节起实施了限制出行、交通管制等一系列措施,污染物排放量大幅度减少,但四川盆地区域仍出现了多次轻度空气污染事件。本文结合空气质量观测数据与WRF-Chem模式模拟分析了疫情封控减排时期四川盆地污染的时空分布及成因。四川盆地区域二氧化氮(NO_(2))因人为活动减排从35.0μg·m^(-3)下降至20.2μg·m^(-3),减少比例约为40%~60%,而臭氧(O_(3))因NO_(X)-VOCs-O_(3)的非线性关系以及四川盆地区域氮氧化物(NO_(X))、挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放与减排的不均衡反而从27.5μg·m^(-3)上升至41.4μg·m^(-3),在重庆甚至增幅高达100%,进而促进了四川盆地区域气态污染物的氧化和二次细颗粒物的生成。疫情减排对污染的影响存在较为显著的区域差异,在成都、重庆地区,二次污染的生成一定程度上抵消了一次污染物减排的影响,二次污染物与一次污染物的比例变化幅度为-10%~20%,而在南遂广、川南、达万区域,细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))平均质量浓度从57.0μg·m^(-3)降低至47.4μg·m^(-3),二次污染物与一次污染物的比例下降幅度约为30%~60%。总体而言,减排在疫情期间发挥主导作用,不平衡的一次减排和大气氧化性的增强促进了部分区域二次污染物生成过程,四川盆地区域的污染防治仍需注重多种污染物的协同治理。     

宁夏O3污染及其输送路径

基于2015—2018年宁夏O_(3)质量浓度资料,分析比较宁夏5市O_(3)质量浓度变化特征,结合全球资料同化系统(GDAS)数据,采用后向轨迹聚类分析法,探讨影响宁夏5市O_(3)质量浓度的气流轨迹特征。结果表明:2015—2018年宁夏石嘴山年均O_(3)质量浓度90%分位数最高,为159μg·m-3,银川、中卫和吴忠分别为154、149和137μg·m^(-3),固原最低为132μg·m^(-3);近4 a石嘴山O_(3)质量浓度略下降,其他4市普遍增高;首要污染物为O_(3)的天数石嘴山最多(124 d),中卫次之(119 d),银川第3(103 d);各市首要污染物为O_(3)且空气质量为良、轻度污染的天数普遍增多;除固原外,其他4市持续6 d、7 d O_(3)污染过程次数均增加,其中,银川和中卫增加最明显。石嘴山、银川和吴忠三市,中、短距离西北气流总占比最高,其次是东南气流,再次是北方气流;中卫和固原两市,东南气流占比最高,其次是短距离西北气流,再次是中、长距离西北气流;来自蒙古国中部、内蒙古中西部,横穿宁夏北部和中部的北方气流是影响固原O_(3)质量浓度的最重要输送路径,源自陕西中南部、甘肃东北部、宁夏中东部的东南气流是影响石嘴山、银川、吴忠和中卫O_(3)质量浓度的最主要输送路径。     

2017年陕西气象条件对大气环境质量影响分析

利用2017年1月1日—7月31日陕西省十地市空气质量资料和气象站地面观测资料,分析了2017年1—7月陕西省空气质量时间变化特征及影响大气环境质量的气象条件。结果表明：全省城市空气质量与2016年同期相比较差,1—3月全省首要污染物为颗粒物（PM25和PM10）,5—7月为臭氧。1—3月各市平均风速均在30 m/s以下且小风频率较高;全省冷空气活动较上年同期减少3次且强度偏弱;全省平均混合层高度与上年同期相比降低22 m。与上年同期相比,平均风速小,小风日数增多,冷空气活动次数减少且强度偏弱,混合层高度偏低,是颗粒物污染过程增多的主要因素。5—7月臭氧质量浓度与高温显著正相关,当日平均气温≥30 ℃或日最高气温≥35 ℃时,臭氧显著超标;臭氧质量浓度随日照时数增加而升高,日照时数≥6 h时,各市臭氧平均质量浓度均较高,日照时数≥10 h时臭氧超标率最高;臭氧质量浓度随日平均相对湿度的升高而降低,当相对湿度<600%时,臭氧平均质量浓度超过140 μg/m3,当相对湿度≥700%时,臭氧超标率明显降低。与上年同期相比,气温偏高,日照充足,湿度减小是造成臭氧超标日增多的主要因素。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.